叠层片式电感的短路失效模型

通过对叠层片式电感器短路失效样品的电性能测试和显微分析可知,叠层片式电感器的短路主要为引出端短路和介质层短路,其根源在于铁氧体的粒度、浆料分散性、丝网制作及烧结工艺,通过完善球磨工艺、改变加料方式、减少丝网乳胶厚度、控制成型和烧结工艺,可使短路率由15%以上降低为6%以下。     

Adhesion force change on multilayer EUVL mask due to laser induced plasma shock wave

Change in adhesion force between a borosilicate glass microsphere and 40 Al₂O₃/TaN/Ru/MoSi pairs on a silicon wafer used as a multilayer extreme ultraviolet lithography mask stack were characterized by force-distance spectroscopy after cleaning Al₂O₃ layers using a laser induced plasma (LIP) shock wave. The adhesion force of the Al₂O₃ surface decreased at a higher laser energy and a lower gap distance above a threshold gap distance without changes in surface roughness. Frictional electrostatic repulsion, triboelectricity, was identified as the cause of lower adhesion forces on Al₂O₃ surface due to the high velocity and pressure of the LIP shock waves. The adhesion force decreased by increasing the number of exposures of LIP shock waves to the substrate.     

Isolation of Failing Scan Cells through Convolutional Test Response Compaction

This paper describes a non-recursive fault diagnosis technique for scan-based designs with convolutional test response compaction. The proposed approach allows a time-efficient and accurate identification of failing scan cells using Gauss–Jordan elimination method.

Target discrimination using multiple-frequency amplitude returns

A technique for radar target discrimination using multiple-frequency scattering amplitude data is investigated. Based on the concept of natural resonance frequencies, the technique is aspect-angle independent. This is achieved through simple signal processing, thus providing nearly real-time operation. The radar cross sections (RCS) of spheroids are calculated numerically to simulate the received radar returns for discriminating different spheroids and wires in the resonance frequency region. The simulation also takes into account the effect of noise which appears in practical measurement     

Modeling lidar returns from forest canopies

Remote sensing techniques that utilize light detection and ranging (lidar) provide unique data on canopy geometry and subcanopy topography. This type of information will lead to improved understanding of important structures and processes of Earth's vegetation cover. To understand the relation between canopy structure and the lidar return waveform, a three-dimensional (3D) model was developed and implemented. Detailed field measurements and forest growth model simulations of forest stands were used to parameterize this vegetation lidar waveform model. In the model, the crown shape of trees determines the vertical distribution of plant material and the corresponding lidar waveforms. Preliminary comparisons of averaged waveforms from an airborne lidar and model simulations shows that the shape of the measured waveform was more similar to simulations using an ellipsoid or hemi-ellipsoid shape. The observed slower decay of the airborne lidar waveforms than the simulated waveforms may indicate the existence of the understories and may also suggest that higher order scattering from the upper canopy may contribute to the lidar signals. The lidar waveforms from stands simulated from a forest growth model show the dependence of the waveform on stand structure.     

A Statistical Analysis of the Number of Failing Chips Distribution

We find that the number of failing chips per wafer has a probability distribution with a consistent structure across multiple technologies and product types. We further show that a general extreme value provides an accurate and efficient means of describing this distribution.      

Correlation properties of ocean altimeter returns

The correlation properties of altimeter returns are useful in the optimal design of altimeter systems. They are also necessary for implementing maximum likelihood estimation algorithms for altimeter waveform parameter estimation. The authors derive a simple expression for the bin-to-bin and pulse-to-pulse correlation of altimeter waveforms. This expression is a triple convolution of the specular point probability density function, a product of altimeter point target responses, and a generalized surface impulse response. This result is analogous to the usual expression for the mean altimeter waveform. The authors compare these theoretical predictions against real data, using measurements from the Skylab and Geosat altimeters. Finally, they present a simple application of the results to altimeter system design     

Spectrum analysis of ionospheric radar returns

A digital method of extracting ionospheric information from the Doppler broadening of radar signals is presented. 1 bit correlation, used by Weinreb in radioastronomy, is applied to measuring autocorrelation functions of ionospheric incoherent scatter returns. Calculated correlation functions are fitted to the observations to derive electron and ion temperatures.     

Si2Sb2Te5 phase change material studied by an atomic force microscope nano-tip

The Si2Sb2Te5 phase change material has been studied by applying a nano-tip (30 nm in diameter) on an atomic force microscopy system. Memory switching from a high resistance state to a low resistance state has been achieved, with a resistance change of about 1000 times. In a typical Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve, the current increases significantly after the voltage exceeds～4.3 V. The phase transformation of a Si2Sb2Te5 film was studied in situ by means of in situ X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent resistance measurements. The thermal stability of Si2Sb2Te5 and Ge2Sb2Te5 was characterized and compared as well.     

