制备条件和测定方法对SPI凝胶特性测定结果的影响

对影响大豆分离蛋白凝胶的形成因素进行了研究。蛋白质浓度、pH、温度和加热时间对所形成凝胶的质构特性都有较大的影响。在形成凝胶的最佳条件下制备凝胶,采用物性仪和一种简易的测定凝胶脆度的方法对几种不同大豆分离蛋白制备的凝胶的脆度进行测定,结果表明,两种方法测定结果无显著性差异,说明这种简易的测定方法可用于评价大豆分离蛋白的凝胶特性。     

Effects of β‐glucans on properties of soya bean protein isolate thermal gels

The effects of concentration and molecular weight of oat β‐glucans on properties of soya bean protein isolate (SPI) thermal gels prepared by heating at 90℃for 30 min were investigated. Compared with control (free of β‐glucan) formulations, the presence of β‐glucans (0.5–1.5%, w/v) largely enhanced storage modulus (G′) and texture properties of SPI (12%, w/v) thermal gels measured by dynamic oscillatory rheometry and texture profile analysis, which were developed as increasing β‐glucan concentration and molecular weight. It is possible that β‐glucans could cause the formation of protein aggregates to produce gels through hydrophobic interactions. Mixed gel systems at low ionic strength showed higher G′ resulting from the lower denaturation temperature of SPI, which was beneficial to the formation of gel structure. In addition, although adding a certain amount of β‐glucan into SPI reduced water‐holding capacity of mixed gels, high molecular weight of β‐glucan improved their water‐holding capacity compared to control formulations attributed to the improvement of the structural integrity of the mixed gel network.     

Use of poultry protein isolate as a food ingredient: sensory and color characteristics of low-fat Turkey bologna

The potential of using poultry protein isolate (PPI) as a food ingredient to substitute either soy protein isolate (SPI) or meat protein in turkey bologna was investigated. PPI was prepared from mechanically separated turkey meat using pH-shift technology and the prepared PPI was added to turkey bologna at 2 different concentrations (1.5% and 2% dry weight basis). Product characteristics were compared with those prepared with the addition of 2% SPI, 11% meat protein (control-1), or 13% meat protein (control-2). All the 5 treatments were subjected to sensory analysis to evaluate aroma, appearance, color, flavor, saltiness, juiciness, firmness, and overall acceptability of the turkey bologna samples using 9-point hedonic scales. A turkey bologna control sample with 11% meat protein appeared to be softer compared to other treatments as revealed by texture profile analysis while purge loss during storage in a retail display case was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other treatments. Lightness (L*) value of the products decreased during 4 wk of retail storage. A turkey bologna control sample with 13% meat protein appeared to be darker and more reddish compared to other treatments. Replacing meat protein with protein isolates caused increase in yellowish color of turkey bologna. Sensory analysis concluded that 1.5% PPI and 2% PPI could be used as substitute of SPI or lean meat and the treatments could be improved by increasing saltiness and decreasing firmness. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study revealed that with slight modifications in saltiness, turkey bologna can be prepared with the addition of poultry protein isolates as an acceptable substitute for soy protein isolate or meat protein. This will help to avoid usage of nonmeat ingredients (as SPI substitute) and to reduce the cost of production (as meat protein substitute) of low-fat turkey bologna.     

非肉蛋白添加对猪肉糜品质及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响

将血球蛋白粉（spray-dried blood cells,SBC）、大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）、蛋清蛋白（egg white protein,EWP）和猪血浆蛋白（porcine plasma protein,PPP）分别以不同添加量添加至肉糜中,研究其对肉糜品质及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响,以未添加非肉蛋白的肉糜为空白对照,以蒸煮损失、色度、pH值、微观结构、质构等为考察指标。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,添加EWP使得猪肉糜呈现疏松多孔结构,导致其保水性降低;而添加PPP能够显著改善肉糜凝胶的保水性、质构特性和微观结构,提高肉糜pH值;质构分析结果表明,非肉蛋白的添加能够显著提高肉糜的咀嚼性;添加SBC使肉糜红度值提高;通过分析肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构发现,加入PPP和SBC组酰胺Ⅰ带最大吸收峰红移,表明α-螺旋含量提高,相应地,无规则卷曲含量下降,导致凝胶结构变致密,凝胶强度与凝胶保水性提高;经非肉蛋白处理的肌原纤维蛋白紫外吸收强度普遍有所降低,紫外吸收光谱图中的最大吸收峰略微红移,表明蛋白质发生聚集。综上所述,添加PPP可有效改善肉糜品质。     

