集成电路芯片管脚尺寸自动检测系统的状态分析

机器视觉自动检测系统的稳定性将直接影响产品检测的质量。本文根据随机过程的理论,利 用SAS软件对研究开发的集成用路芯片管脚尺寸检测系统的工作状态进行了分析测试。测试 结果表明,整个系统的测量结果是一个具有各态历经性的平稳随机过程,因此,我们利用一段 样本值就能估计整个过程的均值和标准差,从而获得整个过程的性质。     

Construction of an automation system for the inspection and packing processes of a screw/bolt production line

In this paper, a packing automation system was constructed and a prototype was manufactured to test its performance for the inspection and packing process automation of a screw/bolt production line. The packing automation system is composed of an automated inspection system and an automated packing system. An inspection system using machine vision inspection and the slant method was proposed, developed and applied. The system was also developed and applied as the MICOM system in the PLC system to improve inspection errors due to the delays in the inspection process. The feeder to supply work to the inspection device was proposed, developed and applied as a slide feeder by applying a vertical transfer mechanism. The slide method was designed to minimize friction and thus improve upon the disadvantages of the existing bowl feeder. An automated packing system based on a one-station method for two-sided vinyl automatic packing was proposed, developed and applied. The one-station method maximizes the speed of the packing processes, such as automatic supply, cutting, spreading, charging, closing and sealing, that occur over a short distance. Performance of the system was evaluated by producing a prototype and setting up a packing automation system. The performance test was validated based on the inspection handling speed, transfer speed of the slide feeder, packing speed of the automatic packing system and charging accuracy, verifying the applicability and practicality of the automated system for the screw/bolt production line.     

Development of machine vision system and dimensional analysis of the automobile front-chassis-module

In the present research work, an automated machine vision system and a new algorithm to interpret the inspection data has been developed. In the past, the control of tolerance of front-chassis-module was done manually. In the present work a machine vision system and required algorithm was developed to carryout dimensional evaluation automatically. The present system is used to verify whether the automobile front-chassis-module is within the tolerance limit or not. The directional ability parameters related with front-chassis-module such as camber, caster, toe and king-pin angle are also determined using the present algorithm. The above mentioned parameters are evaluated by the pose of interlinks in the assembly of an automobile front-chassis-module. The location of ball-joint center is important factor to determine these parameters. A method to determine the location of ball-joint center using geometric features is also suggested in this paper. In the present work a 3-D best fitting method is used for determining the relationship between nominal design coordinate system and the corresponding feature coordinate system.     

Design and development of a new machine vision wire bonding inspection system

In this paper, we developed a fast and robust machine vision system for wire bonding inspection. The defects caused by a bonding wire being broken, lost, shifted, shorted, or sagged in an integrated circuit (IC) chip can be inspected automatically. A new lighting environment was devised which will highlight the slope of the bonding wire and suppress the background from being extracted. First, a set of machine vision algorithms were designed to filter out the defects of broken wire, lost wire, shifted wire, and shorted-out wire. Second, the 3-D type defect of sagged wire can be detected by inspecting the change of the bonding wire slope, derived from a single 2-D image. Some illustrations are given to show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed novel wire bonding vision inspection system.     

集成电路芯片管脚尺寸自动检测的研究与实现

集成电路芯片管脚尺寸是否合格,是芯片自动化安装的关键,本文应用机器视觉和机械自动化技术,研制自动检测设备,实现集成电路芯片管脚尺寸检测自动化。实验测试表明,该设备具有较高的检测精度和检测速度,检测结果满足要求。     

Untiring eyes [machine vision systems]

The authors look at why and how vision systems have grown from a rarity to play an increasingly central role in a vast range of manufacturing operations. A machine vision system is usually made up of a means of capturing an image (a TV camera or similar device), means of digitising and storing the resulting image, and a processing system which will automatically, without human intervention or judgment, make a measurement, a logical decision or a classification operation on the content of the image. Industrial inspection using automated image analysis is most commonly called automated visual inspection (AVI)     

Morphological segmentation under complex backgrounds using enhanced gray-scale hit-or-miss transform

In the process of packaging for integrated circuits or flexible PCBs, special characters are printed to indicate the status of quality control. During the automated inspection process, these characters are detected and indentified by the inspection equipment. The characters are sometimes difficult to be segmented from the images due to the complex backgrounds, which are complex circuit patterns and other graphic features. In this paper, we develop character segmentation algorithm based on grayscale hit-or-miss morphological transformation. The character’s width is assumed to be known. Performance of the proposed algorithm is extensively tested, and the results show successful accuracy.     

