Recognition by Humans and Pigeons of Novel Views of 3-D Objects and Their Photographs.

Humans and pigeons were trained to discriminate between 2 views of actual 3-D objects or their photographs. They were tested on novel views that were either within the closest rotational distance between the training views (interpolated) or outside of that range (extrapolated). When training views were 60° apart, pigeons, but not humans, recognized novel views of actual objects better than their pictures. Further, both species recognized interpolated views of both stimulus types better than extrapolated views, but a single distinctive geon enhanced recognition of novel views only for humans. When training views were 90° apart, pigeons recognized interpolated views better than extrapolated views with actual objects but not with photographs. Thus, pigeons may represent actual objects differently than their pictures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of depth rotation on object identification

Five experiments are reported in which the time to verify the name of different three-dimensional common objects shown rotated in depth was investigated. Views of computer-generated images of elongated objects rotated in steps of 30 degrees along six axes of rotation were used as stimuli. A significant main effect of view was found in all experiments. This effect was initially attributed to the relatively slower verification times to the end-on views of objects but further analysis revealed that views 30 degrees off the end-on views were significantly slower to verify than other views. Objects with gravitational uprights yielded the same effects as objects without gravitational uprights. The results were not dependent on practice with the stimuli prior to the experiment or on repeated exposure of the views during the experiment. Also, there was no benefit found for the identification of shaded over silhouetted images of objects when shown in more-conventional views but unconventional views were more recognisable when shaded than when silhouetted. Last, initial verification times for familiar views of a set of novel objects were faster than for unfamiliar views even when the views were unconventional. With practice on unfamiliar views, however, the same function relating view to verification time found for familiar objects was found for the novel objects. The results suggest that for recognition purposes visual memory stores discrete views of objects but it characteristically favours a canonical range of views of elongated objects that are based on the salient geometry of the objects so that more unconventional or foreshortened views are less readily recognised.     

Manipulating and recognizing virtual objects: Where the action is.

In an earlier report (K. L. Harman, G. K. Humphrey, and M. A. Goodale, 1999), the authors demonstrated that Os who actively rotated 3-dimensional (3-D) novel objects on a computer screen later showed faster visual recognition of these objects than did Os who had passively viewed exactly the same sequence of images of these virtual objects. In Exp 1 of the present study, using 24 18–30 yr olds, the authors show that compared to passive viewing, active exploration of 3-D object structure led to faster performance on a "mental rotation" task involving the studied objects. They also examined how much time Os concentrated on particular views during active exploration. As found in the previous report, Os spent most of their time looking at the "side" and "front" views ("plan" views) of the objects, rather than the 3-quarter or intermediate views. This preference for the plan views of an object led to the examination of the possibility in Exp 2 that restricting the studied views in active exploration to either the plan views or the intermediate views would result in differential learning. 24 18–28 yr olds were used in Exp 2. It was found that recognition of objects was faster after active exploration limited to plan views than after active exploration of intermediate views. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Visual representation of malleable and rigid objects that deform as they rotate.

Most studies and theories of object recognition have addressed the perception of rigid objects. Yet, physical objects may also move in a nonrigid manner. A series of priming studies examined the conditions under which observers can recognize novel views of objects moving nonrigidly. Observers were primed with 2 views of a rotating object that were linked by apparent motion or presented statically. The apparent malleability of the rotating prime object varied such that the object appeared to be either malleable or rigid. Novel deformed views of malleable objects were primed when falling within the object's motion path. Priming patterns were significantly more restricted for deformed views of rigid objects. These results suggest that moving malleable objects may be represented as continuous events, whereas rigid objects may not. That is, object representations may be "dynamically remapped" during the analysis.of the object's motion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seeing two sides at once: Effects of viewpoint and object structure on recognizing three-dimensional objects.

