桤叶唐棣-蓝莓复合果醋的研制

以桤叶唐棣、蓝莓为主要原料,对桤叶唐棣蓝莓复合果醋的生产工艺进行了研究。通过单因素试验分析,确定桤叶唐棣和蓝莓适宜质量比为1∶2;通过正交试验分析,得到酒精发酵的最佳条件为初始糖度18%,酵母接种量0.10%,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间6 d,在此条件下酒精度可达9.4%vol;由响应面试验确定醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为初始酒精度7%vol,发酵温度30 ℃,醋酸菌接种量为12%,此条件下发酵所得的复合果醋中总酸含量可达5.33 g/100 mL。     

Quantifying phenotypic plasticity of berry traits using an allometric-type approach: A case study on anthocyanins and sugars in berries of Cabernet Sauvignon

In this paper we advance a novel allometric-type approach to quantify the stability of key berry traits viz. anthocyanins and sugars. To test the concept, we used data from Cabernet Sauvignon grown in a hot environment of South Australia. Sources of variation in berry traits included water supply, fruit load, seasonal conditions and their interactions. Anthocyanins and sugars were measured in berry samples taken 7–8 times between veraison and harvest. Rates and durations of accumulation of anthocyanins and sugars per berry were derived from a bi-linear model between amount of compound and thermal time. We develop a framework based on 'α' a parameter representing the slope of the regression between rate and duration in a log-log scale. This relationship accommodates three conditions viz. (a) potentially plastic, rate-driven trait (α–1), (b) potentially plastic, duration-driven trait (α < –1), and (c) a stable trait, whereby variation in rate and variation in duration cancel each other (α=–1). Under our experimental conditions, amount of anthocyanins (range of variation 148%) was more plastic than amount of sugars per berry (range of variation 37%). The slope α captured the differential plasticity of these traits: α was significantly greater than –1 for anthocyanins and statistically undistinguishable from –1 for sugars. The rate-dominated accumulation of anthocyanins explained the relatively large variation in this constituent whereas the tightly coupled, inverse relationship between duration and rate (α–1) explained the relative stability of sugars per berry. We conclude that our allometric-type relationship between rate and duration allows for the quantification of cultivar-environment specific plasticity of important berry traits.     

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model

ABSTRACT:  Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to reduce body fat and increase lean body mass in mice, rats, and pigs. A recent human trial indicated that CLA may work more effectively if used for prevention of body fat deposition and weight gain. To test this hypothesis, we conducted 2 experiments using relatively old mice (older than 6 mo): experiment 1, supplementation of CLA during dietary restriction and experiment 2, supplementation during ad libitum feeding followed by restriction. In experiment 1, there were significant effects of diet restriction and CLA supplementation on body composition, while CLA decreased body fat content in ad libitum diet but not significantly during diet restriction. In experiment 2, CLA fed animals had body weights similar to restricted animals and CLA significantly reduced body fat (significantly lower than prior to and post restriction, or pair fed). This suggests that CLA exerted modulation of body fat independent of reduced food intake. Based on these results, we concluded that CLA may be more effective at protecting against fat mass regain following weight loss than as a weight loss treatment.     

Effect of short-term temperature and shading on fruit-set, seed and berry development in model vines of V. vinifera, cvs Chardonnay and Shiraz