The development of automated solder bump inspection using machine vision techniques

Visual inspection is an important task in the manufacturing processes for integrated circuit boards. In this paper, we focus on the solder bump inspection problem, and an automated visual inspection method using machine vision techniques is proposed. The solder bump inspection method consists of image grabbing, image preprocessing, feature extraction, and defect detection and classification. Five defect types of solder bumps to be inspected are bridging solder, excess solder, incomplete solder, non-wetting, and missing solder. The solder area, the number of edge pixels, the deviation from center, and the deformation ratio are used as the features for solder bump defect detection and classification. The proposed method is a hybrid algorithm, and it consists of two stages: the training stage and the inspection stage. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective in detecting defects of solder bumps.     

基于机器视觉的IC芯片三维引脚外观检测机的研制

介绍了集成电路芯片三维引脚外观检测机的系统组成与功能、运动控制系统与视觉检测系统的构成、图像处理方法以及系统软件的模块结构.该检测机由芯片自动输送线、视觉检测平台、吸臂和分选臂等组成,采用工控机及PLC控制技术,实现芯片上料、输送、外观检测、分选补给和卸料等功能的全自动化.该检测机可检测芯片引脚在空间的11个尺寸参数,具有检测精度高、产品更换快速和操作方便等优点,适用于QFP集成电路芯片三维引脚外观的自动检测,可显著提高生产效率及产品质量.     

基于机器视觉的汽车仪表板智能检测方法

提出并实现了用机器视觉系统对汽车仪表板总成智能检测方法。仪表板质量检测技术的关键是提取边缘和定义指示误差。为了有效地去除噪声并进行边缘提取,采用了小波变换模极大值方法提取仪表图象特征;为了获取仪表板指示误差,提出了一种新的指示精度评判准则。在此基础上,已成功地研制出一种机器视觉检测系统。     

Effectiveness study of an automated 3D laminography x-ray inspection system in a high-volume–low-mix SMT line

The advent of miniature surface-mount components coupled with increasing lead counts poses tremendous challenges during the assembly of printed circuit boards (PCBs). This is especially true in an electronics manufacturing service (EMS) industry, where the focus has been to increase throughput and first-pass yields at minimum expenditure. Hence, robust inspection systems are required to achieve the objectives of inspecting all the solder joints on a PCB assembly without affecting throughput and of accurately and repeatedly detecting solder-joint-related defects. Conventional inspection technologies are limited in their capability to inspect and detect solder-joint-related defects. However, these limitations have been addressed to a considerable extent by automated 3D laminography x-ray inspection systems. This research effort ascertained the effectiveness of an automated 3D laminography x-ray inspection system from a statistical and assembly perspective. The results of this investigation were analyzed and continuous improvement measures were initiated and employed to improve the performance of the automated 3D laminography x-ray inspection system and, subsequently, of the surface-mount technology (SMT) line.     

Automated visual inspection of bare printed circuit boards using parallel processor hardware

This paper describes the research currently being conducted at Texas A&M University toward the automated visual inspection of bare printed circuit boards (PCBs) using non-referential algorithms. The first phase of the research includes the development of an efficient algorithm to filter the digitised image of the PCB once it has been received from the camera. The filter enhances the acquired image for easier processing by the system. The research is centred around the use of a commercially available parallel processor to perform this function. The reformatted image is then inspected for defects based on the design rules of the circuit board.     

基于视觉的表面贴装芯片引脚检测系统的研究

介绍了表面贴装芯片引脚的机器视觉检测系统，并阐述了该机器视觉检测系统的总体设计。利用图像处理和目标识别技术，实现了对具有矩形端面的芯片引脚的数目、尺寸、间距和高度差的检测，给出了系统稳定性和重复性测试的数据。检测结果表明，该检测系统具有非接触、精度合适的优点。     

Vision inspection system for the identification and classification of defects in MIG welding joints

The variety of vision inspection systems for welding defects in the present manufacturing scenario is needed for overcoming certain limitations such as the problem of inaccuracy in the images, non-uniformed illumination, noise and deficient contrast, and confusion in defects if they occur in the same spot at the surface and subsurface. Hence, it is imperative to design a new vision inspection system which will enable to overcome the aforementioned problems in welding. A sophisticated new vision inspection system using machine vision has been developed for this study to identify and classify the surface defects of butt joint as per standard EN25817 in metal inert gas (MIG) welding. In this proposed vision system, images of welding surfaces are captured through a CCD camera. Four frames of sequence of images are obtained using four zones of LEDs using the front light illumination system in this method. From these images, the regions of interest are segmented and the average gray levels of the characteristic features of these images are calculated. The same process can be extended further to four zones (four quadrants) of four types of welded joints. Finally, welded joints can be classified into one of the four predefined ones based on the back-propagation neural network. The proposed system demonstrates an overall accuracy of 95% from the 80 real samples tested.     

