Die wall lubricated warm compaction behavior of non-lubricant admixed iron powders

The phenomena of die wall lubricated warm compaction of non-lubricant admixed iron powders were researched, and its mechanism of densification was discussed. Water atomized powder obtained from the Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation was used. With compacting and sintering, compared with cold compaction, the density of warm compacted samples increases by 0.07-0.22 g/cm 3 at the same pressed pressure. The maximum achievable green density of warm compacted samples is 7.12 g/cm 3 at 120 ℃, and the maximum sintered density is 7.18 g/cm 3 at 80 ℃. Compared with cold compaction, the ejection force of warm compaction is smaller; the maximum discrepancy is about 7 kN. The warm compacted mechanism of densification of iron powders can be obtained: heating the powder contributes to improving plastic deformation of powder particles, and accelerating the mutual filling and rearrangement of powder particles.     

Lubrication effectiveness of composite lubricants during P/M electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction

The lubrication effectiveness of the composite lubricants, 50wt% ethylene bis-stearamide （EBS） wax ＋50wt% graphite and 50wt% EBS wax ＋ 50wt% BN, during the powder metallurgy （P/M） electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction was studied. The results show that the combination of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% graphite has excellent lubrication performance, resulting in fairly high green densities, but the mixture of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% BN has less beneficial effect. In addition, corresponding die temperatures should be applied when different die wall lubricants are used to achieve the highest green densities.     

Effects of warm compaction on mechanical properties of sintered P/M steels

The green and sintered densities,and tensile strength of sintered P/M steels produced by cold compaction,warm compaction,warm compaction combined with die wall lubrication(DWL)were measured under various compaction pressures using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)emulsion as the die wall lubricant.The effects of warm compaction on the mechanical properties were studied.The tensile fracture behaviors of cold compaction and warm compaction were studied using scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that the density of sintered P/M steel prepared by warm compaction or warm compaction with DWL is higher than that by cold compaction under all compaction pressures.Meanwhile,the highest tensile strength is obtained by combination of warm compaction and die wall lubrication under all compaction pressures.The SEM results show that the fracture modes of the sintered samples prepared by cold compaction and warm compaction at 700 MPa are the mixed mode of ductile fracture and brittle fracture,and obvious dimples can be found in some regions.The fracture of sample prepared by cold compaction is uneven and has irregular and big pores,but that by warm compaction is relatively even and the pores are round mostly,and the samples have many obvious dimples on the whole fracture surface.     

Densification mechanism of warm compaction and powder mixture designing rules

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Study on mechanical properties of warm compacted iron-base materials

Mechanical properties of the warm compacted iron-base powder metallurgy materials were compared with those of conventional cold compacted materials. Factors such as compaction temperature, lubricant concentration and lubricant′s property were studied. A lubricant for warm compaction powder metallurgy was developed. An iron-based powder metallurgy material with a green density of 7.31 g/cm3 (a relative density of 92.5%) can be obtained by pressing the powder at 700 MPa and 175 ℃. The sintered materials have a density of 7.2 g/cm3, an elongation of 2.1% and a tensile strength of 751 MPa compared to 546 MPa using conventional cold compaction with the same lubricant and 655 MPa using warm compaction with other lubricant. Compact density and mechanical properties were influenced strongly by the compacting temperature. Although the best quality compacts can be obtained at 175 ℃, warm compaction within 165 to 185 ℃ can give high density compacts. Evidence shows that compact density depends on the friction coefficient of the lubricant.     

Warm compaction process of P/M Steels by orthogonal testing method

In order to achieve higher density of P/M steels using the die wall lubrication compacting method or powder lubricant in warm compaction process, the influence of different process parameters on the green density of warm compacted samples was studied. According to the orthogonal test method, the authors systematically study the influence of the different compaction pressure, condition of lubrication and compaction temperature on the green density of the sample in the warm compaction process, and put forward the optimal process parameter of warm compaction experiment. It is found that, a high compaction pressure （≥700 MPa）, die wall lubrication combined with a small amount of internal lubricants, and fitting compaction temperature by different condition of lubrication, are the optimal parameters in warm compaction process.     

Possibility of utilizing water-atomized Fe-Ni-Mo steel powder as base materials for warm compaction process

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Low-voltage Electromagnetic Compaction of Metal and Ceramic Powders

Low-voltage electromagnetic compaction （EMC） was used to compact metal powders （Cu） and ceramic powders （TiO2） in the indirect way. It was found that the density of the metal powder parts compacted by low-voltage EMC varied linearly with the discharging voltage in the range investigated. But for ceramic powders, the discharging voltage has an optimal value. Under the value, the density increases as discharging voltage rises, but beyond the value the trend is reverse. The experimental results show that the density of the metal parts decreases gradually along press direction. And the density of the ceramic parts decreases with the advancement of the aspect ratio h/d （height/diameter）. In addition, repetitive compaction can improve the density of both metal and ceramic parts and reduce the effects of aspect ratio on the density.     

Key parameters for low temperature warm compaction of high density iron-based P/M materials

In order to reduce powder temperature to lower than 100℃ in warm compaction by changing polymer lubricant design, powder flowability, warm compacting behavior, lubricating mode as well as ultimate tensile strength after sinter-hardening and tempering were investigated systematically. By means of low temperature warm pressing and sintered hardening technique, samples with the sintered densities of 7.40 - 7.45 g/cm^3 and the strengths of 950 -1 390 MPa are achieved as the early compacting pressure is 686 - 735 MPa.     

