Current Food Safety Management Systems in Fish‐Exporting Companies Require Further Improvements to Adequately Cope with Contextual Pressure: Case Study

Fish‐processing plants still face food safety (FS) challenges worldwide despite the existence of several quality assurance standards and food safety management systems/s (FSMSs). This study assessed performance of FSMS in fish exporting sector considering pressure from the context in which they operate. A FSMS diagnostic tool with checklist was used to assess the context, FSMS, and FS output in 9 Kenyan fish exporting companies. Majority (67%) companies operated at moderate‐ to high‐risk context but with an average performance in control and assurance activities. This situation could be insufficient to deal with ambiguity, uncertainty, and vulnerability issues in the context characteristics. Contextual risk posed by product characteristics (nature of raw materials) and chain environment characteristics was high. Risk posed by the chain environment characteristics, low power in supplier relationships, and low degree of authority in customer relationships was high. Lack of authority in relationship with suppliers would lead to high raw material risk situation. Even though cooling facilities, a key control activity, was at an advanced level, there was inadequate packaging intervention equipment which coupled with inadequate physical intervention equipment could lead to further weakened FSMS performance. For the fish companies to improve their FSMS to higher level and enhance predictability, they should base their FSMS on scientific information sources, historical results, and own experimental trials in their preventive, intervention, and monitoring systems. Specific suggestions are derived for improvements toward higher FSMS activity levels or lower risk levels in context characteristics.     

基于ISO22000标准的中国食品安全管理体系 认证解析

本文介绍了食品安全管理体系（Food Safety Management System, FSMS）认证的背景、意义和发展趋势。归纳了中国FSMS认证政策沿革的历史,分析了最新政策修订的目的和意义。阐述了FSMS认证推行的法律基础,列举了FSMS认证必须遵守的一些法规和标准,介绍了认证企业采纳法规的原则。依据官方数据资料分析了FSMS认证规模、认证覆盖的组织类型;从行政监管、企业管理、对外贸易、降低食品安全风险等多角度论述了认证的实际效果。另外对中国FSMS认证监管的体制,监管手段做了简要介绍。     

Current performance of food safety management systems of dairy processing companies in Tanzania

A food safety management system (FSMS)‐diagnostic instrument was applied in 22 dairy processing companies to analyse the set‐up and operation of core control and assurance activities in view of the risk characteristics of the systems' context. Three clusters of companies were identified differing in levels of set‐up and operation of this FSMS and system outputs, but all operated in a similar moderate‐risk context. Microbiological assessment of products, environmental and hand samples indicated a poor to moderate food safety level. A two stage intervention approach has been proposed to enable commitment and sustainable improvement for the longer term.     

浅谈对ISO22000标准的理解和应用

ISO22000《食品安全管理体系——对整个食品链中组织的要求》是国际标准化组织近期将正式发布的对全球食品安全管理体系的一个统一的标准,实施这一标准可使食品生产加工企业避免因不同国家的不同要求而产生的摩擦,该标准被视为一个集中、统一和整合的食品安全体系,文中提供了该标准基本信息和应用建议。     

Quantitative study of food integrity climate in Belgian and Saudi Arabian food businesses in view of their organisational characteristics

Managing food integrity within a food business represents a novel dimension in food safety management. In this study, the prevailing food integrity climate of different food companies was analysed and compared across two distinct countries (Belgium and Saudi Arabia), and its relation with various organisational characteristics was examined. A quantitative questionnaire was filled up by the principal quality manager of forty-three food companies. Results show that the overall food integrity climate in the participating Saudi Arabian (n = 15) and Belgian food companies (n = 28) was estimated as medium–high. Scores varied substantially across the different participating food organisations, but only slightly between the two countries. The companies’ certification status was found statistically significantly related to a higher perceived food integrity climate, in particular for ISO 9000 as well as FSSC 22000 in both countries and IFS only in the Saudi Arabian sample. It was also demonstrated that the prevailing food integrity climate is associated with the company’s product type or sector, but only in the Belgian participating food companies, since Belgian quality managers employed in plant-based food companies estimated their food integrity climate higher than their counterparts in animal-based food companies. This horizontal comparative study, based on an intercontinental quantitative assessment of food integrity performance in food companies, contributes to enhance the understanding of food integrity in relation to specific organisational characteristics of food businesses, offering both theoretical and practical implications.     

ISO22000认证在我国推行的适用性研究

ISO22000在构筑一个食品安全管理体系框架基础上,与ISO9000等相整合,并同时覆盖了CAC关于HACCP的全部要求。从政府、食品企业、消费者、认证行业分析可以看出,我国需要推行ISO22000认证,但是存在食品企业整体规模小、认证实施混乱的问题,为此,文中提出了相应的政策建议。     

The Evolution and Cultural Framing of Food Safety Management Systems—Where From and Where Next?

