Modern analytical methods for the detection of food fraud and adulteration by food category

This review provides current information on the analytical methods used to identify food adulteration in the six most adulterated food categories: animal origin and seafood, oils and fats, beverages, spices and sweet foods (e.g. honey), grain‐based food, and others (organic food and dietary supplements). The analytical techniques (both conventional and emerging) used to identify adulteration in these six food categories involve sensory, physicochemical, DNA‐based, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, and have been combined with chemometrics, making these techniques more convenient and effective for the analysis of a broad variety of food products. Despite recent advances, the need remains for suitably sensitive and widely applicable methodologies that encompass all the various aspects of food adulteration. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Untargeted metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for food authentication: A review

Food fraud is currently a growing global concern with far-reaching consequences. Food authenticity attributes, including biological identity, geographical origin, agricultural production, and processing technology, are susceptible to food fraud. Metabolic markers and their corresponding authentication methods are considered as a promising choice for food authentication. However, few metabolic markers were available to develop robust analytical methods for food authentication in routine control. Untargeted metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is increasingly used to discover metabolic markers. This review summarizes the general workflow, recent applications, advantages, advances, limitations, and future needs of untargeted metabolomics by LC-MS for identifying metabolic markers in food authentication. In conclusion, untargeted metabolomics by LC-MS shows great efficiency to discover the metabolic markers for the authenticity assessment of biological identity, geographical origin, agricultural production, processing technology, freshness, cause of animals’ death, and so on, through three main steps, namely, data acquisition, biomarker discovery, and biomarker validation. The application prospects of the selected markers by untargeted metabolomics require to be valued, and the selected markers need to be eventually applicable at targeted analysis assessing the authenticity of unknown food samples.     

基于文献计量的食品真实性鉴别研究态势分析

目的 基于科学网(web of science)的科学文献索引(science citation index, SCI)数据库, 进行文献计量学分析。方法 采用文献计量学方法, 采集整理了1984~2018年间的食品真伪鉴别研究相关的文献, 借助Thomson Data Analyzer、bibliometric等工具, 分析世界食品真伪鉴别文献情况, 总结食品真伪鉴别领域的研究历程, 并据此进一步分析世界食品真伪鉴别研究态势, 挖掘该领域的研究热点和前沿。结果 我国在该领域的研究发展迅猛, 发文数量和质量方面均显著提高, 总体处于跟踪、并行、领跑三者兼有的阶段。结论 采用文献计量学的方法, 可以较为准确的总结食品真伪鉴别技术研究的发展历史, 挖掘前沿和热点, 并对未来进行动态预测。     

Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010

Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.     

食品鉴伪技术研究进展

基于公众对食品安全与食品品质的意识逐步加强,食品品质认证已成为一个快速发展的领域。食品鉴伪技术为食品品质的保证提供技术支撑。本文概述了目前国内外食品鉴伪评估的分析方法和技术,比较了各种分析检测方法的适用性与特征,并分析了质谱技术对鉴伪标准的应用潜力,对质谱技术在食品品质检测以及食品鉴伪中的研究前景进行了展望。      

基于PCR技术的肉类成分溯源鉴定方法研究进展

近几年屡屡曝光的食品安全事故引起了社会的广泛关注,食品安全已经成为社会共同关注的问题,肉类掺假造假现象更是层出不穷,其中用低价鸡肉、鸭肉、猪肉等掺入、冒充牛羊肉成为主要的掺假方式。国内外进行肉类掺假鉴定主要以核酸作为靶标,核酸鉴定也是物种鉴别最常用、最核心的方法,以DNA检测为基础建立起来的DNA条形码、多重PCR、荧光定量PCR、荧光探针等技术也得到空前发展和广泛应用。我国针对动物源性成分检测也制定了相关国家标准和行业标准,但大多现行标准中基于DNA检测建立的PCR技术只能检测单一物种,滞后于技术的发展。目前,基于PCR发展起来的衍生技术凭借其高灵敏度、强特异性和高通量等优势在动物源性成分检测工作中显示出巨大潜力,也是肉类成分鉴定未来的重要方向。本文综述了PCR技术在肉类检测中的研究概况和现行标准的技术概况,以期为肉类成分鉴定研究提供信息。     

Implementation of chemometrics for quality control and authentication of meat and meat products

Multivariate analysis has been established as a very powerful and effective tool in classifying and grouping individual products. Principal Component Analysis, Canonical analysis, Cluster and Partial Least Squares were found to be indispensable for classifying food products according to variety and/or geographical origin. Meat and meat products were correctly classified for authentication purposes to various groups following instrumental and/or sensory analyses.     