Five experiments demonstrated that adults can identify certain novel views of 3-dimensional model objects on the basis of knowledge of a single perspective. Geometrically irregular contour (wire) and surface (clay) objects and geometrically regular surface (pipe) objects were accurately recognized when rotated 180° about the vertical (y) axis. However, recognition accuracy was poor for all types of objects when rotated around the y-axis by 90°. Likewise, more subtle rotations in depth (i.e., 30° and 60°) induced decreases in recognition of both contour and surface objects. These results suggest that accurate recognition of objects rotated in depth by 180° may be achieved through use of information in objects' 2-dimensional bounding contours, the shapes of which remain invariant over flips in depth. Consistent with this interpretation, a final study showed that even slight rotations away from 180° cause precipitous drops in recognition accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) learn category matching in a nonidentical same-different task.

Same–different judgments of familiar objects and animals were investigated in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a task based on category matches rather than identity matches. 18 categories of familiar animals and objects were each composed of 12 color slides and were presented as pairs of slides. Ss indicated "same" or "different" on a response lever for reinforcement. On Same trials, 2 different views of the same object were presented, typically with differences in perspective, lighting, and background. On Different trials, 2 pictures of different objects were presented. Ss acquired the category discriminations and transferred their response judgments accurately to novel pictures from the categories. Transfer was better to objects with which the monkeys had actually interacted rather than those with which they did not interact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eliminating cultural oppression in counseling: Toward a general theory.

Proposes a general working theory of how race- and culture-specific factors interact to produce people with differing world views. Empirical and clinical data are reviewed that indicate 2 psychological concepts—locus of control and locus of reponsibility—may explain how world views are formed and their consequent dynamics. Four world views are identified representing combinations of internal and external locus of control and internal and external locus of responsibility. It is proposed that the internal locus of control and responsibility world view is most characteristic of Western counseling approaches and assumptions. Cultural oppression occurs when this world view is blindly imposed upon the culturally different client. Implications of each world view are discussed with respect to counseling in the US. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Roles of egocentric and allocentric spatial representations in locomotion and reorientation.

Four experiments investigated the nature of spatial representations used in locomotion. Participants learned the layout of several objects and then pointed to the objects while blindfolded in 3 conditions: before turning (baseline), after turning to a new heading (updating), and after disorientation (disorientation). The internal consistency of pointing in the disorientation condition was relatively high and equivalent to that in the baseline and updating conditions, when the layout had salient intrinsic axes and the participants learned the locations of the objects on the periphery of the layout. The internal consistency of pointing was disrupted by disorientation when participants learned the locations of objects while standing amid them and the layout did not have salient intrinsic axes. It was also observed that many participants retrieved spatial relations after disorientation from the original learning heading. These results indicate that people form an allocentric representation of object-to-object spatial relations when they learn the layout of a novel environment and use that representation to locate objects around them. Egocentric representations may be used to locate objects when allocentric representations are not of high fidelity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The combined effects of plane disorientation and foreshortening on picture naming: One manipulation or two?

Objects disoriented in plane away from the upright and objects rotated in depth producing foreshortening are harder to identify than canonical views. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants named pictures of familiar objects. There was no interaction between plane and depth rotation effects on initial presentation or after practice. Experiment 3 was a dual-task psychological refractory period study. Participants classified a high-low tone with a speeded keypress and then named a canonical, plane-rotated, or foreshortened view of an object. Naming was slower when the picture was presented 50 ms after the tone compared with 800 ms after the tone. Plane rotation effects were reduced (but not eliminated) at the short tone-picture stimulus onset asynchrony, but foreshortening effects were not reduced. The results implicate an early, prebottleneck locus for some processes compensating for plane rotation and a subsequent bottleneck or postbottleneck locus for compensation for foreshortening. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patients'' and relatives'' opinion and knowledge about electroconvulsive therapy: implications for nursing