The aim of this paper is to review the development of food safety management systems (FSMS) from their origins in the 1950s to the present. The food safety challenges in modern food supply systems are explored and it is argued that there is a need for a more holistic thinking approach to food safety management. The narrative review highlights that while the transactional elements of how FSMS are developed, validated, implemented, monitored, and verified remains largely unchanged, how organizational culture frames the operation and efficacy of FSMS is becoming more important. The evolution of a wider academic and industry understanding of both the influence of food safety culture (FS‐culture) and also how such culture frames and enables, or conversely restricts the efficacy of the FSMS is crucial for consumer well‐being. Potential research gaps worthy of further study are identified as well as recommendations given for the application of the research findings within the food industry.     

ISO22000：2005在冬枣醋饮料生产企业的应用

着重介绍了ISO22000：2005在冬枣醋饮料生产企业的应用,分析了冬枣醋饮料生产过程中的主要食品安全危害,确定了关键控制点并制定了HACCP计划。     

ISO22000体系在大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障中的应用

摘 要：目的：在大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障中应用ISO22000 食品安全管理体系, 预防与控制大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障过程中可能存在的潜在危害。方法：根据 ISO22000 食品安全管理体系标准, 在前提方案（PRP）建立的基础上,对餐饮服务食品安全保障各道工序进行识别和评估,完善了操作性前期方案（OPRP）,确定关键控制点（CCP）,制定了关键限值和控制限值,预防、消除或减少食品安全危害至规定的可接受水平。结果:通过操作性前提方案(OPRP)与HACCP 工作计划,确定6个操作性前期控制点和6个关键控制点（CCP）,构建了餐饮服务食品安全管理体系模式。结论:通过制定操作性前提方案, 将其与HACCP 中的关键控制点结合,将食品安全危害因素降到最低限度, 更好地保障了大型活动期间的餐饮服务食品安全。     

A comparative presentation of implementation of ISO 22000 versus HACCP and FMEA in a small size Greek factory producing smoked trout: a case study

ISO 22000 is the new standard bound to replace HACCP on issues related to food safety. Although several companies, especially the big ones, have either implemented or are on the point of implementing ISO 22000, there are many others which are rather timid and/or reluctant to implement it. The main reason behind that is the lack of information and the fear that the new standard is too demanding in terms of bureaucratic work. This paper aims at making a comparative presentation of how the two systems can be applied to a small smoked salmon producing company thereby facilitating the emergence of the differences. The main difference is that in ISO 22000 systems like Good Manufacturing Practice and Good Hygiene Practice are prerequisites thus leading to lower number of CCPs. In this case study for example, the number of CCPs dropped from eight (8) in HACCP to four (4) in ISO 22000. Furthermore, the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis was applied to the smoked trout manufacturing process in an attempt to calculate quantitatively the Risk Priority Number (RPN) and to find out whether it can be effectively correlated to ISO 22000 and/or HACCP. RPN was found to be higher than 130 for eight steps, in close agreement with HACCP, thereby indicating that corrective actions will have to be undertaken.     

ISO22000在喷雾干燥大麦苗粉生产中的应用

目的为了预防与控制麦苗粉生产、加工、贮运到销售等过程中可能存在的潜在危害,更有效地保证食品安全。方法根据ISO22000:2005食品安全管理体系标准,采用危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)的质量管理原理,对喷雾干燥大麦苗粉加工中可能的潜在危害进行分析,提出相应的预防措施和监测方法。结果确定了原料采收、超高温瞬间杀菌、喷雾干燥、X射线探测、金属探测等5个关键控制点(CCP),确定了关键限值和纠偏措施。同时通过制订操作性前提方案(OPRP)与HACCP工作计划,构建了大麦苗粉加工的食品安全管理体系模式,符合ISO22000标准。结论通过制定操作性前提方案(OPRP),将其与HACCP中的关键控制点(CCP)动态、互补的结合,将食品安全危害因素降到最低限度,确保为顾客提供安全的食品。     

重大活动口岸餐饮业科学监管模式应用效果评估

分析现有食品卫生监管模式以及餐饮企业HACCP体系运行现状,结合奥运会餐饮服务总目标,选取示范餐饮企业以ISO22000:2005食品安全管理体系为基础,建立政府+企业+消费者+认证机构的四方科学监管模式,以重大活动期间口岸食品安全的保障工作为契机对科学监管模式的有效性进行评估,从而进一步完善和提高首都机场口岸餐饮业的食品安全管理体系,将科学监管模式和经验推广应用。     

The Effectiveness of ISO 9001 Implementation in Food Manufacturing Companies: A Proposed Measurement Instrument

ISO 9001 is a Quality Management System (QMS) standard that is widely adopted by many manufacturing companies, including food manufacturing companies. However, the effectiveness of ISO 9001 implementation is still questioned. Given this, this paper aims to propose an instrument that can be used to measure the effectiveness of ISO 9001 implementation in food manufacturing companies. The paper is important because there is lack of research on the development of measurement instrument of ISO 9001 implementation effectiveness. Furthermore, this paper is important because the knowledge on measurement instrument of ISO 9001 implementation effectiveness is needed by ISO 9001 certified food manufacturing company managers for measuring and improving their QMS.     

