Bioactive compounds,in vitro antioxidant capacity and Maillard reaction products of raw,boiled and fried garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic is used in many dishes but some of its bioactive compounds are lost when exposed to heat. This study evaluated bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and Maillard reaction products of raw (RG), boiled (BG) and fried garlic (FG). Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, allicin and phytosterol were quantified as well as dietary fibres and mineral content. Antioxidant activities of RG, BG and FG were evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), oxidation of β‐carotene/linoleic acid and Rancimat methods. The main results were the following: thermal processing of RG decreased both bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity, boiling was found to be less aggressive than frying, and strong correlations were obtained between total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant assays. However, phytosterol content was higher in FG than in RG and BG and higher temperatures increased the formation of Maillard reaction products. It was concluded that RG and BG should be preferred for human consumption as they present higher antioxidant capacity.     

大豆分离蛋白-壳聚糖美拉德反应 产物的制备条件优化

利用大豆分离蛋白（SPI）与壳聚糖（CS）建立美拉德反应体系,以DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基（O-2·）清除率、对细菌（大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌）的抑菌性作为检测指标,经单因素实验和正交实验优化分别具有高接枝度、强抗氧化性、强抑菌性的美拉德反应产物（MRPs）的适宜反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间以及SPI与CS质量比。结果表明：当反应温度80 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间5 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1时,接枝度最高,为65.13％;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对DPPH·清除率最高,为95.63%;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度61.0%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对O-2·清除率最高,为91.93%;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对大肠杆菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度73.9%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 2时,MRPs对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度26.1%、反应时间3 h、SPI与CS质量比2∶ 1时,MRPs对沙门氏菌抑菌性最强。研究结果表明通过控制反应条件,可在一定范围内调节MRPs各个功能性质的强弱以满足不同的实际需要。     

乳制品中的Maillard反应标示物及其应用

乳制品中的Maillard反应标示物既可作为乳制品热处理程度的指标，还可用于不同热处理乳制品的鉴别。介绍了在评价乳制品热处理程度以及区分不同乳制品中常用的几种Maillard反应标示物。这些标示物包括糠氨酸、乳果糖、糠醛类化合物、荧光化合物等。此外，还介绍了可溶性乳清蛋白、碱性磷酸酶和乳过氧化物酶等热处理标示物，这些标示物与Maillard反应之间具有较好的相关性，也是评价乳制品热处理程度以及区分不同乳制品时常用的指标，可与Maillard反应标示物联合应用。     

Contribution of sulfur-containing compounds to the colour-inhibiting effect and improved antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products of soybean protein hydrolysates

BACKGROUND: Light‐coloured and savoury‐tasting flavour enhancers are attractive to both consumers and food producers. The aim of this study was to investigate the colour‐inhibiting effect of L ‐cysteine and thiamine during the Maillard reaction of soybean peptide and D ‐xylose. The correlation between volatile compounds and antioxidant activity of the corresponding products was also studied. RESULTS: Colour formation was markedly suppressed by cysteine. Compared with peptide/xylose (PX), the taste profile of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from peptide/xylose/cysteine (PXC) and peptide/xylose/cysteine/thiamine (PXCT) was stronger, including umami, mouthfulness, continuity, meaty and overall acceptance. PXC and PXCT also exihibited distinctly higher antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis was applied to investigate the correlation between antioxidant activity and volatile compounds. Of 88 volatile compounds identified, 55 were significantly correlated with antioxidant activity by two principal components (accounting for 85.05% of the total variance). CONCLUSION: Effective colour control of the Maillard reaction by L ‐cysteine may allow the production of healthier (higher antioxidant activity) and tastier foods to satisfy consumers' and food producers' demands. Light‐coloured products might be used as functional flavour enhancers in various food systems. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

乳及乳制品加工中的美拉德反应

针对乳及乳制品在加工和储藏过程中由于发生美拉德反应不仅使乳制品的营养物质受到破坏，还产生对人体有害的物质，在很大程度上影响的乳制品的质量，对乳制品中美拉德反应的历程，产生的标志物及其测定方法等进行了的综述。     

酪蛋白-木糖体系美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性

研究评价了由酪蛋白-木糖模拟体系产生的美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性,考察了反应过程中体系的pH、褐变和中间产物的变化,并测定了美拉德反应产物对金属离子(Cu2+和Fe2+)的螯合能力、自由基清除能力(.OH、DPPH.和ABTS.)以及其还原能力。结果表明,模拟体系的酸度和褐变均随反映的进行而逐渐增加,中间产物在反应初期大量形成;美拉德反应产物对Fe2+的螯合能力要明显强于对Cu2+的螯合能力;美拉德反应产物对DPPH.和ABTS.具有较强的清除作用,而对.OH的清除作用较弱;美拉德反应产物的还原能力随反应时间的延长而逐渐增大。     

