Generation of orthogonal UWB shaping pulses based on compressed chirp signal

This study investigates a novel method to numerically generate orthogonal ultrawide band (UWB) shaping pulses based on compressed chirp signal. First, a pulse template with less than 1 ns duration time, which is used to construct a Hermitian matrix, is produced with a compressed chirp pulse. Sub-nanosecond orthogonal pulses are then generated for UWB by using the Hermitian matrix eigenvectors. The simulation results show that the power spectral density distribution of the UWB shaping pulses met the constraint of Federal communications commissions (FCC) spectral mask. The shaping pulses not only have higher spectrum utilization ratio and very short time duration but also have excellent autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties, which is an advantage to reduce the interference between multiusers. Especially, a method to produce sub-nanosecond orthogonal UWB shaping pulses by using a relatively longer duration chirp signal is presented.     

短脉冲在色散平坦光纤中传输前后波形、相位和啁啾测量的实验研究

二次谐波频率分辨光学门(SHG-FROG)是能够准确测量短脉冲多项特性参量的新技术。利用二次谐波频率分辨光学门脉冲分析仪对在色散平坦光纤中传输前后的短脉冲进行了测量,得到了待测光脉冲的频率分辨光学门(FROG)图、自相关曲线、自相关频谱曲线、波形和相位曲线以及脉宽、谱宽、啁啾等反映短脉冲特性的信息,对实验结果进行了分析,并与高斯脉冲在单模光纤中的线性传输理论进行了比较。结果表明,激光器输出的短脉冲是具有负线性啁啾的近变换极限高斯脉冲,经过12.7 km色散平坦光纤传输后仍然为具有负线性啁啾的高斯脉冲,其谱宽在传输过程中基本保持不变,脉宽展宽了3.1倍,啁啾增大了4倍。实验测量结果和理论预期一致。     

Photonic Generation of Chirped Microwave Pulses Using Superimposed Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings

A novel approach to generating linearly chirped microwave pulses in the optical domain based on spectral shaping and linear frequency-to-time mapping is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed system, the spectrum of a femtosecond pulse generated by a mode-locked fiber laser is spectrum-shaped by an optical filter that consists of two superimposed chirped fiber Bragg gratings (SI-CFBGs) with different chirp rates. The SI-CFBGs form a Fabry-Perot cavity with a cavity length linearly dependent on the resonance wavelength, thus a spectral response with an increased or decreased free spectral range is generated. A chirped microwave pulse with the pulse shape identical to the shaped spectrum is obtained at the output of a high-speed photodetector thanks to the frequency-to-time mapping in a dispersive device. The proposed technique is experimentally demonstrated, a linearly chirped microwave pulse with a central frequency of 15 GHz and a chirp rate of 0.0217 GHz/ps is experimentally generated.     

飞秒脉冲干涉自相关修正光谱的啁啾特性

为了测量飞秒激光脉冲啁啾,采用了一种对干涉自相关光谱作频谱修正的简单方法,得到干涉自相关修正光谱.利用该修正光谱对啁啾有很高灵敏度的特性,对高斯型强度分布的线性啁啾、平方啁啾脉冲进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了修正光谱的下包络峰的高度与啁啾量对应关系、下包络峰的个数与啁啾次数对应关系.结果表明,根据干涉自相关修正光谱下包络的峰值,可估定啁啾的量值,根据干涉自相关修正光谱下包络峰的个数可以判断脉冲啁啾的次数.这一结果对精确地测量飞秒激光脉冲的微小啁啾量是有帮助的.     

Chirped Microwave Pulse Generation Based on Optical Spectral Shaping and Wavelength-to-Time Mapping Using a Sagnac Loop Mirror Incorporating a Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an approach to optically generating chirped microwave pulses with tunable chirp profile based on optical spectral shaping using a Sagnac loop filter incorporating a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and linear wavelength-to-time mapping in a dispersive element. In the proposed approach, the optical power spectrum of an ultrashort optical pulse is shaped by a CFBG-incorporated Sagnac loop mirror that has a reflection spectral response with a linearly increasing or decreasing free spectral range. The spectrum-shaped optical pulse is then sent to a dispersive element to perform the linear wavelength-to-time mapping. A chirped microwave pulse with the pulse shape identical to that of the shaped spectrum is obtained at the output of a high-speed photodector. The central frequency and the chirp profile of the generated chirped microwave pulse can be controlled by simply tuning the time delay in the Sagnac loop mirror. A simple mathematical model to describe the chirped microwave pulse generation is developed. Numerical simulations and a proof-of-principle experiment are implemented to verify the proposed approach.      