糖基化大豆分离蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

选择70℃条件下反应4 h所得到的糖基化大豆分离蛋白样品(蛋白与葡萄糖质量比1∶1)与肌原纤维蛋白以不同比例(9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5)进行复配,测定不同复合蛋白的乳化性能、浊度、表面疏水性、凝胶特性(质构特性、白度值、微观结构分析),探讨糖基化大豆分离蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白功能性质的影响及其机理。结果表明:复合蛋白的乳化性和表面疏水性均较肌原纤维蛋白显著提升(P0.05);复合蛋白的浊度随着加热温度的升高(30~80℃)而不断增加,随着糖基化大豆分离蛋白比例的加大,浊度不断变小;肌原纤维蛋白与糖基化大豆分离蛋白混合凝胶的硬度和弹性均显著优于其与天然大豆分离蛋白混合凝胶(P0.05),微观结构比其与天然大豆分离蛋白混合凝胶更加致密均匀;与纯肌原纤维蛋白凝胶相比,混合凝胶的白度值下降,但混合比例为9∶1时白度值下降不显著(P0.05)。     

3种蛋白膜包裹对核桃仁脂质过氧化作用的比较研究

对于大豆蛋白、蛋清蛋白和乳清蛋白的成膜性及其膜特性研究已有一些报道,但对于这3种蛋白膜特性的分析和比较则未见报道。在3种蛋白最佳成膜条件下分别制备大豆蛋白膜、蛋清蛋白膜和乳清蛋白膜,分析比较其水蒸气透过率,来考察其膜特性;观察3种蛋白膜包裹对核桃仁在贮藏条件下的酸价、过氧化值和TBA值等的影响,来考察其对核桃仁脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明,在与大豆蛋白和蛋清蛋白相同蛋白浓度下,乳清蛋白需要较高甘油浓度才具有较好的成膜性,这使得乳清蛋白膜具有较高的水蒸气透过率。在贮藏过程中,核桃仁的酸价、过氧化值和TBA值均上升。但应用3种蛋白膜包裹均可使核桃仁的酸价显著降低,可降低约24.9%,3种蛋白膜包裹的核桃仁的酸价之间没有明显差异;3种蛋白膜包裹均可使核桃仁的过氧化值显著降低,其降低的程度依次为:大豆蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜>乳清蛋白膜,且3种蛋白膜包裹之间有明显差异;3种蛋白膜包裹均可使核桃仁的TBA值显著降低,其降低的程度依次为:大豆蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜>乳清蛋白膜,且3种蛋白膜包裹之间有明显差异。由上述结果可见,3种蛋白均能延缓核桃仁的脂质过氧化,其中效果最好的是大豆蛋白,其次是蛋清蛋白,最后是乳清蛋白。     

超声处理对大豆分离蛋白热致凝胶功能性质的影响

研究了大豆分离蛋白（SPI）热致凝胶形成条件和超声对大豆分离蛋白凝胶性质的影响。实验结果表明：离子强度为0．6mol／L，pH值8．0，采用10g／dL SPI质量浓度为SPI最佳熟致凝胶形成条件。延长超声处理时间和增加功率显著提高凝胶破裂强度，与对照样相比经25kHz，400W超声处理10min，凝胶破裂强度由32．0g增加到41．0g；超声处理对SPI凝胶质构分析性质（TPA性质）有显著影响，延长超声处理时间和增加功率可升高凝胶的硬度值、弹性值和回弹性值，但均对SPI凝胶的脆性有降低作用。     

