广东地区农村住宅室内热环境优化研究

广东地区新建农宅有向多层发展和天井消失的趋势,室内热环境因此而变化。为了解广东地区新建农宅室内热环境现状,选取有天井现代农宅、无天井现代农宅和传统农宅各一栋进行现场实测,在对比分析的基础上发现现代农宅室内热环境存在优化的空间。针对广东地区现代农宅存在的问题,借助计算机辅助分析的手法提出适宜的优化措施,屋面遮阳、增大天窗高度及天窗开口置于下风向是改善有天井多层农宅夏季室内热环境的有效措施,无天井现代农宅通过局部架空和窗口遮阳改善室内热环境效果显著。     

国外非工业建筑室内空气品质研究动态

以１９７年健康建筑和室内空气品质国际会议文献为基础,概略介绍了国际上的有关研究近况,涉及病态建筑综合症和室内空气污染问题以及减少污染的办法和手段,阐述了作者对我国室内空气品质问题的看法。     

Associations of indoor carbon dioxide concentrations,air temperature,and humidity with perceived air quality and sick building syndrome symptoms in Chinese homes

The indoor environment influences occupants’ health. From March 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019, we continuously monitored indoor temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentration in bedrooms via an online system in 165 residences that covered all five climate zones of China. Meanwhile, we asked one specific occupant in each home to complete questionnaires about perceived air quality and sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms at the end of each month. Higher CO₂ concentration was significantly associated with a higher percentage of perceived stuffy odor and skin SBS symptoms. Higher relative humidity was associated with higher percentage of perceived moldy odor and humid air, while lower RH was associated with a higher percentage of perceived dry air. Occupants who lived in residences with high RH were less likely to have mucosal and skin SBS symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.73–0.78). However, the benefit of high humidity for perceived dry air and skin dryness symptoms is weaker if there is a high CO₂ concentration level.     

Association of subjective health symptoms with indoor air quality in European office buildings: The OFFICAIR project

The aim of this study was to explore the association between the building-related occupants’ reported health symptoms and the indoor pollutant concentrations in a sample of 148 office rooms, within the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed in 37 office buildings among eight countries, which included (a) 5-day air sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ozone, and NO₂ (b) collection of information from 1299 participants regarding their personal characteristics and health perception at workplace using online questionnaires. Stepwise and multilevel logistic regressions were applied to investigate associations between health symptoms and pollutant concentrations considering personal characteristics as confounders. Occupants of offices with higher pollutant concentrations were more likely to report health symptoms. Among the studied VOCs, xylenes were associated with general (such as headache and tiredness) and skin symptoms, ethylbenzene with eye irritation and respiratory symptoms, a-pinene with respiratory and heart symptoms, d-limonene with general symptoms, and styrene with skin symptoms. Among aldehydes, formaldehyde was associated with respiratory and general symptoms, acrolein with respiratory symptoms, propionaldehyde with respiratory, general, and heart symptoms, and hexanal with general SBS. Ozone was associated with almost all symptom groups.     

Dampness and mold in homes across China: Associations with rhinitis,ocular, throat and dermal symptoms,headache and fatigue among adults

We studied dampness and mold in China in relation to rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. A questionnaire study was performed in six cities including 36 541 randomized parents of young children. Seven self‐reported signs of dampness were evaluated. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs). Totally, 3.1% had weekly rhinitis, 2.8% eye, 4.1% throat and 4.8% skin symptoms, 3.0% headache and 13.9% fatigue. Overall, 6.3% of the homes had mold, 11.1% damp stains, 35.3% damp bed clothing, 12.8% water damage, 45.4% window pane condensation, 11.1% mold odor, and 37.5% humid air. All dampness signs were associated with symptoms (ORs from 1.2 to 4.6; P < 0.001), including rhinitis (ORs from 1.4 to 3.2; P < 0.001), and ORs increased by number of dampness signs. The strongest associations were for mold odor (ORs from 2.3 to 4.6) and humid air (ORs from 2.8 to 4.8). Associations were stronger among men and stronger in Beijing as compared to south China. In conclusion, dampness and mold are common in Chinese homes and associated with rhinitis and ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. Men can be more sensitive to dampness and health effects of dampness can be stronger in northern China.     