咸味香精中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性研究

利用膜分离手段从肉味香基中分离得到不同分子量范围的美拉德反应产物(MRPs),考察咸味香精中的肉味香基以及不同分子量的MRPs对卵磷脂脂质体的抗氧化效果。结果表明,肉味香基对脂质体过氧化有抑制能力,其抗氧化能力随反应物浓度的增加而增强。高分子量MRPs的抗氧化能力最强,其次为中分子量MRPs,小分子量MRPs抗氧化能力最弱,并且MRPs的抗氧化能力与其褐色程度成正比。     

New functionalities of Maillard reaction products as emulsifiers and encapsulating agents,and the processing parameters: a brief review

Non‐enzymatic browning has been a wide and interesting research area in the food industry, ranging from the complexity of the reaction to its applications in the food industry as well as its ever‐debatable health effects. This review provides a new perspective to the Maillard reaction apart from its ubiquitous function in enhancing food flavour, taste and appearance. It focuses on the recent application of Maillard reaction products as an inexpensive and excellent source of emulsifiers as well as superior encapsulating matrices for the entrapment of bioactive compounds. Additionally, it will also discuss the latest approaches employed to perform the Maillard reaction as well as several important reaction parameters that need to be taken into consideration when conducting the Maillard reaction. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

美拉德反应产物的褐变、荧光吸收及抗氧化性的研究

采用以还原糖-氨基酸(木糖/葡萄糖分别与甘氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酰胺、半胱氨酸)模式美拉德反应(Maillard Reaction,MR)制备得到美拉德反应产物(MRPs),研究反应条件对MRPs的褐变程度、荧光吸收强度以及其抗氧化活性的影响,并分析MRPs的光学特征与抗氧化活性之间的联系。结果表明,还原糖和氨基酸的种类对MR的褐变强度有很大影响,其影响程度由强到弱分别为:Xly>Glc,Lys>Gly>Glu>Cys。随着反应时间的延长,各体系MRPs的褐变程度逐渐变强;而荧光吸收强度随着加热时间的延长而增强,然后在出现最大值后趋于平缓或者表现出下降的趋势。MRPs的抗氧化能力也随反应时间的延长而增强,抗氧化活性与褐变强度呈正相关,与荧光吸收特性没有表现出明显的关联。     

气质联用分析大豆蛋白酶解液美拉德反应物成分

利用大豆分离蛋白为原料,将其最大程度酶解产物进行美拉德反应,通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析检测美拉德反应物中的醚溶性成分。结果表明,醚溶性成分中含有大量的风味成分(相对质量分数为86.37%),其中包括:2-丁烯酸酐(巴豆酸酐)、甲基麦芽酚、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、十四烷酸甲酯(肉豆蔻酸甲酯)、十六酸甲酯(棕榈酸甲酯)、(Z)-9-十八烯酸甲酯(油酸甲酯)、(Z)-9-十六烯酸甲酯(棕榈油酸甲酯)等14种芳香族、酯类化合物。     

2种氨基酸与葡萄糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性研究

以对DPPH自由基（DPPH·）的清除能力为抗氧化指标,研究脯氨酸、L-精氨酸分别与葡萄糖在不同反应条件下微波加热美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性。探究了加热时间、微波功率、pH、氨基与羰基比4个因素对美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的影响,并通过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件。脯氨酸为:加热时间5min,微波功率800W,pH5,氨基与羰基比1∶2.5,对DPPH·清除率为98.94%。L-精氨酸为:加热时间5min,微波功率800W,pH8,氨基与羰基比为2∶1,对DPPH·清除率为96.81%。4个因素对美拉德反应产物的DPPH·清除率的影响均极显著。      

美拉德反应产物(MRPs)对腊肠氧化稳定性的影响

研究了不同添加量的美拉德反应产物(MRPs)对腊肠POV值(过氧化值)、TBA值(硫代巴比妥酸值)和感官品质的影响。结果表明:与空白组比,添加MRPs能够显著抑制腊肠的氧化(p<0.05),并且随着MRPs添加量的增加,抑制腊肠氧化的能力显著增强(p<0.05),4%的MRPs与0.01%的BHT抑制腊肠氧化的能力相当(p>0.05)。通过感官评定得出,MRPs的添加对腊肠的综合得分影响不显著(p>0.05)。      

Effect of Maillard reaction products on oxidation products in ground chicken breast

Three amino acid-sugar solutions were adjusted to pH 8.0, heated and lyophilized prior to addition to ground chicken breast (GCB). GCB with no additives, GCB with 0.01% BHT, GCB with 0.1 or 0.2 mg/g glucose heated with arginine, valine, or histidine were prepared. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatiles determined by gas chromatography, and Hunter L*, a* and b* values were monitored over nine days. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the effects of the studied factors on the corresponding outcome variables. a* values of GCB ranged from 1.60 to 4.90 over nine days of storage. While Maillard reaction products (MRP) lowered oxidation compared to control, no significant difference in TBARS between MRP solutions heated for 8 or 24 h was found. Further, 0.1 mg/g heated glucose-valine mixture decreased aldehydes up to 72.87%. Therefore, shelf-life of GCB could be extended using 0.1 or 0.2 mg/g MRP.     