Chirp and stability of mode-locked semiconductor lasers

A numerical study of mode-locked semiconductor lasers is presented with special attention to the chirp characteristics and to dispersion-related criteria for stable pulse-train emission. The dependence of the pulse chirp upon the refractive-index change, both with carrier density and carrier temperature changes, is discussed. The experimental observation of blue-chirped pulses for passive mode-locking in contrast to red-chirped pulses for active mode-locking is found to be due to the different contributions of gain and absorber media to the refractive-index change. In addition, it is revealed that the boundary of the stable operation regime is critically influenced by the spectral characteristics of laser and external cavity. Design considerations toward the achievement of high pulse energy, narrow spectral bandwidth, and linear chirp are given     

Demonstration of down-chirped and chirp-free pulses fromhigh-repetition-rate passively mode-locked lasers

Knowledge and control of the chirp parameters of semiconductor lasers is a prerequisite to obtaining transform-limited pulses and/or to compensate for group velocity dispersion in fiber. Here, we report measurements of the sign and magnitude of chirp in high-repetition-rate mode-locked semiconductor lasers. The chirp of these monolithic lasers is measured in the frequency domain, using filtering and cross-correlation techniques. For different injection currents, a range of different chirp values is measured, including strongly down-chirped pulses at higher injection currents and transform-limited pulses to slightly up-chirped pulses at lower injection currents. The pulse chirp and the resulting broadening are due to the algebraic addition of opposite-signed chirps due to saturation of the absorption section and the gain section. These may cancel each other under some conditions, leading to a soliton-like transform-limited pulse     

Investigation of pulse pedestal and dynamic chirp formation on picosecond pulses after propagation through an SOA

The authors investigate the propagation of picosecond pulses through semiconductor optical amplifiers using the measurement technique of frequency resolved optical gating. The work shows the generation of significant pulse pedestals and frequency chirp across the optical pulses, which initially have a duration of 2 ps. As the input peak power of the optical pulses is increased from 2.4 to 80 mW, the pulse pedestals increased by 20 dB and the chirp became significantly more nonlinear. The generated pedestals and the nonlinear output chirp may cause serious degradation in high-speed communications systems employing wavelength-division-multiplexing and optical time-division-multiplexing techniques.     

Experimental evidence of pseudoperiodical soliton propagation indispersion-managed links

A new technique for measuring chirp evolution of Gaussian-like pulses transmitted on single-mode fiber is presented. It is used in a recirculation loop experiment to characterize propagation in anomalous-dispersion regime over megametrical distances. In-quadrature periodical variations of the two characteristic parameters of pulses (i.e., spectral width and chirp) are measured versus distance for different values of prechirp and in-line power. This constitutes the first experimental evidence of pseudoperiodical soliton propagation in dispersion-managed links. It also demonstrates that the prechirp is a key element for the control of nonlinearity as predicted by the theory     

自相位调制的频谱展宽研究

光纤中的自相位调制(SPM)会导致光脉冲的频谱展宽.文章作者通过调整光纤参数和光脉冲参数,利用OptisyStem软件成功地模拟出了SPM效应,并详细分析了光纤长度、峰值功率、脉冲形状和初始啁啾等参数对SPM谱的影响,观察到了负的初始啁啾使光纤输出端的脉冲频谱窄化的现象.     

光子晶体光纤中频率啁啾对超连续谱的影响

基于光子晶体光纤(PCF)中脉冲演变遵循的非线性演化方程,用数值方法研究了反常色散情形下PCF中脉冲初始啁啾对超连续谱产生的影响,探讨了利用脉冲啁啾控制超连续谱产生的方法。结果表明：正、负啁啾均使谱展宽的速率变小,尤其是负啁啾情形,展宽速率更小,说明啁啾对谱展宽是不利的;在一定的初始条件下,光谱展宽存在一个最佳光纤长度,在这个长度处,光谱展宽最大,进一步增加光纤长度,谱宽基本保持不变;相对于变换极限脉冲来说,初始正、负啁啾脉冲对应的最佳光纤长度分别缩短和延长。     

Image-adaptive watermarking using 2D chirps

Linear chirps, a special case of polynomial phase exponentials, have recently been proposed for digital watermarking. In this work, we propose a known-host-state methodology for designing image watermarks that are robust to compression. We use a two-dimensional frequency-modulated chirp as a spreading function in a block-based spatial watermarking scheme. In each block, the chirp is used to embed binary phase information. Chirp parameters allow for spectral shaping of the watermark to match host content. Since host state is known to the embedder, it is possible to tune the chirp for optimum performance, particularly against compression. In contrast to existing chirp watermarking where only a single watermark is generally embedded, the proposed block chirp watermarking allows for a much higher payload. Detection is done using chirp transform subject to key exchange for security. We show that the proposed method significantly outperforms non-adaptive watermarking across all compression factors under variety of attacks.     