非肌肉蛋白对未漂洗革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为进一步提高未经漂洗革胡子鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus,CG)鱼糜的凝胶特性,本试验在CG鱼糜中添加0.4%转谷氨酰胺酶和20 mmol/kg CaCl₂基础上(CK组),再依次添加不同浓度的大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolation,SPI)、蛋清蛋白(egg white protein,EWP)和浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC),SPI添加量分别为CG鱼糜肉重的2%(SPIL)、5%(SPIM)和7%(SPIH),EWP添加量分别记为EWPL(0.1%)、EWPM(0.3%)和EWPH(0.5%),WPC记为WPCL(0.2%)、WPCM(0.4%)和WPCH(0.6%),共制备出10组CG鱼糜凝胶。研究非肌肉蛋白对CG鱼糜的凝胶特性、色泽、持水力、动态流变学性质和微观结构等品质特性的影响。结果表明:整体上非肌肉蛋白的添加会提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性和TGase活力。其中,SPIL、EWPH和WPCL三组的CG鱼糜凝胶表现出较好的凝胶强度,依次为3322.46、3555.90和4149.31 g·mm,并且网络结构较其他组更紧密、均匀;EWP和WPC的三种添加浓度均会提高CG鱼糜凝胶的白度值;SPI均可使CG鱼糜凝胶的T₂₂向弛豫时间短的方向迁移,其中SPIH组的凝胶持水性(86.64%)最高。动态流变结果表明,三种非肌肉蛋白的添加对CG鱼糜的弹性模量G'和损耗模量G″均产生显著影响,SPIH组、EWPM组和WPCL组为组内最高值。综上分析,在CG鱼糜凝胶中分别添加鱼糜总量的2% SPI、0.5% EWP、0.2% WPC,可显著提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性。     

Improvement of Foaming Property of Egg White Protein by Phosphorylation through Dry-Heating in the Presence of Pyrophosphate

ABSTRACT:  Egg white protein (EWP) was phosphorylated by dry-heating in the presence of pyrophosphate at pH 4 and 85 °C for 1 d, and the foaming properties of phosphorylated EWP (PP-EWP) were investigated. The phosphorus content of EWP increased to 0.71% as a result of phosphorylation. To estimate the foaming properties of EWP, the foams were prepared by 2 methods: bubbling of the 0.1% (w/v) protein solution and whipping of the 10% (w/w) protein solution with an electric mixer. The foaming power, which was defined as an initial conductivity of foam from 0.1% (w/v) protein solution, was a little higher in PP-EWP than in native EWP (N-EWP), and the foaming stability of PP-EWP was much higher than that of dry-heated EWP (DH-EWP) and N-EWP. The microscopic observation of foams from the 10% (w/w) solution showed that the foams of PP-EWP were finer and more uniform than those of N- and DH-EWP. Although there were no significant differences in the specific gravity and overrun of the foams between PP- and DH-EWP ( P  < 0.05), the specific gravity and overrun of the foams from PP-EWP were smaller and higher, respectively, than that of the foams from N-EWP. The drainage volume was smaller in the foams from PP-EWP than in those from N- and DH-EWP. These results demonstrated that phosphorylation of EWP by dry-heating in the presence of pyrophosphate improved the foaming properties, and that it was more effective for the foam stability than for the foam formation.     

大豆分离蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白加热过程中结构及流变特性的影响

大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）作为优质的植物蛋白常被用于肉制品加工中,以提高产品产量和质地。研究添加SPI对肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）凝胶特性及MP加热过程中结构和流变特性的影响。结果表明：添加10%、20% SPI能提升混合凝胶的凝胶强度及保水性（P＜0.05）;加热过程中混合蛋白凝胶二级结构发生改变,但其变化规律尚不明确;添加SPI使混合凝胶储能模量及损耗模量下降;混合凝胶上清液十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、SPI部分亚基均是参与凝胶形成的蛋白质。     

Foams Prepared from Whey Protein Isolate and Egg White Protein: 2. Changes Associated with Angel Food Cake Functionality