大豆分离蛋白美拉德反应研究进展

本文首先综述了美拉德反应对大豆分离蛋白的溶解性、乳化性以及凝胶性等一系列功能特性的影响,进而阐述了美拉德反应对大豆分离蛋白生物活性的影响,如抗氧化性和抗菌性。最后对大豆分离蛋白的美拉德反应在食品领域的研究进行了展望,以期对大豆分离蛋白的美拉德反应在食品领域的研究提供参考。     

木糖与甘氨酸美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能的研究

以木糖和甘氨酸为底物,控制不同的物质的量(木糖与甘氨酸物质的量之比分别为1∶0.1、1∶0.2、1∶0.4)进行美拉德反应,制备了三种不同的美拉德反应产物,并通过还原能力、清除H2O2能力、清除羟基自由基(.OH)、清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)、清除亚硝酸根(NO2-)等体系研究了美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性能。结果表明,三种反应产物均具有较强的抗氧化能力,随着反应产物浓度的增加,抗氧化能力增强;三种产物的还原能力和清除O2-.的能力相当;木糖与甘氨酸物质的量之比为1∶0.2的美拉德反应产物清除H2O2、.OH和NO2-的能力要强于物质的量之比为1∶0.1和1∶0.4的反应产物。     

Effects of Maillard reaction products on hilA expression in Salmonella typhimurium

ABSTRACT:  Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen causing severe gastroenteritis. Three types of Maillard reaction products (MRP) generated by heat sterilization of D-glucose and L-lysine, L-histidine, and L-arginine were studied at 2 different levels of supplementation (0.5% and 1.0%) for their influence on growth and virulence of Salmonella . Two methods, namely, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a β-galactosidase gene fusion assay, were used to determine the expression of hilA , a regulatory gene for Salmonella pathogenicity. Neither the type of MRP nor their quantities up to 1.0% affected the growth rates of S. Typhimurium EE658 ( P > 0.05). When determined by β-galactosidase assay, lysine MRP in both levels of supplementation were not found to have any effect on the hilA expression compared to the control. The addition of histidine and arginine MRP to M9 media (0.5%) increased by 2-fold hilA induction and up to 6-fold at the higher level (1%) supplementation of these compounds. Although somewhat inconsistent, RT-PCR analyses of hilA expression confirmed the greater induction effect of arginine MRP on hilA compared to lysine MRP. In contrast to β-galactosidase assay results, however, lysine MRP were found to increase hilA expression compared to the control in both supplementation levels in all trials. The potential of MRP serving as a bacterial virulence modulator may be a factor to be considered in food thermal processing when assessing Salmonella risk for causing foodborne disease.     

Disappearance of Maillard reaction products during ensilage and rumen fermentation in vitro

The disappearance of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during ensilage and rumen fermentation was studied. MRPs were prepared by heating mixtures of D ‐glucose and glycine (GG) or D ‐xylose and glycine (XG); lyophilised powder (MW > 1000) was subjected to anaerobic incubation for 24 h with lucerne juice or buffered rumen fluid. Changes in MRPs were assessed by comparing gel filtration profiles before and after incubation, and the proportion of disappeared MRPs was calculated based on the area under the curve. A portion of MRPs, particularly high‐MW fractions, disappeared when incubated with lucerne juice, and the extent was greater (P < 0.01) in XG than in GG. The disappearance of GG was increased (P < 0.01) when ensilage was fortified with added glucose, while that of XG was unaffected with or without the fermentable substrate. Rumen fermentation had little impact on GG and XG, whereas a portion of MRPs disappeared when microbial activity was enhanced by adding lucerne hay to the media. Volatile fatty acid production was unaffected by MRPs in either ensilage or rumen fermentation. These results suggest that the effect on MRPs of anaerobic fermentation may be different between ensilage and rumen digestion. Significant amounts of MRPs would enter the intestine when ruminants are fed hay‐based diets rather than silage‐based diets. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能研究进展

综述了国内外美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能的研究进展,并对其抗氧化活性的机理以及反应条件对抗氧化能力的影响进行了一些探讨。