基于光学参量振荡器的高分辨率CARS光谱研究

提出了一种基于三硼酸锂（LBO）晶体的飞秒绿色泵浦光学参量振荡器（OPO）,其采用飞秒525 nm绿光光纤激光器作为泵浦源。OPO产生的信号光其可调谐的光谱范围由780～940 nm,光功率可达到250 mW以上;闲频光可调谐范围从1630～1190 nm,光功率可达到300 mW以上。利用本系统可在波数为1330 cm－1和6650 cm－1之间进行相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）光谱测量。由于脉冲啁啾,光谱分辨率达到100 cm－1,与时间带宽限制脉冲激励源相比,分辨率达到后者的2.5倍。     

脉冲形状对半导体激光放大器用于啁啾补偿的影响

光脉冲经过增益饱和的行波半导体激光放大器后,由于放大器的自相位调制,使放大脉冲附加上频率啁啾。合适的附加啁啾不但能抵销入射脉冲的初始啁啾,而且还有可能借助简单的群速度延迟线对脉冲进行压缩。本文计算了不同形状的入射脉冲经光放大器放大后的输出脉冲形状及其附加的频率啁啾,分析了它们对光放大器用于啁啾补偿的影响。     

Pulse compression of an actively modelocked diode laser usinglinear dispersion in fiber

Pulses from a tunable actively mode-locked InGaAsP laser compressed using linear dispersion in single-mode optical fiber are discussed. High-repetition-rate pulses as short as 4.1 ps have been achieved. Compression is optimized by wavelength tuning of the mode-locked laser. Time-resolved spectral measurements show the compensation of pulse chirp by fiber dispersion     

Spectral Line-by-Line Pulse Shaping on an Optical Frequency Comb Generator

We demonstrate optical processing based on spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of a frequency comb generated by an optical frequency comb generator (OFCG). The OFCG is able to generate a smooth, broad, stable, known-phase frequency comb, which is ideal for recently developed spectral line-by-line pulse shaping technology applications. We demonstrate line-by-line pulse shaping on 64 lines at 10-GHz line spacing, generate transform-limited 1.6-ps short pulses at 10 GHz by combining two pulses in each period directly from the OFCG, and show various examples for optical arbitrary waveform generation. Further, we demonstrate that these pulse sources are of sufficient quality to support optical fiber communication applications as confirmed by bit error rate measurements.     

双曲正割脉冲在光纤中传输的非线性效应

高斯型脉冲在光纤中的传输已有解析解,而对于一些锁模激光器发射的双曲正割脉冲在光纤中的传输特性尚未有解析解。为了研究高功率双曲正割脉冲在单模光纤中的传输特性,文中借助于分步傅里叶方法分析了峰值功率5 000W的双曲正割脉冲在初始啁啾为1.7 rad/s,色散长度0.64 m,非线性长度1.53 m 时1 m 长的光纤中的脉冲演化过程。结果表明,其色散感应脉冲展宽的定性特征与高斯脉冲近似一致,但色散感应的频率啁啾沿脉冲不再是纯线性变化,若输入脉冲峰值功率过大,会引起频谱振荡。     

Simple technique to improve the spectral quality of gain-switchedpulses from a DFB laser

The authors show that by coupling the output from a gain-switched DFB laser to a fibre loop mirror the spectral quality of the gain-switched pulse can be greatly improved. The SMSR of a gain-switched 1.5 μm DFB has been increased by 25 dB, and also the chirp has been reduced, by using this technique. This spectral improvement is vitally important in systems where the gain-switched pulses will pass an optical filter     

Self-phase modulation and spectral broadening of optical pulses insemiconductor laser amplifiers

Amplification of ultrashort optical pulses in semiconductor laser amplifiers is shown to result in considerable spectral broadening and distortion as a result of the nonlinear phenomenon of self-phase modulation (SPM). The physical mechanism behind SPM is gain saturation, which leads to intensity-dependent changes in the refractive index in response to variations in the carrier density. The effect of the shape and the initial frequency chirp of input pulses on the shape and the spectrum of amplified pulses is discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the case in which the input pulsewidth is comparable to the carrier lifetime so that the saturated gain has time to recover partially before the trailing edge of the pulse arrives. The experimental results, performed by using picosecond input pulses from a 1.52-μm mode-locked semiconductor laser, are in agreement with the theory. When the amplified pulse is passed through a fiber, it is initially compressed because of the frequency chirp imposed on it by the amplifier. This feature can be used to compensate for fiber dispersion in optical communication systems     

用干涉自相关包络宽度测量超短激光脉冲啁啾

为了测量超短激光脉冲啁啾值,提出了一种用2次干涉自相关包络宽度测量啁啾值的简单方法。利用2次干涉自相关包络宽度对啁啾有很高的灵敏度、含有不同啁啾量的超短激光脉冲有不同的包络宽度的特性,通过对高斯型强度分布的线性、平方及立方啁啾的干涉自相关包络函数进行了理论分析,得到包络宽度与啁啾量值之间的对应关系。采用干涉自相关2次谐波检测系统对加浓染料激光器输出的含有啁啾的脉冲进行测量,其干涉自相关包络宽度为1.15,被测超短激光脉冲啁啾为1.0。结果表明,根据含有啁啾的干涉自相关曲线两翼的特征,可判断啁啾阶数,再根据包络宽度与啁啾值的对应关系,可估定啁啾量值;用干涉自相关包络宽度能容易地测量超短激光脉冲的啁啾量值。