对风景名胜区规划中有关分区问题的讨论

分区是实施规划管理目标的基本工具和手段。与国外国家公园分区制相比,我国风景名胜区规划编制中存在着多种分区类型,并且对各类分区缺乏明确统一的规定,分区之间缺乏有效衔接,不仅影响到规划编制和管理实效,也将影响到国家对风景名胜区管理的统一性。通过分析当前风景名胜区规划编制在分区上存在的问题,探讨了各种分区的概念及其相互关系,重点建立了适应我国风景名胜区特点的功能分区模式,并提出需要进一步研究的3个问题：风景区评价技术、核心景区划定、分区与土地利用。     

梅里雪山风景名胜区总体规划过程和技术研究

梅里雪山风景名胜区总体规划吸收借鉴了国际上较为先进的理论、技术和方法,结合梅里雪山保护管理的实际需要,制定了适用于梅里雪山的规划技术和方法。首先介绍了梅里雪山风景名胜区总体规划的思路和流程,将整个规划过程分为7个阶段;然后,总结了编制规划的5个特点;最后,详细论述了规划在以下6个方面所做的探索：资源保护等级光谱（CDS）、三层次协同规划体系,管理政策分区规划、分区规划图则、解说规划以及社区规划。     

国外国家公园动态分区及其管控策略的 模式研究

分区规划是国家公园进行差别化空间管制、实现多重目标的重要手段。中国的二区制分区法简明高效，但为应对管理实践中的国土空间情况差异及国家公园特定管理需求，一些现行规范及规划中出现了动态分区管控措施。国外国家公园在不同生态状况、社会环境及管理需求下积累了一定的动态分区管控经验，对国外国家公园动态分区及其管控策略开展比较分析，将其分为特别分区类、分区转换类和渐进增补类3种模式类型。以日本、加拿大、哥伦比亚和德国国家公园为例，总结动态分区管控在思想基础、区划策略、政策支撑及管理保障等方面的特征，从而对我国国家公园分区规划中动态分区管控策略的运用提出完善法规引导、加强基础研究、综合模式利用、细化管理措施等建议。     

特大型分散式风景名胜区功能分区划定浅析——以桂平西山风景名胜区为例

功能分区是风景名胜区规划的重要组成部分。本文在归纳、分析风景名胜区功能分区特点的基础上,以桂平西山风景名胜区为例,重点分析特大型分散式风景名胜区的功能分区特征和划分方式,提出功能分区与保护区相衔接的思想,使风景名胜区功能分区更加合理科学和易于操作。     

风景名胜区土地使用分区制试拟

风景名胜区土地使用分区制是在风景名胜区总体规划中将全区内土地依据资源特性、形态及地理位置予以综合分析,适当分区并制订各区的保护、利用计划,其直接目的裨益于经营管理。我国现行风景名胜区土地使用分区制还不完善,严重地制约着风景名胜区事业的健康发展。基于对现行风景名胜区土地使用分区制和世界国家公园土地使用分区相关的理论认识,作者就分区模式、分区管制和分区方法三方面对风景区土地使用分区制提出了初步构想。     

黑龙江柳河旅游风景名胜区总体规划过程与技术研究

黑龙江柳河旅游风景名胜区总体规划借鉴了国际上较为先进的理论、技术和方法,结合柳河农场实际的旅游发展需要,研究出适宜柳河风景区的规划技术及方法.本文首先介绍了柳河风景名胜区的总体规划思路及规划主要流程,将整体规划过程分阶段介绍,指出规划中的四个主要特色,然后论述了整体规划过程中所做的技术探索:三层次协同规划体系、管理政策分区规划、解说规划及社区规划.     

黑龙江省风景名胜区地理信息管理系统建立及实现

在对黑龙江省风景名胜区资源现状进行了调查基础上,基于“3S”技术以黑龙江省风景名胜区规划管理所需的空间信息和非空间信息为基础,以数据库体系和标准化体系为支撑,建立起黑龙江省风景名胜区地理信息管理系统,实现了基础信息管理、规划信息管理、监测信息管理、专家辅助决策、系统管理等功能。     

BIM技术在风景名胜区规划中的应用探索——以长江三峡风景名胜区为例

基于建筑行业中BIM的应用情况,结合规划本身的需求和特点,将BIM应用于风景名胜区规划业务内容之中,以风景区规划范围的科学决策为实践的切入点和重点,探讨其应用方法和发展前景.通过初步构建风景名胜区规划数据库,以信息化技术手段对地形地貌、地表覆被、人文因子等各方面的因子进行分析、综合、叠加,进而提出风景名胜区规划建议,为风景名胜区的范围划定和用地适宜性分区划定提供依据,从科学技术角度支撑风景名胜区规划,提高风景名胜区规划编制与规划管理的科学水平.     