Densification behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys through reactive hot pressing

Densification behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys through reactive hot pressing was investigated. The results showed that the density of the sample hot pressed at 1400°C could reach a near full density of 98.37%. However, the densification abnormality was observed at 1500°C. The diffusion of elemental Nb during microstructural evolution is an important aspect affecting densification, which will form pore nests. With the increase of hot pressing temperature, the diffusion of Nb becomes more adequate. HIP （Hot isostatic pressing） treatment can only decrease porosity to some extent, but cannot eliminate it completely.     

夏热冬暖地区玻璃幕墙和门窗的节能

根据夏热冬暖地区气候的特点,分析了玻璃幕墙和门窗夏季节能的关键要素,着重论述了建筑遮阳措施,幕墙门窗遮阳措施,分析了玻璃的性能,并提出了几种较佳的玻璃配合方案,作者认为在本地区,玻璃幕墙与门窗节能中,玻璃部分是主要的,型材是次要的。     

装配整体复合墙抗震性能试验研究

通过两种装配整体式复合墙拟静力试验,讨论了此类构件复合层的协同工作性能、强度、延性及恢复力模型,提出了装配整体式复合墙极限承载力的控制方法,指出了工程中应采用限制滑移装配整体式复合墙并给出相应的设计方法。     

带缝空心钢筋混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能试验研究

通过两种不同配筋方案的四榀带缝空心钢筋混凝土剪力墙模型的拟静力试验，探讨了这种剪力墙的破坏机理和变形特征。试验证明：带缝剪力墙由于破坏机理改变使其延性及变形能力提高。同时指出：改变带咯条带的边部配筋，可使墙体抗剪承载力不降低而其延性与变形能力均得到提高。     

无筋灌孔速成墙抗震性能试验研究

灌孔速成墙体是一种在新型轻质玻璃纤维石膏空心板内灌入混凝土而形成的墙体。本文对该种新型灌孔墙体材料的不配筋试件进行了抗震性能的研究。主要研究内容有该种墙体材料的破坏过程和破坏机理,不同的高宽比和竖向荷载下的承载能力、变形能力、滞回特性、延性、刚度及其退化等性能,并推导出了该种灌孔墙体材料的抗侧力承载力公式。     

无筋灌孔速成墙抗震性能试验研究

灌孔速成墙体是一种在新型轻质玻璃纤维石膏空心板内灌入混凝土而形成的墙体。本文对该种新型灌孔墙体材料的不配筋试件进行了抗震性能的研究。主要研究内容有该种墙体材料的破坏过程和破坏机理,不同的高宽比和竖向荷载下的承载能力、变形能力、滞回特性、延性、刚度及其退化等性能,并推导出了该种灌孔墙体材料的抗侧力承载力公式。     

带缝空心钢筋砼剪力墙结构抗震性能试验研究

为了避免普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构自重大、刚度大、地震作用大、延性差、易于脆性破坏及破坏区域比较集中等缺点,提出了带缝空心钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构,即在普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙中设置竖向空心孔洞及竖缝。通过对此种结构(六层)1∶3.0缩尺模型的拟动力试验及拟静力试验研究,了解此种结构的破坏机理、滞回特性、延性及变形性能。试验结果表明这种结构具有良好的抗震性能。     

框架-剪力墙结构的简化与动力特性分析

通过对框架-剪力墙的协同作用进行分析，将框架-剪力墙结构简化成平面杆件结构进行处理，利用有限元法建立结构带刚域杆的刚度矩阵，在此基础上采用柔度法进一步简化，推导了结构的动力分析模型，利用带滤频的逆迭代法分析结构的动力特性。     

水下隧道周围土体及衬砌变形力学性状研究

以拟建的哈尔滨松花江隧道为例,直接针对隧道安全运营,采用因子对目标函数影响的优化思想,在假定不同工况的若干种设计模型下,考虑土体-衬砌相互作用及材料变形的非线性特性,建立尽可能逼近实际问题的有限元计算模型.基于 ANSYS 软件反复进行数值模拟实验,研究隧道周围土体及衬砌变形的力学性状,并据此预估隧道最危险破坏点,为合理确定隧道覆土层安全厚度提供理论依据.     

920 SEF 模切烫金自动机的设计

根据纸制品加工行业的发展和中小企业对模切烫金自动机的要求,文章提出了920 SEF模切烫金自动机的设计,给出了总体布局、传动系统;设计了叼纸牙排输送链及对称双肘杆合模机构,并绘制了工作循环图,最后给出了该机的特性。     

带边框柱剪力墙模型抗震性能试验研究

对于1／15缩尺比例的两个配筋方式不同的带边框柱剪力墙模型在低周反复水平荷载作用下进行了试验研究，分析了墙体边框柱与墙体的共同工作性能．对比研究了带边框柱的中高剪力墙受力特点、破坏和耗能机理．并从承载力、刚度、延性、恢复力特性、耗能能力等方面综合评价了其抗震性能．研究结果表明，带边框柱剪力墙结构具有良好的抗震性能．