Analytical methods combined with multivariate analysis for authentication of animal and vegetable food products with high fat content

BackgroundFood fraud is described as a violation of food law, which is intentionally committed to get an economic or financial gain through the consumer's swindle resulting in multi-million business and posing a public health threat. The main fraudulent practices are mislabelling of composition, certificates of origin, health claims, and artificial increases in weight or volume caused by replacement, dilution, addition or removal of some ingredients. Hardly 68% of the food fraud violations are produced in animal and vegetable products with high fat content (27% meat, 13% fish, 11% oils, 10% dairy products, 4% nuts and seeds and 3% animal by-products) becoming a crucial issue for food processing industries.Scope and approachThe present review focuses on the main authentication techniques and methods employed to clarify the authenticity of both animal and vegetable fat food products emphasizing the importance of the use of robust and reliable analytical techniques combined with multivariate analyses.Key findings and conclusionsTargeted approaches, such as chromatography and DNA-based methods, combined with multivariate analysis have shown high accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity, allowing the simultaneous evaluation of multiple analytes. In addition, non-target methods, such as those based on spectroscopic techniques, have been used to establish the geographic origin of food products with quick response, low cost, non-destructive character and also offering the possibility to be miniaturized.     

Defining the public health threat of food fraud

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food risk that is gaining recognition and concern. Regardless of the cause of the food risk, adulteration of food is both an industry and a government responsibility. Food safety, food fraud, and food defense incidents can create adulteration of food with public health threats. Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain, whereas a food safety incident is an unintentional act with unintentional harm, and a food defense incident is an intentional act with intentional harm. Economically motivated adulteration may be just that-economically motivated-but the food-related public health risks are often more risky than traditional food safety threats because the contaminants are unconventional. Current intervention systems are not designed to look for a near infinite number of potential contaminants. The authors developed the core concepts reported here following comprehensive research of articles and reports, expert elicitation, and an extensive peer review. The intent of this research paper is to provide a base reference document for defining food fraud-it focuses specifically on the public health threat-and to facilitate a shift in focus from intervention to prevention. This will subsequently provide a framework for future quantitative or innovative research. The fraud opportunity is deconstructed using the criminology and behavioral science applications of the crime triangle and the chemistry of the crime. The research provides a food risk matrix and identifies food fraud incident types. This project provides a starting point for future food science, food safety, and food defense research. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.     

肉制品掺假鉴别技术研究进展

肉制品在食品消费中占很大比例,近年来,肉制品掺假问题日益严重,肉制品掺假鉴别和溯源分析成为研究热点。传统的通过感官及形态的肉类鉴别方法已经不能满足肉类掺假鉴别的需要。随着现代分析仪器和生物技术的发展,多种蛋白质分析法、DNA分析法和无损检测方法日趋成熟。基于蛋白质的检测方法,如免疫分析法和色谱分析法均可定量检测,但不适用于加工肉制品。基于样品特征光谱的无损检测方法操作简单,检测时间短,具有独特的优势。基于DNA的检测方法,特别是荧光定量PCR方法具有检测灵敏度高,结果重复性好等优势,将成为未来肉类物种鉴别的发展方向,具有很好的应用前景。     

肉类掺假检测技术研究进展

肉类是我国居民消费最大的食品之一,然而掺假事件时有发生,这不仅对消费者的经济利益造成损害,更有甚者会对人类身体健康造成影响,因此对肉类掺假进行检测鉴别显得十分重要。本文综述了各种肉类掺假检测技术的应用和特点,并探讨其发展趋势。目前,国内外最常用的检测方法有PCR检测技术、酶联免疫法(ELISA)、近红外光谱技术、色谱技术等。在这些技术中,以PCR为主的检测技术包括长度多态性PCR、随机扩增多态性PCR以及实时PCR等最为成熟,应用得也最为广泛。近红外光谱检测虽然检测速度比较快,但是准确度方面还有待改进。ELISA方法虽然已有商品化试剂盒出现,但由于受蛋白活性影响,其应用范围也受限。色谱分析方法近年来有了更深入的研究,随着高分辨质谱的出现,通过多肽鉴定肉类品种将是一个新的研究方向。随着科技的发展,多种技术相结合将会使掺假检测更加快速、可靠。     

淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用

肉制品作为具有高生物价值的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和过量生物活性化合物等基本营养素的来源,被人们广泛接受和喜爱。但是肉质品在不当环境下储存极易腐败变质,因此亟需寻求绿色、高效的保鲜技术。近年来,淀粉作为一种可成膜多糖被广泛用于制备生物可降解薄膜以用于食品包装,通过作为抗氧化抗菌生物活性物质载体或隔绝氧气等来维持肉制品的新鲜度,目前基于淀粉与成膜材料联合制备的复合膜已成为肉制品防腐保鲜技术的研究热点。因此,本文通过综述淀粉的基本性质、基于淀粉制备的食品复合膜的结构及特性,以及重点阐述淀粉基食品薄膜与精油、天然提取物、纳米复合材料等联用在肉制品保鲜中的研究进展,以期为淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用提供理论参考。     

食品中鲨鱼源性成分真实性PCR鉴别研究

建立食品中真实性鲨鱼源性成分PCR鉴别方法,该方法特异性强,灵敏度高。运用普通PCR技术对9种鲨鱼及42种常见非鲨鱼类动植物样品进行检测,9种鲨鱼中出现180bp的特异性扩增条带,其他非鲨鱼样品中均未出现扩增条带,实验表明,本检测方法具有特异性,检测限为0.1ng/μL鲨鱼DNA和0.1%(W/W)鲨鱼肉粉。运用建立的方法对20种常见的鲨鱼产品进行PCR检测,除仿鱼翅和鲨鱼肝油外,所有产品中均能检测出鲨鱼成分。该检测方法能够用于食品中鲨鱼源性成分的真实性鉴别。      

A systematic review of DNA-based methods in authentication of game and less common meat species

Despite the numerous studies on food safety and authenticity, especially for meat and meat products, not enough studies have been conducted focusing exclusively on game species and other unusual meat animals. As a result of the European horse scandal, the horse is currently the target of many meat authenticity studies. With this review, we aim to present various DNA-based methods that have been used by researchers to identify, detect, and quantify game, uncommon meat animals, and wildlife species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the standard method for DNA analysis in meat authenticity testing. However, in this paper, we present several other methods that may or may not involve the PCR technique. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed 131 articles selected according to various criteria such as target animal species, method of analysis, year of publication, and so forth. The result of our study shows the most studied game and uncommon meat species, PCR- and non-PCR-based methods for game meat analysis, and DNA-based methods in wildlife conservation. With this study, researchers can find detailed information about frequent game species used as adulterants for regular meat products and the DNA-based techniques to identify them.     

美国应对经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的经验及对我国的启示

食品欺诈自古就有,但是近年来随着食品供应链全球化和复杂化,以及商业竞争日趋激烈等原因,受经济利益驱动进行的食品掺假和欺诈活动愈演愈烈。美国是最早提出经济利益驱动型掺假概念的国家,并为应对经济利益驱动型掺假提出了一系列措施。本文首先将美国关于经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的定义进行了梳理,并将这两个概念与其他食品保护概念进行对比;其次,对比美国和中国经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的应对措施;最后,对我国应对经济利益型掺假和食品欺诈提出了四点建议。     

How meaty? Detection and quantification of adulterants,foreign proteins and food additives in meat products

The worldwide consumption of meat is increasing, especially in developing countries. Many studies have correlated a diet characterised by high intake of processed red meats with a risk of colorectal cancer, stroke, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Moreover, the quality and safety of meat products may be compromised by several admitted and not admitted procedures (i.e. addition of food additives and/or foreign proteins). For these reasons, the topic ‘meat products’ quality and safety’ has gained much in importance during last few years. In this review, the recent advances in the field of analytical methods for the evaluation of meat adulteration due to the addition of foreign proteins and food additives are reported, compared and critically evaluated. Moreover, the most representative monitoring practices, developed worldwide, related to meats adulteration are described and discussed.     

食品添加剂在肉制品保藏中的应用

介绍了肉制品保藏中常用的食品的添加剂的功能特性及其应用。     

肉及肉制品分子生物学鉴别技术研究进展

2013年初随着欧洲"马肉丑闻"这一食品安全事件的发生,食品掺假这一全球性问题引发了公众对食品安全的担忧以及各国政府的关注。用于食品真伪鉴别的分子生物学技术包括经典的普通PCR技术、实时定量PCR技术,以及近年来逐步发展起来的分子指纹技术等。此外,基因芯片技术、多重PCR技术等可提高检测通量的新型技术近年来也得到了长足发展。随着分子生物学技术向着高灵敏度、高通量的方向发展的同时,用于样品初筛的具有较高灵敏度和准确度的现场快速检测方法和检测设备的开发也将成为未来食品真伪鉴别的研究热点之一。本文对分子生物学技术在肉及肉制品真伪鉴别的应用和研究进展进行了综述。