苹果原浆抗氧化防褐变及稳定性试验

新鲜苹果加工成果汁，由于酶促褐变或非酶促褐变常变色，呈褐色，内色或黑色。加入一定量的Vc或L－cys会抑制其褐变，在新鲜汁中加入不同的增稠剂，会提高其稳定性。     

苹果醋饮料的研究

介绍了苹果醋的加工工艺和操作要点，并研究了液态酒精发酵和液态醋酸发酵的方法，酒精与醋酸的产率分别为8．14％、6．3％，发酵后用发酵液，苹果汁，蜂蜜，甜味剂等调配制成果香味浓郁的苹果醋营养保健饮品。     

苹果醋叠式动态表面发酵技术研究

介绍以叠式动态表面发酵塔为设备,对苹果醋的发酵工艺进行了试验研究,分析了发酵过程中各主要成分的变化,确定了加工工艺参数。     

苹果籽及其油的理化特性研究

为了开发和利用苹果籽资源,采用常规及仪器分析的方法对苹果籽的主要营养成分、氨基酸组成,苹果籽油的脂肪酸组成和理化指标进行了分析测定.结果表明,苹果籽含油27.7%,油中含有5种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达89.33%;苹果籽含蛋白质34.0%,水分10.2%,氨基酸总量31.81%,并含有多种微量元素;苹果籽油折光率为1.4734,比重d20 40.9219,碘值129.3gI/100g,皂化值186.5 mgKOH/g.苹果籽含有多种营养成分,是一种理想的保健食品,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

原汁苹果醋酸发酵饮料的研究

试验以浓缩苹果汁为原料,分别采用酵母1450、醋酸菌株AM2进行酒精发酵及醋酸发酵,对醋酸发酵进行不同酒精度及不同糖度影响实验。结果认为,较高的酒精度和糖度对醋酸发酵有抑制作用,在酒精度3%,糖度7.5%的条件下进行醋酸发酵,可制得风味理想的原汁苹果醋酸发酵饮料。     

苹果籽油脂肪酸及甘油三酯组成分析

采用GC分析溶剂浸提法所得苹果籽油脂肪酸组成,结果表明苹果籽油中主要含有6种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸和亚麻酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量近80%;胰脂酶水解甘油三酯表明苹果籽油sn–2位脂肪酸以油酸、亚油酸为主,含量占90%以上;RP–HPLC–ELSD分析了苹果籽油的甘油三酯组成,主要包括11种甘油三酯,其中LLL、OLL、OOL占70%以上,进一步验证了苹果籽油属于油酸―亚油酸型油脂。     

Shrinkage, vitamin C degradation and aroma losses during infra-red drying of apple slices

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the shrinkage, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) degradation and aroma retention of apples. Apple samples were found to shrink continuously until a water content value of 2 kg/kg d.b. The degradation of ascorbic acid followed a pseudo-first-order reaction and the degradation rate constant increased when temperature increased from 40 to 70 °C. The loss of aroma volatiles increased with temperature and drying time.     

Enrichment and fractionation of major apple flavonoids, phenolic acids and dihydrochalcones using anion exchange resins

In the present study model solutions containing isolated apple polyphenols were employed to systematically study their interaction with two strong anion exchangers differing in the structure of their polymeric matrix. Equimolar concentrations of catechin, caffeic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), phloridzin and rutin were used in single compound, binary, ternary, quaternary and pentenary model systems to investigate their ion exchange and adsorption behavior when brought into contact with a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based and a polyacrylamide-based ion exchanger resin in a column system. To enhance differentiation between adsorption phenomena involving the lipophilic backbone of the exchanger resin and ion exchange processes, experiments were performed at pH 1 and 7. The results of this study allow a deeper insight into the complex processes occurring upon ion exchange. Significant differences were found using the two ion exchangers with the polystyrene resin showing higher recovery rates indicating that the polymeric backbone also markedly contributes to polyphenol binding through hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, resin selectivity with regard to the binding of phenolic compounds was also shown to be dependent on the structure of the exchanger matrix. These results may further contribute to improve industrial processes for the cost-efficient and selective recovery of secondary plant metabolites, thus allowing to systematically manipulate the biofunctional properties of plant extracts.     

以苹果渣生产苹果醋的工艺研究

以苹果湿渣为主要原料,经酒精发酵和醋酸发酵制得苹果醋.采用单因素和正交试验,研究了发酵过程中糖度、酒精度和酸度的变化,确定了最佳工艺参数.酒精发酵最佳条件为:温度28℃,糖浓度12％,接种量10％,发酵时间5天;醋酸发酵最佳条件为:温度32℃,初始酒精度6°,接种量8％,发酵时间6天.     

Bioavailability of antioxidative compounds from Brettacher apple juice in humans

The human bioavailability of ascorbic acid and polyphenolics such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid resp. from apple juice produced from the polyphenolic rich variety Brettacher was tested. After intake of 700 ml juice the antioxidant capacity in the plasma of human volunteers assessed by the TRAP-test increased significantly by 52% during the following 2 h. The cumulative urinary excretion of ascorbic acid within 7 h after intake was measured to 104% the ingested dose of the juice. Caffeic acid as the intestinal cleavage product of chlorogenic acid was excreted to only 0.56% of the dose in the juice. The results demonstrate in view of the favourable absorptive attributes and the influence on the plasmatic antioxidative capacity of these juice components that Brettacher apple juice may be suitable as a functional food.     