ABSTRACT:  The effects of sucrose on the physical properties and thermal stability of foams prepared from 10% (w/v) protein solutions of whey protein isolate (WPI), egg white protein (EWP), and their combinations (WPI/EWP) were investigated in wet foams and angel food cakes. Incorporation of 12.8 (w/v) sucrose increased EWP foam stability (drainage 1/2 life) but had little effect on the stability of WPI and WPI/EWP foams. Increased stability was not due to viscosity alone. Sucrose increased interfacial elasticity ( E  ') of EWP and decreased E' of WPI and WPI/EWP combinations, suggesting that altered interfacial properties increased stability in EWP foams. Although 25% WPI/75% EWP cakes had similar volumes as EWP cakes, cakes containing WPI had larger air cells. Changes during heating showed that EWP foams had network formation starting at 45 °C, which was not observed in WPI and WPI/EWP foams. Moreover, in batters, which are foams with additional sugar and flour, a stable foam network was observed from 25 to 85 °C for batters made from EWP foams. Batters containing WPI or WPI/EWP mixtures showed signs of destabilization starting at 25 °C. These results show that sucrose greatly improved the stability of wet EWP foams and that EWP foams form network structures that remain stable during heating. In contrast, sucrose had minimal effects on stability of WPI and WPI/EWP wet foams, and batters containing these foams showed destabilization prior to heating. Therefore, destabilization processes occurring in the wet foams and during baking account for differences in angel food cake quality.     

大豆蛋白凝胶制备及其性质研究

研究以NaCl作为凝固剂,将大豆分离蛋白(SPI)80℃预热处理10 h,在不同浓度、离子强度及pH值条件下,通过95℃加热蛋白液30min使蛋白变性来制备大豆蛋白凝胶,并对凝胶的质构及凝胶特性进行了分析。结果表明:pH值7.0、80℃预热处理10 h的大豆蛋白溶解性明显小于普通SPI,其他pH值条件下两者溶解性差异不大;pH值2.0、80℃预热处理10 h的蛋白凝胶情况明显优于普通SPI,在一定范围内,随着蛋白浓度及离子强度的增加,凝胶情况越来越好。     

Effect of sesame protein isolate in partial replacement of milk protein on the rheological,textural and microstructural characteristics of fresh cheese

Soft cheeses were manufactured from bovine milk with the addition of 0–12% sesame protein isolate (SPI) were utilised to investigate rheology, texture and microstructure at different stages of cheese making. SPI addition reduced the speed of milk fermentation, kappa‐casein proteolysis of rennet and elongated the time of cheese curd formation. Renneted milk storage modulus G′_60min was decreased and coagulation time increased with increasing SPI content. Low SPI supplements (4% and 8%) enhanced the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess of the soft cheese, while high SPI addition (12%) deteriorated the texture. In the cheese curd gel matrix, SPI distributed as specific SPI‐gel clusters on the surface of curd fractures, stacked or fused with ball‐shaped casein micelles and wrapped up to casein gel strands. In summary, SPI actively interacted with casein colloid throughout the cheese making process.     

不同添加剂对鸡肉盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶性质的影响

采用质构分析法、动态流变分析法、差示扫描微量热法研究大豆分离蛋白、花生蛋白、卡拉胶对鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉盐溶蛋白热诱导凝胶性质的影响。试验结果表明:不同添加剂可在不同程度上改善鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉盐溶蛋白热诱导凝胶特性,其中卡拉胶添加效果最好。由动态流变学分析可知,鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉盐溶蛋白形成凝胶存在不同作用机理。热稳定性分析表明,鸡肉混合蛋白热诱导凝胶形成主要与肌球蛋白有关,肌动蛋白作用效果不明显。不同添加剂可增强鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉盐溶蛋白的变性温度和变性热,其中大豆分离蛋白添加效果最显著。     

以乳清蛋白为基质的脂肪替代品的微粒化研究

研究了以乳清蛋白WPC-80为基质制备脂肪替代品的微粒化工艺。用组织捣碎机分别设定不同的微粒化时间和强度组合对乳清蛋白热凝胶进行微粒化处理。粒径分布分析发现微粒化处理后,50%的颗粒在10μm左右,超微结构分析发现,微粒化处理后的蛋白质凝胶表面变得光滑、柔软,可以模拟脂肪的特性。乳清蛋白脂肪替代品的最佳微粒化工艺条件为转速12 000 r/min,处理时间为5 min。     

Soybean protein isolate-rice starch interactions during the simulated gluten-free rice bread making process