国家公园分区规划演变及其发展趋势

分区规划是国家公园总体规划的重要组成部分,是综合处理国家公园资源保护、社区管理和访客管理等各方面问题的重要途径,对提高保护管理效果具有十分重要的意义。简要梳理分区规划发展脉络,总结分区的多学科缘起,以及在世界国家公园与保护地领域和在中国自然保护地的应用与发展;在分析美国、德国、新西兰和日本现行国家公园分区模式的基础上,提出国际上国家公园分区规划呈现出分区目标综合、分区政策细致、分区技术科学、分区决策机制灵活等特征与发展趋势,对中国国家公园分区规划提出确定目标体系、进行价值研判、确定保护和利用强度,从而形成分区的技术路径,并强调行政管理的简化诉求与技术方法的精细趋势之间的平衡。     

要闻

《国家级风景名胜区监管信息系统建设管理办法(试行)》出台为规范国家级风景名胜区监管信息系统建设管理,建立健全国家级风景名胜区科学监测体系和监管机制,依据国务院颁布的《风景名胜区条例》,建设部近日出台了《国家级风景名胜区监管信息系统建设管理办法(试行)》。这是建设部首次系统、规范地对国家级风景名胜区监管信息系统建设各项工作进行全面、详细的规定。     

Exploring zoning scenario impacts upon urban growth simulations using a dynamic spatial model

Dynamic spatial models are being increasingly used to explore urban changes and evaluate the social and environmental consequences of urban growth. However, inadequate representation of spatial complexity, regional differentiation, and growth management policies can result in urban models with a high overall prediction accuracy but low pixel-matching precision. Correspondingly, improving urban growth prediction accuracy and reliability has become an important area of research in geographic information science and applied urban studies. This work focuses on exploring the potential impacts of zoning on urban growth simulations. Although the coding of land-use types into distinct zones is an important growth management strategy, it has not been adequately addressed in urban modeling practices. In this study, we developed a number of zoning schemes and examined their impacts on urban growth predictions using a cellular automaton-based dynamic spatial model. Using the city of Jinan, a fast-growing large metropolis in China, as the study site, five zoning scenarios were designed: no zoning (S0), zoning based on land-use type (S1), zoning based on urbanized suitability (S2), zoning based on administrative division (S3), and zoning based on development planning subdivision (S4). Under these scenarios, growth was simulated and the respective prediction accuracies and projected patterns were evaluated against observed urban patterns derived from remote sensing. It was found that zoning can affect prediction accuracy and projected urbanized patterns, with the zoning scenarios taking spatial differentiation of planning policies into account (i.e., S2–4) generating better predictions of newly urbanized pixels, better representing urban clustered development, and boosting the level of spatial matching relative to zoning by land-use type (S1). The novelty of this work lies in its design of specific zoning scenarios based on spatial differentiation and growth management policies and in its insight into the impacts of various zoning scenarios on urban growth simulation. These findings indicate opportunities for the more accurate projection of urban pattern growth through the use of dynamic models with appropriately designed zoning scenarios.     

城市密度分区研究--以深圳经济特区为例

我国城市的超常规发展对于规划决策的理性化提出更高的要求.本文讨论了城市密度分区的微观经济学理论和国内外的城市密度分区实践,并以深圳经济特区作为案例,提出城市密度分区的方法体系,包括宏观、中观和微观三个层面的策略.在宏观层面上,确定城市开发总量和城市整体密度;在中观层面上,建立城市密度分区的基准模型和修正模型,进行各类主要用地的密度分配;在微观层面上,以街坊作为容量控制单元,制定地块密度细分的原则.     

The Americanization of German Zoning

The article explores the origins of zoning in the reform era which also gave rise to the planning professions in both Germany and the United States. The reform objectives of the proponents are reviewed, but the early entry of social segregation practices is also traced. It is argued that the planner's tendency to underemphasize the necessary links of a planning tool such as zoning to other supporting policies reinforces the public pressures which often subvert reform objectives.     