Small Chardonnay and Shiraz vines were grown under controlled environment conditions at 25/20°C and 400 μE/(m².s) radiant energy. These conditions were interrupted for some plants for one week, at two periods near flowering, by imposing reduced temperatures (17°/14°C or 12°/9°C) and shading (8, 40 or 72% light reduction), in factorial combinations. Fruit-set was reduced by exposure to the lower temperature regime in both cultivars (confirming the results of a previous experiment) and tended also to decrease with increasing intensity of shading. Seed characteristics were examined only in Chardonnay where total number of seeds per berry was not affected by any of the treatments. However, pre-flowering exposure to 12°/9°C resulted in fewer berries with one or two sinker seeds and more berries with floater seeds and, overall, in a greater proportions of seeds being floaters. Shading had little effect on seed development. Berries on vines exposed to 12°/9°C, at both stages of development, had lower pericarp and seed weights compared with those treated with 17°/14°C or 25°/20°C. At harvest, pericarp weight and seed weight per berry were positively correlated; the linear regression for berries exposed to the higher temperature regimes had a significantly steeper slope than that for berries exposed to the lowest temperature regime. It is concluded that differences in pericarp weight were due to differing cell numbers. These differences may have developed firstly in the ovary due to a direct effect of exposure to varying temperature regimes, and secondly in the developing berry after fruit-set because of variation in the stimulatory activity of the seeds, caused by residual effects of pre-flowering temperature conditions on ovule and seed development.     

Polysaccharides from the green alga Ulva rigida improve the antioxidant status and prevent fatty streak lesions in the high cholesterol fed hamster,an animal model of nutritionally-induced atherosclerosis

We investigated the effects of Ulva in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, before and after processing. Three groups of 12 hamsters were fed a high cholesterol diet for 12 wk (Control) or a high cholesterol diet where cellulose has been replaced for an equivalent fibre weight from Ulva or processed Ulva. Plasma cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and specially triglycerides were reduced by Ulva. Liver glutathione peroxidase activity was increased and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were efficiently reduced by dietary treatments compared with controls, whereas plasma antioxidant capacity was increased and aortic fatty streak area was decreased by 70%. The results show for the first time that chronic consumption of polysaccharides supplied by Ulva prevent the fall of antioxidant defences and the development of atherosclerosis in hamsters. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to increased antioxidant status although improvement of the serum lipid profile was not ruled out.     

Distinctive effects of plant protein sources on renal disease progression and associated cardiac hypertrophy in experimental kidney disease

Scope : Dietary soy protein reduces renal disease progression in a number of renal diseases, suggesting that plant compared with animal proteins may be renoprotective. The inclusion of other plant protein sources could enhance compliance of intervention diets, but the effects of other plant protein sources are not known. Methods and results : Weanling Han:SPRD‐cy rats with experimental polycystic kidney disease were given hemp‐, pea‐ and soy protein‐based diets compared with the standard AIN 93G diet with casein as the protein source. Kidneys from diseased rats given diets which contained soy or hemp protein compared with casein‐based diets were less enlarged, had lower fluid content, smaller cyst volumes, less fibrosis, lower chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) levels and normalized serum creatinine levels. Soy and hemp protein diets also normalized heart size, which was enlarged in diseased compared with normal rats consuming casein. Kidneys from diseased rats given pea protein compared with casein were more enlarged and had higher fluid content and cyst volumes, despite growing better and having lower serum creatinine and renal chemokine receptor 2 levels, and similar levels of renal fibrosis. Conclusion : Not all plant proteins are equally protective in experimental kidney disease and associated cardiac hypertrophy.     

Dealcoholized red wine reverse vascular remodeling in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome: role of NAD(P)H oxidase and eNOS activity

The present study examines the effect of chronic administration of dealcoholized red wine Malbec (DRW) on vascular remodeling and NAD(P)H oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity (eNOS) in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome induced by fructose administration. Thirty-day old male Wistar rats were fed a normal rat diet (control) or the same diet plus 10% fructose in drinking water (FFR). During the last 4 weeks of a 10-week period of the corresponding diet, a subgroup of control and FFR (n=8 each) received DRW in their drinking water. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), aortic NAD(P)H oxidase and eNOS activity in the heart and vascular tissue were evaluated. Vascular remodeling was evaluated in the left carotid artery (CA) and interlobar, arcuate and interlobular renal arteries (RA) through lumen to media (L/M) ratio determination. At the end of the study FFR increased the SBP (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), and aortic NAD(P)H oxidase activity (p < 0,05) but reduced cardiac and vascular eNOS activity (p < 0.01), L/M ratio in CA (p < 0.001) and RA (p < 0.01) compared with the C group. DRW reduced SBP (p < 0.05), aortic NAD(P)H oxidase (p < 0.05), and recovered eNOS activity (p < 0.001) and L/M in CA (p < 0.001) and RA (p < 0.001) compared with FFR. This study provides new data about the beneficial effect of DRW on oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in the experimental model of metabolic syndrome. Data suggest the participation of mechanisms involving oxidative stress in FFR alterations and the usefulness of natural antioxidant substances present in red wine in the reversion of these changes.     