This study examines sources of motivation to seek treatment. Participants were 105 male alcoholics and their non-alcoholic female partners who participated in a study of three different approaches to the conjoint treatment of alcoholism. Participants' sources of motivation were coded from responses to questions at the initial clinical screening interview. Sources of motivation were classified as "internal" or "external." More participants had internal sources of motivation (74%) than external sources. Participants with internal sources of motivation scored higher on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test than participants with external sources of motivation, but did not differ on other measures of pretreatment severity of alcohol problems. About half of the participants (53%) cited their partner as a primary source of motivation to seek treatment. Other sources of motivation cited were: increasing problems with alcohol, mental health problems, and physical health problems. There was greater variability among internal sources of motivation than among external sources of motivation. Participants' partners but not the male participants themselves, experienced an increase in marital satisfaction from pre- to within-treatment when the participant was motivated to come to treatment by his partner.     

Visual attention and objects: Evidence for hierarchical coding of location.

In 5 experiments, it was found that judging the relative location of 2 contours was more difficult when they belonged to 2 objects rather than 1. This was observed even when the 1- and 2-object displays were physically identical, with perceptual set determining how many objects they were seen to contain. Such a 2-object cost is consistent with object-based views of attention and with a hierarchical scheme for position coding, whereby object parts are located relative to the position of their parent object. In further experiments, it was shown that in accord with this hierarchical scheme, the relative location of objects could disrupt judgments of the relative location of object parts, but the reverse did not occur. This was found even when the relative position of the parts could be judged more quickly than that of the objects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of distinctive parts on recognition of depth-rotated objects by pigeons (Columba livia) and humans.

To explore whether effects observed in human object recognition represent fundamental properties of visual perception that are general across species, the authors trained pigeons (Columba livia) and humans to discriminate between pictures of 3-dimensional objects that differed in shape. Novel pictures of the depth-rotated objects were then tested for recognition. Across conditions, the object pairs contained either 0, 1, 3, or 5 distinctive pails. Pigeons showed viewpoint dependence in all object-part conditions, and their performance declined systematically with degree of rotation from the nearest training view. Humans showed viewpoint invariance for novel rotations between the training views but viewpoint dependence for novel rotations outside the training views. For humans, but not pigeons, viewpoint dependence was weakest in the 1-part condition. The authors discuss the results in terms of structural and multiple-view models of object recognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CUDCP-affiliated clinical psychology student views of their science training.

Scientist-practitioner models of clinical psychology training emphasize the quality of science training that students receive, but student views on this topic have not been adequately explored. The current study reports findings of a large-scale survey distributed to 163 clinical psychology doctoral programs affiliated with CUDCP. Student representatives from 55 programs (34%) returned responses from a total of 611 students. Although this response rate was not ideal, a number of important patterns in student perspectives emerged. The overwhelming majority indicated that science training was very important to them. Overall, students reported experiencing a fairly balanced emphasis on science and clinical work, and endorsed receiving a good amount of high-quality training in science. However, discrepancies were noted in the degree to which science training in some areas is emphasized versus desired. Implications for training experiences are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Object perception and object-directed reaching in infancy.

Conducted 5 experiments to investigate the effects of spatial and kinetic information on infants' perception of and reaching for objects. 65 20–23 wk old infants were presented with a small object, a larger object, and a background surface arranged in depth so that all were within reaching distance. Patterns of reaching for this display were observed, while spatial and kinetic properties of the display were varied. Results show that when the Ss reached for the display, they did not reach primarily for the surfaces that were nearer, smaller, or presented in motion. Ss reached, instead, for groups of surfaces that formed a unit that was spatially connected and/or that moved as a whole relative to its surroundings. Ss reached for the nearer of 2 objects as a distinct unit when the objects were separated in depth or when one object moved relative to the other. They reached for the 2 objects as a single unit when the objects were adjacent or when they moved together. The reaching patterns provide evidence that the Ss organized each display into the kind of units that adults call objects: manipulable units with internal coherence and external boundaries. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于属性值集中度的分类数据聚类有效性内部评价指标