ISO22000在速冻饺子生产中的应用

食品安全必须通过食品链中所有参与方的共同努力来保证,食品链中的组织包括:饲料生产者、初级生产者,以及食品生产制造者、运输和仓储经营者,零售分包商、餐饮服务与经营者(包括与其密切相关的其他组织,如设备、包装材料、清洁剂、添加剂和辅料的生产者),也包括相关服务提供者等。根据ISO22000标准的要求,逐层描述了速冻饺子的工艺流程,分析了速冻饺子在食品链中的关键控制点及要求,并进行了速冻饺子危害分析,提出相应的生产计划。可最终达到确保整个食品链中的组织进行有效的相互沟通,向最终消费者提供安全的食品的目的。     

基于灰色关联模型的食品安全监管满意度影响因素分析

主要对食品安全监管满意度的主要影响因素进行分析。针对食品安全监管满意度影响因素众多的问题,使用食品安全法律体系规范程度、食品行业监管与执法力度、食品安全宣传力度、食品安全认证机制完善程度、食品安全事件政府应急反应能力建设等影响因素设置调查问卷。根据调研得到的数据,通过灰色关联分析的方法寻找影响食品安全监管满意度的最重要影响因素,并把上述5个因素按重要程度进行排序。根据实际调研数据得到的计算结果,发现食品安全认证机制完善程度对食品安全监管满意度的影响程度最大,食品行业监管与执法力度次之。因而政府在提升食品安全监管满意度时,应着力从食品安全认证机制完善程度、加强食品行业监管与执法力度方面入手,提升民众的食品安全监管满意度。      

ISO22000在保健品维生素C片生产中的应用

目的在保健品维生素C片生产中应用ISO22000食品安全管理体系,预防与控制保健品维生素C片在生产、加工、贮运到销售过程中可能存在的潜在危害。方法根据ISO22000食品安全管理体系标准,采用危害分析与关键控制点(hazard analysis critical control point,HACCP)的质量管理原理,对保健品维生素C片加工中可能的潜在危害进行分析,提出相应的预防措施和监测方法,从人、机、料、法、环5个方面进行分析,并制定相应控制措施。结果确定了原料验收和金属探测2个关键控制点(critical control point,CCP),确定了关键限值和纠偏措施。同时通过制定操作性前提方案(operational prerequisite program,OPRP)与HACCP工作计划,构建了保健品维生素C片的食品安全管理体系模式,符合ISO22000体系。结论通过制定操作性前提方案,将其与HACCP中的关键控制点动态、互补地结合,将食品安全危害因素降到最低限度,更好地保障保健品安全,降低企业管理成本,提升经济收益。     

IS022000体系在肉制品加工中的应用(英文)

The safety of cooked meat products is related to the hazard of food in tache of consumption. As the hazard exists in any tache of food chain, any one of the chain should try his best to control the safety of the food. The safety of the cooked meat products is always one of the most important problems. ISO22000:2005"Food safety management systems-Requirements for any organization in the food chain"offers a standard for the cooked meat products safety management.     

ISO22000体系在肉制品加工中的应用

The safety of cooked meat products is related to the hazard of food in tache of consumption. As the hazard exists in any tache of food chain, any one of the chain should try his best to control the safety of the food. The safety of the cooked meat products is always one of the most important problems. ISO22000: 2005 "Food safety management systems-Requirements for any organization in the food chain" offers a standard for the cooked meat products safety management.     

ISO22000:2005在速冻青刀豆生产中的应用

介绍了ISO22000在速冻青刀豆生产中的应用,分析了生产过程中的食品安全危害,建立了操作性前提方案和HACCP计划。     

SN/T1443.1-2004标准与ISO22000:2005标准的比较

通过对SN/T1443.1-2004标准与ISO22000:2005标准在融合HACCP系、ISO9001标准的管理原则、适用的食品法律法规,以及两者的内容形式、实质内容等方面的比较,描述了两者的异同,认为两者无论在内容形式还是在内容实质上都存在明显差异,其根本性差异在于SN/T1443.1-2004标准在与出口食品卫生相关法规性文件的结合方面,更具有指导性和可操作性,而这一点恰好是ISO22000:2005标准的不足之处.因此得出两者不等同、不等效的结论.并由此推论出,若食品生产企业不考虑出口食品法规性文件的要求,仅按ISO22000:2005标准建立食品安全管理体系文件,无疑不符合SN/T1443.1-2004标准的要求,更不能满足出口食品卫生注册的要求.