基于科学发展观的区域空间管治策略探讨——以广州从化市为例

由于缺乏深入的分区政策设计与充实的政策内涵,现行管治政策无法完全适应从化市自上而下和自下而上的双重发展诉求。为了实现经济社会发展与资源生态环境保护的双赢,从化市需要以科学发展观为指导,树立区域经济协调发展观念,强调经济发展对可持续发展的重要性,完善经济发展衡量标准和政绩考核机制,以此指导区域空间管治政策的编制与实施。     

The anti-apartment movement in the U.S. and the role of land use regulations in creating housing segregation

In the U.S., typically, poor and minority households are concentrated in central cities, which are ringed by middle class suburbs which contain a majority of the population of the metropolitan area. The resulting segregation is largely the outcome of public policy and institutional arrangements, rather than the excesses of a free market. Land use regulations have played a central role in creating segregation among the types of housing that are affordable to different income groups. Single family only zoning is a central institution in suburban areas; often multifamily housing is limited to a very tiny portion of the land zoned for housing. Land use policies regarding housing are formulated on a municipal level, in which states have only a minimal role and the federal government has no role. Decentralization of revenue sources and fiscal support for local services, including education, provides incentives for local zoning policies which exclude groups which are viewed as more costly to service, while decentralization of zoning powers make these policies possible. This article describes 1) the basic contours of the housing stock and population distribution in metropolitan areas, 2) the evolution of the single family only policy, and 3) recent efforts to counteract housing segregation patterns, which have had little success. Kenneth K. Baar is a attorney in the Berkeley, California and has a Ph.D. in urban planning. From 1991 to 1993, he was a Fulbright professor at the Budapest University of Economic Sciences. In 1994–95 he was visiting professor in the Urban Planning Department at Columbia University in New York City.     

The birth of ‘land use planning’ in American urban planning

Although the concept of ‘land use planning’ is now firmly enmeshed in American urban planning, its meaning still remains vague. This paper aims to clarify the meaning by examining the historical development of land use planning in the USA. At the beginning of the twentieth century, city planners viewed a city as an organic unit of public facilities. While city planning thereafter provided potential elements of land use planning, such as zoning, zoning surveys and land use classification systems, the idea of land use planning itself was actually derived from rural county planning and was initially utilized in urban county planning as a guide for zoning in the 1930s. After bringing about a change in the way cities were viewed, that is, as a pattern of land use and population density, land use planning was further employed as a guide for urban redevelopment policies in the 1940s, and finally reaching full integration into city planning in the 1950s and 1960s.     

Spluma,Zoning and Effective Land Use Management in South Africa

For the first time, South Africa has a single national piece of legislation, the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, 2013, that creates an overarching framework for spatial planning, policy and land use management for the entire country, including rural and informal settlements. Spatial plans linked to zoning schemes are at the heart of this planning system. However, zoning as a land use management tool has been intensely criticised as being exclusionary and socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable. Given that the purpose of the new legislation is to create equitable and sustainable development, this paper questions whether zoning is indeed the most suitable land use management tool in South Africa. The paper briefly outlines the requirements of the new act and then evaluates the usefulness of various forms of land use management such as land use zoning, performance zoning, form-based control and discretionary systems in the South African context. Drawing on the strengths of some of the alternative land use management systems, proposals are made for a more suitable land use management system for South Africa that could have applicability in other countries with a similar colonial history.     

PLANNING AND THE INTERGENERATIONAL COMMUNITY: Balancing the Needs of the Young and the Old in American Communities

ABSTRACT: Current federal policies have favored the resource needs of the elderly over the needs of child rearing families and children. Yet, federal policies are only part of the story. Can healthy intergenerational communities become a reality ? Is it possible for municipalities to help restore some balance in meeting the resource needs of the young and the old? The purpose of this article is to evaluate municipal land use, planning and zoning policies and the roles they play in meeting the needs of children and the elderly in contemporary American communities. Data collected in a nationwide zoning survey will be used to support the argument that communities are doing little to respond to the changing needs of child rearing and elderly families. The article concludes with a discussion of change strategies that could help make healthy intergenerational communities a reality.