机器视觉在尺寸在线检测中的应用

机器视觉在制造系统检测与监视领域占有重要的地位。介绍了一种可应用于工业现场的机器视觉坯（工）件尺寸检测原理、系统硬软件和精度分析结果，并介绍了实验验证的结果。     

A machine vision system for the detection of missing fasteners on steel stampings

A machine vision system that has been developed for the detection of missing fasteners on steel stampings is described. The system has been tested using images generated by a commercial machine vision system installed on an assembly line for the production of automotive cross-car beams. This particular application was considered to be challenging due to variations in the operating conditions, such as the lighting, together with the fact that the appearance of the fasteners could change depending upon their angle relative to the camera. A neuro-fuzzy image classification algorithm was developed and tested against a threshold-based classification algorithm. Results indicate that both algorithms perform well when optimized, but the neuro-fuzzy algorithm was found to degrade in a less abrupt fashion when the input data deviated from the trained data. A graphical user interface (GUI) was designed to enable implementation on the assembly line. The developed system is adaptable to other machine vision-based automated inspection applications.     

BGA全自动植球机视觉检测技术及应用

在线缺陷检测是球栅阵列（BGA）植球机研发中的一个难题.本文介绍了视觉检测技术在BGA植球机上的应用.设计了一种图像采集和图像处理并行进行的工艺过程方案,提高了系统的检测速度.通过图像预处理之后提取图像的边缘特征,采用模板匹配法进行识别检测,并在此过程中融合了序贯相似度检测算法（SSDA）,以提高模板匹配的速度.试验证明,该视觉系统的工艺和检测过程均为可行且行之有效的方案.     

Grouping SMT PCB Assembly using FCM Algorithm

１IntroductionOneofthecharacteristicsoftheelectronicindustriesinHongKongisitsflexiblemanufacturingenvironment．Thetypeofproductionistypicallyalowvolume熏highmixtype．Lowvolumemeanstheproductionforeachbatchofproductionisrathersmall熏typically５００－５０００unitsperbatch．HighmixmeansthevarietyoftheproductionislargeandmanydifferenttypesofPCBsareproducedatthesametime．Insuchsituation熏thechangeoverfromonetypeofPCBtoanothertypeisquitefrequentandun鄄avoidable．ButthetimewastedinchangingPCBty…     

机器视觉在工业测量中的应用与研究

基于普通双目视觉测量模型,针对视觉测量系统的关键技术-标定、特征提取、特征匹配,提出了一种实用的高精度摄像机标定方法,基于“多对一”的思想,讨论了一种改进的Hough变换方法;山外极约束理论,提出了一种基于角点的外极斜率特征匹配方法。实验证明.该方法能成功的应川于复杂零件的测量。     

Compensation of installation errors in a laser vision system and dimensional inspection of automobile chassis

Laser vision inspection systems are becoming popular for automated inspection of manufactured components. The performance of such systems can be enhanced by improving accuracy of the hardware and robustness of the software used in the system. This paper presents a new approach for enhancing the capability of a laser vision system by applying hardware compensation and using efficient analysis software. A 3D geometrical model is developed to study and compensate for possible distortions in installation of gantry robot on which the vision system is mounted. Appropriate compensation is applied to the inspection data obtained from the laser vision system based on the parameters in 3D model. The present laser vision system is used for dimensional inspection of car chassis sub frame and lower arm assembly module. An algorithm based on simplex search techniques is used for analyzing the compensated inspection data. The details of 3D model, parameters used for compensation and the measurement data obtained from the system are presented in this paper. The details of search algorithm used for analyzing the measurement data and the results obtained are also presented in the paper. It is observed from the results that, by applying compensation and using appropriate algorithms for analyzing, the error in evaluation of the inspection data can be significantly minimized, thus reducing the risk of rejecting good parts.