利用原子力显微镜纳米针研究Si2Sb2Te5 相变材料性能

The Si2Sb2Te5 phase change material has been studied by applying a nano-tip（30 nm in diameter） on an atomic force microscopy system.Memory switching from a high resistance state to a low resistance state has been achieved,with a resistance change of about 1000 times.In a typical I-V curve,the current increases significantly after the voltage exceeds～4.3 V.The phase transformation of a Si2Sb2Te5 film was studied in situ by means of in situ X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent resistance measurements.The thermal stability of Si2Sb2Te5 and Ge2Sb2Te5 was characterized and compared as well.     

An investigation of bulk recycling planning for an electronics recycling facility receiving industrial returns versus residential returns

Since most end-of-life electronics equipment contain hazardous materials such as lead solder alloys or lead-impregnated glass, it is important to divert them from landfills. For end-of-life products that are not repairable and do not contain reusable parts, bulk recycling is an alternative to recover base materials. In this paper, we contrast production and recycling planning and distribution decisions, activities, and costs. We reveal that while a traditional production facility connects suppliers and customers, a recycling facility connects both "input" and "output" customers. As a result, decisions in short-term bulk recycling planning include what products to accept, what products to process and reprocess, and what products to carry in inventory. Many recyclers set prices to receive "input" based on experience. For various prices to receive "input", we use a new analytical model to investigate the sensitivity of the short-term bulk recycling planning decisions in products from two different sources: industrial returns versus residential returns. The results of the case study show that different decisions are recommended for the industrial returns versus the residential returns when the total quantity of the incoming products is equal.     

Optimal Age-Replacement Policy for Equipment Monitored by a Stochastically Failing Indicator

An optimal age-replacement policy is presented for the system composed of a single piece of equipment and an indicator. The state of the equipment (good or failed) is monitored by the indicator, and both the equipment and the indicator can fail. Our model generalizes one of Barlow & Hunter, in that it duplicates their model when the indicator is perfect.     

Pebble-bed design returns [nuclear reactor]

Chicago's Exelon Corp., the largest operator of nuclear plants in the United States, and three international partners will make a decision that could jump-start a nuclear revival. Led by South Africa's state utility Eskom, of Johannesburg, the four will decide whether to continue investing in the pebble-bed modular reactor technology. The concept originated in West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, and is now experiencing a startling revival. Specifically, the four companies will decide whether to fund a full-scale prototype pebble-bed reactor in South Africa, at Koeberg, near Cape Town. If the South African pebble-bed project moves ahead, Exelon will seek design certification from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Rockville, Md., so that the technology could be sold as a standardized, off-the-shelf design, like the three advanced light-water designs already precertified by the NRC. Exelon hopes to submit an application for a pebble-bed modular-reactor license to the commission in late 2002, start construction around mid-2005, and begin operations for the first unit about three years later. The pebble-bed concept uses a helium coolant and a graphite moderator. The fuel-uranium dioxide enriched in ²³⁵ U to 8-10%-consists of particles coated with two layers of carbon and one of silicon carbide, embedded in a carbon matrix, which act as the principal barrier against radioactive releases. The paper describes the operating features of this technology, the safety aspects and commercial prospects     

Dynamic force simulator for multifinger force display

In this paper, the authors present a dynamic force simulator (DFS) for force feedback in human-machine systems. They propose a virtual world model with two force flows: one is the force flow from human to an object, the other is the force flow from an object to human. To use this model, the DFS simulates object dynamics, contact models, and friction characteristics of the human hand interacting with the object in virtual reality. After the derivation of kinematic and force relations between hand and object space, they balance the two forces: one from the human and the other from the object in the contact force space in virtual world and then realize the adequate feedback forces to human operator. Interaction with the DFS allows calculation and feedback of appropriate forces to the force controlled actuators of the sensor glove they have developed. In this paper grasping of a cylinder in the virtual world is presented. During object grasping, they measure joint angles and torques using the sensor glove system. In the future, they will use this system to analyze human dextrous manipulations called human skill     

Experimental discrimination of wire stick targets usingmultiple-frequency amplitude returns

An experimental radar target discrimination algorithm using multiple-frequency scattering amplitude without phase data is investigated. The technique is based on the concept of natural resonance frequencies, which are aspect-independent so that prior information of the aspect angle is not necessary. The radar cross sections of two wire stick models are measured at different aspect angles for distinguishing these two similar targets in the resonance frequency range. By the one-number method, the risk values of different test targets are calculated and compared using the minimum-risk strategy. The results show that the discrimination algorithm works well under experimental conditions if the natural resonance frequencies of different targets are unlike enough. The effect of noise is also investigated