上海智能楼宇空调系统对室内生态环境的影响

在对上海7栋智能建筑的实测和调研中发现,对室内环境品质的主观问卷调查与客观实测数据之间没有明显的相关性,有的甚至大相径庭。分析表明,这些大楼空调系统的设计、安装和运行对室内环境品质的主观调查结果有很大的影响,主要影响因素有：室内设定参数,室内气流分布,新风供给方式,窗是否能开启,空气龄,楼宇自控理念等。提出了改善室内生态环境的建议。     

Analysis of indoor humidity environment in Chinese residential buildings

A high or low humidity environment is related closely to not only many health problems, but also has great influence on the construction durability and energy consumption. It is very important to control humidity level, in order to achieve a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. However, various problems of the air humidity in inhabited dwellings are not yet taken serious consideration in China. Moreover, there is hardly any information available regarding the actual humidity environment in Chinese residential houses. For this reason, it is difficult to select appropriate moderate moisture strategies to maintain a harmonious indoor humidity level.     

给水排水对住宅建筑室内声环境的影响与控制

随着对住宅舒适性的要求越来越高,人们越来越关注住宅建筑室内声环境的质量。在影响室内声环境的多个因素中,给排水系统的影响是较大的。本文从给排水系统方面,分析论述了其对住宅室内声环境产生的影响、产生影响的原因以及噪声控制的方法。     

基于环保视域下的住宅绿色建筑设计技术初探

基于对国内现阶段住宅绿色建筑设计发展现状的调查,分析了住宅绿色建筑设计的技术要求与客观环境要求,同时对未来住宅绿色建筑设计的发展趋势进行了展望,促使建筑设计真正实现人与自然、社会、环境的协调发展。     

Measurements of indoor thermal environment and energy analysis in a large space building in typical seasons

Shanghai International Gymnastics Stadium is the selected object for site-measurement. The site-measurements have been carried out during summer, winter, and the transitional seasons. Their indoor thermal environments were controlled by continuous air-conditioning, intermittent air-conditioning and natural ventilation, respectively. The site-measurement includes outdoor environment (the weather conditions and peripheral hallway), indoor air temperature distribution (the occupant zone temperature, radial temperature near upper openings and the vertical temperature distributions, etc.), and the heat balance of air-conditioning system, etc. It is found that temperature stratification in winter with air-conditioning is most obvious. The maximum difference of vertical temperature is 15 °C in winter. The second largest one is 12 °C in summer, and less than 2 °C in the transitional season. The results of measurements indicate that it is different in the characteristics on energy saving of upper openings during the different seasons. With heat balance measurements, it is discovered that the roof load and ventilated and infiltrated load account for larger percentages in terms of cooling and heating load. In this paper, many discussions on the results of site measurements show some characteristics and regulations of indoor thermal environment in large space building.     

Multivariate evaluation of VOCs in buildings where people with non-specific building-related symptoms perceive health problems and in buildings where they do not

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were sampled in buildings where people with non-specific building-related symptoms perceive health problems and in buildings where they do not. In total, nine persons and 34 buildings were included in the study. The obtained VOC data was evaluated using multivariate methods, to investigate possible systematic differences in air quality of 'problem' and 'non-problem' buildings. All individual compounds were included as variables in a multivariate partial least squares (PLS) data analysis. 'Problem' and 'non-problem' buildings separated into two distinct groups, showing that air samples of the two groups of building were chemically different. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study showed that there was an identifiable systematic difference in the collected VOC data between buildings causing and not causing problems for people with non-specific building-related symptoms (also called sick building syndrome, SBS). This is an important indication that even such volatile organic compounds that can be sampled by commonly used adsorbents are of importance for the presence of such symptoms. By coordination of procedures for sampling and analysis of VOCs in buildings between laboratories, to get large datasets and more general models, the method can become a useful diagnostic measure in evaluating indoor air and to identify chemical compounds and sources that contribute to SBS problems.     

The Stockholm Indoor Environment Questionnaire: a sociologically based tool for the assessment of indoor environment and health in dwellings

The aim was to develop and validate a standardized questionnaire - the Stockholm Indoor Environment Questionnaire (SIEQ). The validation procedure was based on sociological principles and test procedures for validation. The indicators of indoor environment are air quality, thermal climate, noise, and illumination. The indicators of health are symptoms comprised in the sick building syndrome (SBS). The questionnaire also contains questions about the apartment, individual behavior, and personal factors. The everyday language describing the building and its function was first obtained by qualitative personal interviews, then by standardized questions. The interview questionnaire was transformed into a postal self-administered questionnaire. The reduction of the questionnaire was based on correlation analysis. It was found that to obtain a good validity, general questions are not sufficient, but specific question on perceptions and observations are needed. Good test-retest agreement was found both on an area level, building level, and individually. For each indicator, a set of questions are constructed and validated. SIEQ has been used in several studies, and the results are presented in graphic problem profiles. Reference data has been calculated for the Stockholm area.     