Antiulcerative properties of crude polyphenols and juice of apple,and Chinese quince extracts

Effects of Chinese quince extract, apple juice, semi-purified phenolics and soluble pectin from these fruits on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats were investigated. In rats given Chinese quince extract or apple juice, ulcer induction was strongly suppressed, and the effect was stronger for Chinese quince extract than for apple juice. Myeloperoxidase activity in gastric mucosa showed a similar tendency. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content were 4 times higher in Chinese quince extract than in apple juice. Semi-purified phenolics from both fruits strongly suppressed ulcer induction at doses of 5–10 mg; however, a 20 mg dose of apple phenolics showed a pro-ulcerative effect. The soluble pectin fraction also showed moderate activity. These results suggest that phenolic compounds are responsible for antiulcerative activity of Chinese quince extract and apple juice, and that concentration may be an important factor in the case of apple phenolics.     

天然保健苹果醋饮料的研制

文章研究将从自然发酵苹果醪中选育出的优良醋酸菌株GUC-7用于发酵制取天然的苹果醋液,再选择苹果汁、蜂蜜和甜菊糖苷等原料对苹果醋液进行调配,设计L9(34)正交试验,得到最佳配方:每100mL溶液中加苹果醋10mL,加苹果汁8mL,蜂蜜4g,甜菊糖苷0.05 g,制得风味独特的天然保健苹果醋饮料.     

苹果醋饮料的研制与生产

该技术以辽南优质苹果为主要原料,采用液态发酵法生产工艺,经酒精发酵、醋酸发酵制成果香味浓郁的苹果醋,最后再经调配制成高级营养保健饮品。     

苹果渣酿醋技术研究

采用固态法进行酒精发酵和喷雾回流法进行醋酸发酵,对苹果渣进行酿醋试验,结果表明了苹果渣酿醋的经济可行性和技术可行性。     

An investigation into the formation of fumaric acid in apple juice concentrates

 In this study, apples inoculated with pure cultures of Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium expansum and Lactobacillus plantarum were utilised as the raw material to produce apple juice concentrate. The effects of microorganisms and various processing treatments on the fumaric acid, lactic acid and patulin contents of apple juice were investigated. R. stolonifer was found to be the most responsible causative agent of fumaric acid and lactic acid. L. plantarum also produced certain amounts of lactic acid, but not as much as R. stolonifer. L. plantarum caused a significant decrease in L-malic acid content indicating the occurrence of malolactic fermentation. During this complicated biochemical pathway, a small amount of fumaric acid was also formed by L. plantarum. P. expansum produced only patulin, but did not affect the fumaric acid and lactic acid contents. Fumaric acid contents of the samples decreased throughout the processing steps excepting evaporation. The fumaric acid contents of the samples increased just after evaporation depending on the heat applied. The patulin and lactic acid contents of the samples also showed a decreasing trend throughout processing. However, L. plantarum caused a significant increase in lactic acid content just after depectinization depending on whether the appropriate time-temperature conditions for incubation were available during depectinization. Received: 3 November 1998 / Revised version: 4 January 1999     

不同品种苹果液态酿醛适应性

试验以五种苹果汁为原料,采用液态发酵法酿醋,分析了五个试样醋酸发酵前后的主要理化指标及色泽变化,结果认为以国光、陆奥、金帅为原料可酿出具有苹果风味及色泽特征的果醋,国光最有利于良好酸味及色泽品质的形成,富士及浓缩汁不适于良好色泽果醋的酿造。     

影响浓缩苹果汁中富马酸因素的研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定不同质量的苹果原料中富马酸含量，获得了不同加工工艺条件下富马酸变化趋势，提出了控制富马酸超标的方法。     

Compositional characterisation of some apple varieties

 Ten apple varieties, harvested at commercial maturity, were analysed, paying special attention to the level of phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. The results pointed to great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple varieties, and particularly in their phenolic contents. Their total polyphenol content ranged from 2.3 to 3.6 g/kg. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound found in the varieties studied, and its concentrations varied from 30 to 430 mg/kg, and were 4–20 times higher than those of catechins. Only in Szampion and Elstar were the concentrations of catechins higher. Amongst the flavanol monomers, the main compound was (–)epicatechin, whose concentration varied from 18 to 89 mg/kg. The (+)catechin concentration ranged from 4 to 21 mg/kg. The dominant proanthocyanidins were oligomers up to trimers. In Warta apples, the concentrations of these oligomers were about 3 times higher than those of monomers. The level of PPO activity ranged from 270 units (U)/g in Szampion to 3120 U/g in Warta. No correlation was found between the concentrations of certain phenolic compounds, nor between PPO activity and phenolic or ascorbic acid concentrations. The results gave important information regarding the best use of the apple varieties investigated, i.e. for direct consumption due to their high nutritional value, or for processing. Received: 7 May 1999     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

苹果汁、酵母对苹果酒酿造的影响

以红富士苹果和浓缩果汁为原料酿造苹果酒。以亚硫酸的形式将SO2(120mg/L)加入苹果汁中，24h后90％以上的游离SO2变为结合态，此后波动不大。研究显示：1．5‰的皂土澄清效果最好；鲜汁的产酒率明显高于浓缩汁，酒液中可溶性固形物和还原糖少。与其它菌种相比，菌种1的产酒率最高，残糖最少，挥发酸最少，而且滴定酸，pH的变化幅度较少。与浓度果汁相比，鲜果汁酿造的酒中含有的香气成份如活性戊醇 异戊醇、正戊醇、正己醇、苯乙酸乙酯较多。