Comparison between a sire model and an animal model for genetic evaluation of fertility traits in Danish Holstein population

Comparisons between a sire model, a sire-dam model, and an animal model were carried out to evaluate the ability of the models to predict breeding values of fertility traits, based on data including 471,742 records from the first lactation of Danish Holstein cows, covering insemination years from 1995 to 2004. The traits in the analysis were days from calving to first insemination, calving interval, days open, days from first to last insemination, number of inseminations per conception, and nonreturn rate within 56 d after first service. The correlations between sire estimated breeding value (EBV) from the animal model and the sire-dam model were close to 1 for all the traits, and those between the animal model and the sire model ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. Model ability to predict sire breeding value was assessed using 4 criteria: 1) the correlation between sire EBV from 2 data subsets (DATA_A and DATA_B); 2) the correlation between sire EBV from training data (DATA_A or DATA_B) and yield deviation from test data (DATA_B or DATA_A) in a cross-validation procedure; 3) the correlation between the EBV of proven bulls, obtained from the whole data set (DATA_T) and from a reduced set of data (DATA_C1) that contained only the first-crop daughters of sires; and 4) the reliability of sire EBV, calculated from the prediction error variance of EBV. All criteria used showed that the animal model was superior to the sire model for all the traits. The sire-dam model performed as well as the animal model and had a slightly smaller computational demand. Averaged over the 6 traits, the correlations between sire EBV from DATA_A and DATA_B were 0.61 (sire model) versus 0.64 (animal model), the correlations between EBV from DATA_T and DATA_C1 for proven bulls were 0.59 versus 0.67, the correlations between EBV and yield deviation in the cross-validation were 0.21 versus 0.24, and the reliabilities of sire EBV were 0.42 versus 0.46. Model ability to predict cow breeding value was measured by the reliability of cow EBV, which increased from 0.21 using the sire model to 0.27 using the animal model. All the results suggest that the animal model, rather than the sire model, should be used for genetic evaluation of fertility traits.     

鱼腥草多酚对葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）诱导小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的改善作用

目的：探究蒿本内酯（ligustilide,Lig）对葡聚糖硫酸钠（dextran sodium sulfate,DSS）诱导溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）小鼠的改善作用及机制。方法：将60只雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠随机分成6组,分别为空白组、DSS组、阳性药柳氮磺吡啶（sulfasalazine,SASP）组、Lig低、中、高剂量组。DSS组小鼠自由饮用3% DSS水溶液7 d复制UC模型,同时对Lig低、中、高剂量组小鼠灌胃给予药物干预治疗。通过记录小鼠每日体重和结肠长度,检测疾病活动指数（disease activity index,DAI）评分,采用酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒定量检测血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达水平,检测结肠中TLR4/NF-κB蛋白表达水平,并结合苏木素-伊红染色实验,探究Lig对小鼠UC的作用及机制。结果：与空白组比较,DSS组小鼠体重显著减轻（P<0.05）,结肠长度显著缩短（P<0.05）,DAI评分显著升高（P<0.05）,肠道出现大量炎症性浸润现象,且结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）;与DSS组比较,Lig中剂量组和高剂量组小鼠的肠道组织中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达以及TLR4/NF-κB信号均被显著抑制（P<0.05）,表明Lig中剂量组和高剂量组小鼠肠道损伤得到显著改善。结论：Lig能有效改善DSS诱导的小鼠UC,其机制可能是抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活。