赣北民居建筑物质文化遗产研究

以西山村古建筑为例,对赣北民居建筑物质文化遗产加以研究,分别就西山村的地理位置及历史背景、几种典型的建筑类型、地域文化进行了论述说明,进而明确了西山建筑的未来发展方向。     

利用被动太阳能改善中部地区城镇住宅室内热环境

从应用动态软件进行围护结构热工性能参数研究，并从优化设计着手，利用被动太阳能技术实现水平室内热舒适环境条件，试点建筑科夏季实测，证明达到预期目标。     

住宅室内热环境模拟计算中的问题分析

以北京市未安装空调的某户住宅为研究对象,模拟计算了测试房间的室温,并将模拟结果与实测数据进行了比较。结果表明,住宅室内热状况对天空背景辐射、外窗遮阳、邻室室温、房间通风换气量等扰量的变化十分敏感。在DeST软件的应用过程中,应真实反映上述各个因素的实际变化规律,才能使模拟计算结果与实际相符。     

Surface dust contamination and perceived indoor environment in office buildings

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of cleaning on indoor environment quality. Surface dust contamination and occupants' perception of the work environment factors and symptoms were the parameters studied. Six multi-floor office buildings were selected. Dust contamination on surfaces was sampled with gelatine foils and quantified using a BM-Dustdetector. Occupants' perceptions of the environment were assessed with modified MM-40 questionnaires. The results indicated that each building had its own surface dust contamination profile. Weekly cleaning maintained the surface dust contamination at the highest acceptable level for indoor environments. The occupants and their activities have a major effect on the level of dust particle contamination on desks. The correlation between the perceived surface dust contamination and the level of satisfaction with cleaning was as expected. Furthermore, surface dust contamination appeared not to be associated with work-related symptoms. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results provide information about current program for contractors and clients, e.g. appropriate cleaning intervals of different surfaces, and the influence of disorder on result. After the evaluation of surface dust contamination levels, it will be possible for cleaning companies to focus on the most important surfaces to clean in order to enhance the quality of the indoor environment in office buildings. This should lead to future development work, which will require cooperation between contractors, clients, and research scientists. In office environments where high cleanliness is required, objective measurements (with instruments) are needed in addition to subjective measurements (the perceptions of occupants). It is essential to evaluate the efficiency of cleaning programs regularly with effective and appropriate quality-monitoring methods.     

上海市7幢办公楼室内环境品质评价

对上海市7幢高层办公楼同时进行了室内热环境、空气品质、视环境和听觉环境的现场测试和满意度调查，分析和比较了客观测试和主观调查的结果，对这7幢办公楼的室内环境品质进行了综合评价。     

我国北方地区居住建筑节能率再提高的瓶颈问题分析

对比我国北方地区不同时期的居住建筑节能标准与发达国家相关标准,发现我国建筑节能设计标准尚有待提高。以某多层住宅为例,按照我国建筑节能率的计算方法,计算出芬兰2008年与2010年节能设计标准可以达到的节能率水平;并对实现不同节能率的建筑围护结构保温方案进行了分析,找出我国北方地区居住建筑节能设计标准再提高的瓶颈问题,包括高性能围护结构保温产品匮乏、现有产品的成本过高以及新风耗热量比例过大。建议在引进和吸收国外先进产品与技术的同时,加强国内产品和施工工艺的研发,采用有组织通风换气的热回收,以及加大可再生能源在建筑供能系统中的应用比例等应对策略。探讨了我国建筑节能标准再提高的技术路线。     

Effects of types of ventilation system on indoor particle concentrations in residential buildings

The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of ventilation systems on indoor particle concentrations in residential buildings. Fifteen occupied, single‐family apartments were selected from three sites. The three sites have three different ventilation systems: unbalanced mechanical ventilation, balanced mechanical ventilation, and natural ventilation. Field measurements were conducted between April and June 2012, when outdoor air temperatures were comfortable. Number concentrations of particles, PM_2.5 and CO₂, were continuously measured both outdoors and indoors. In the apartments with natural ventilation, I/O ratios of particle number concentrations ranged from 0.56 to 0.72 for submicron particles, and from 0.25 to 0.60 for particles larger than 1.0 μm. The daily average indoor particle concentration decreased to 50% below the outdoor level for submicron particles and 25% below the outdoor level for fine particles, when the apartments were mechanically ventilated. The two mechanical ventilation systems reduced the I/O ratios by 26% for submicron particles and 65% for fine particles compared with the natural ventilation. These results showed that mechanical ventilation can reduce exposure to outdoor particles in residential buildings.     

郑州部分学校建筑的室内物理环境调查分析

通过对郑州地区部分中小学校建筑的室内物理环境主观反映的问卷调查,了解了中小学校教室内的声、光、热、空气质量等环境状况,分析了存在的问题,并提出相关建议,以提高教室内环境质量。