Gluten-free bread (GFB) is usually of poor quality due to lack of gluten. Addition of exogenous protein is one of the important ways to improve the quality of GFB products. In this study, different levels of soybean protein isolate (SPI) mixed with rice starch (RS) system were prepared to simulate different processing stages during bread making. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rapid viscosity analysis (RVA), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), texture analyser and rheometer were used to analyse the effects of SPI on the structural, microstructure and functional properties of RS. The results showed that: hydrogen bonds could be formed between SPI and RS, thus improving the stability of RS; compared with RS, the ∆H and setback values of the blend were reduced by 43.79% and 34.53%, respectively, when SPI was added at 12%; and the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") reached the minimum value at 9% SPI content. CLSM and texture analysis show that the addition of protein inhibits the leaching of starch, reduces the hardness, chewiness and gumminess of the system, which is conducive to the quality of GFB.     

复合脂肪替代物乳化稳定性工艺优化

研制低热值脂肪替代物,寻找到一种即可降低脂肪含量、有益健康,又能保证风味、口感、质地等感官特性需求的新型肉类制品.利用油脂、乳化剂、蛋白质等添加剂,以油水相比、均质时间、油温和水温4个试验因素做L9(34)正交试验及二次通用旋转组合设计,确定制备复合脂肪替代物的最优工艺组合.最优组合为油水料液比35:65、均质时间30...     

Evaluation of Poultry Protein Isolate as a Food Ingredient: Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Characteristics of Marinated Chicken Breasts

The possibilities of replacing soy protein isolate (SPI) and reducing the amount of phosphate in marinated chicken breasts using poultry protein isolate (PPI) were investigated. PPI, prepared from mechanically separated turkey meat through the pH‐shift technology, was used as a marinade ingredient for chicken breasts at 2 different concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%, w/w on a dry weight basis). Product characteristics were compared to samples marinated with salt, phosphate, or SPI. All the 5 treatments were subjected to instrumental and sensory analyses. Tumbling yield, drip, and cooking losses as well as expressible moisture showed that PPI can be used as a substitute for SPI in brine. The sensory analysis revealed that there were no differences among treatments in terms of appearance, color, flavor, saltiness, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability of the marinated chicken breasts. However, chicken breasts marinated with phosphate had significantly higher aroma acceptability scores than those treated with 1% PPI.     

牦牛肌原纤维蛋白与热改性大豆分离蛋白共凝胶条件的优化

牦牛肉是纯天然食品原料,然而牦牛肉蛋白资源的开发利用不够,特别是利用质构重组技术将牦牛肉中的肌原纤维蛋白和大豆分离蛋白用于开发凝胶产品鲜见研究报道。本研究以牦牛肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar proteinisolate,MPI）与热改性大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）为原料,分别采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,研究SPI-MPI溶液体积比、SPI热改性温度、离子强度和转谷氨酰胺酶（TGase）用量对共凝胶硬度、弹性和持水性的影响。单因素试验结果表明：改变4 个因素条件均能显著地提高热改性SPI-MPI溶液的凝胶性能,各因素对共凝胶特性综合指标影响的主次顺序为SPI-MPI溶液体积比＞TG用量＞离子强度＞SPI热改性温度。正交试验结果表明形成共凝胶的最优条件是：SPI-MPI溶液体积比1∶9、SPI热改性温度100 ℃、TG用量50 U/g、不添加镁离子。     

添加大豆分离蛋白对鲊广椒肉丸品质的影响

使用色度仪、电子舌、质构仪和低场核磁共振成像分析仪对添加1%～3%大豆分离蛋白的鲊广椒肉丸的色 泽、滋味、质构和水分特性进行评价和分析。结果表明：添加大豆分离蛋白对鲊广椒肉丸的色泽和保水性无显著影 响（P＞0.05）,而随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增大,鲊广椒肉丸的咸味和鲜味随之显著增强（P＜0.05）;通过增 加大豆分离蛋白的添加量,可以增强大豆分离蛋白与肉中蛋白质间的凝胶网络结构,进而显著提高鲊广椒肉丸的硬 度、胶着性和咀嚼度（P＜0.05）;随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增大,鲊广椒肉丸的结合水含量增加;通过聚类分 析及多元方差分析发现,添加1%大豆分离蛋白即可极显著改善鲊广椒肉丸的品质（P＜0.001）。由此可见,大豆 分离蛋白可用于鲊广椒肉丸的加工。