针对分类数据, 通过数据对象在属性值上的集中程度定义了新的基于属性值集中度的类内相似度(similarity based on concentration of attribute values, CONC), 用于衡量聚类结果中类内各数据对象之间的相似度; 通过不同类的特征属性值的差异程度定义了基于强度向量差异的类间差异度(dissimilarity based on discrepancy of SVs, DCRP), 用于衡量两个类之间的差异度.基于CONC和DCRP提出了新的分类数据聚类有效性内部评价指标(clustering validation based on concentration of attribute values, CVC), 它具有以下3个特点: (1)在评价每个类内相似度时, 不仅依靠类内各数据对象的特征, 还考虑了整个数据集的信息; (2)采用几个特征属性值的差异评价两个类的差异度, 确保评价过程不丢失有效的聚类信息, 同时可以消除噪音的影响; (3)在评价类内相似度及类间差异度时, 消除了数据对象个数对评价过程的影响.采用加州大学欧文分校提出的用于机器学习的数据库(UCI)进行实验, 将CVC与类别效用(category utility, CU)指标、基于主观因素的分类数据指标(categorical data clustering with subjective factors, CDCS)指标和基于信息熵的内部评价指标(information entropy, IE)等内部评价指标进行对比, 通过外部评价指标标准交互信息(normalized mutual information, NMI)验证内部评价效果.实验表明相对其他内部评价指标, CVC指标可以更有效地评价聚类结果.此外, CVC指标相对于NMI指标, 不需要数据集以外的信息, 更具实用性.      

Limitations of object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory.

The present study investigated object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory for 2 features within the same dimension that occur on different parts of an object. Using the change-detection paradigm, this experiment studied objects with 2 colors and objects with 2 orientations. Participants found it easier to monitor 1 rather than both features of such objects, even when decision noise was properly controlled for. However, no object-based benefit was observed for encoding the 2 features of each object that were of the same dimension. When similar stimuli were used but the 2 features of each object were from different dimensions (color and orientation), an object-based benefit was observed. These results thus impose a major constraint on object-based feature encoding theories by showing that only features from different dimensions can benefit from object-based encoding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental representation of three-dimensional objects in visual problem solving and recognition.

Ss inspected sets of flat, separated orthographic projections of surfaces of potential 3-dimensional objects. After solving problems based on these orthographic views, Ss discriminated between isometric views of the same objects and drawings of distractor structures. Recognition of the isometrics, which had never been shown during the problem-solving phase of the experiment, was excellent. In addition, recognition of isometrics corresponding to problems that had been solved correctly when presented in orthographic form was significantly superior to recognition of isometrics based on problems solved incorrectly. In Exp 2, conditions were included in which either orthographic or isometric views functioned as problem solving or recognition displays. Only in the case of orthographic problem solving followed by isometric recognition (Exp 1) was the superiority of recognition for correctly solved problems over incorrectly solved problems obtained. The pattern of results suggests that viewers construct mental representations embodying structural information about integrated, 3-dimensional objects when asked to reason about flat, disconnected projections. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Overt and covert identification of fragmented objects inferred from performance and electrophysiological measures.

The authors investigated visual processing leading to object identification by manipulating the number of fragments and nature of the study. During the study, participants either named or drew objects in Experiment 1 and drew them all in Experiment 2. During the test, participants made an identification judgment at each of 6 different fragmentation levels for studied and new objects. Fewer fragments were needed to identify studied than unstudied objects. Reaction times (RTs) were faster for studied than unstudied objects both at identification and at the preceding level. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to unidentified objects were characterized by a late negativity in contrast to a positivity to identified objects. ERPs to studied but not to new objects contained a smaller and later version of the identification positivity at level just prior to identification, which was not due to differential response confidence. Much covert visual analysis and even object identification may precede overt identification, depending on the nature of prior experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)