Marine omega‐3 (n‐3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties,sources, bioavailability,and relation to brain health

For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine‐derived long chain n‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n‐3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n‐3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n‐3 in TAG form, as only PL n‐3 is able to cross the blood–brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n‐3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n‐3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n‐3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.     

Odours, emotion and psychophysiology

The basis for the relationship between emotion and olfaction is reviewed and discussed from both the theoretical and experimental approach. Published studies include olfactory memory, human semiochemicals, and olfactory communication between humans. Evidence for the olfactory system being a special emotion sense has not been conclusive. One limitation has been the verbal paucity of subjects in describing smells. This has led to the development of psychophysiological techniques involving the use of subvert bioelectrical signals generated within the body. A number of techniques involving measurement of the electrical activity of the brain are discussed. These involve evoked olfactory potentials (OEP), contingent negative voltage (CNV) and brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM). These new techniques involving the electrical activity of the cortex are helping us to unravel the complexities of olfaction and emotion.     

多不饱和脂肪酸对大脑功能影响研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸（polysaturated fatty acid,PUFA）是一类重要的脂肪酸族营养素,广泛参与细胞代谢和细胞膜脂的构成。在脑组织中,PUFA含量丰富,对促进大脑发育、增强学习记忆能力有重要作用,因而广受关注。本文综述PUFA的膳食来源及其与脑组织中磷脂构成的关系,以及PUFA参与大脑发育、影响大脑功能的作用机制,为确定膳食中ω-6/ω-3 PUFA的合理配比,科学添加源于深海鱼油和水藻的二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoicacid,EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）或相关替代品,改善我国居民膳食中ω-3 PUFA的摄入不足,维持大脑健康功能提供理论依据。     

抗衰老口服液的研制

抗衰老口服液是以绞股蓝、鲜猪脑提取液、猪脾多肽、枸杞、龙眼肉、红枣等名贵中药材为原料。用现代科技方法精制而成的一种保健口服液。抗衰老口服液为透明淡黄色液体,口味纯正,略甜微酸,有宜人的清香气味。     

白术多糖对大鼠创伤性脑损伤后脑水肿的影响

目的:探讨颅脑外伤后应用白术多糖治疗对脑组织水肿的影响。方法:采用自由落体撞击模型,84只雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组、颅脑外伤组、蒸馏水组及白术多糖组,每组再根据伤后不同生存时间随机分为3个亚组。取各组动物伤灶脑组织,分别检测其水、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:颅脑外伤组、蒸馏水组及白术多糖组各时间点水分、MDA含量均较对照组明显增加(p<0.01),但白术多糖组各时间点水分、MDA含量显著低于颅脑外伤组及蒸馏水组相应时间点(p<0.01)。颅脑外伤组、蒸馏水组及白术多糖组各时间点SOD活性均较对照组明显降低(p<0.01),但白术多糖组各时间点SOD活性显著高于颅脑外伤组及蒸馏水组相应时间点(p<0.01)。结论:白术多糖能通过改善SOD活力,减少MDA含量,进而减轻创伤性脑损伤后脑水肿的程度。     

连续51天服用褪黑激素对小鼠肾脏、心肌与脑部分生化指标及体重变化的影响

观察连续51d服用褪黑激素(MT)对机体抗氧化系统及体重增长的影响。方法:以雄性昆明种小鼠为实验对象,连续51d服用MT建立动物模型。分别测试肾脏、心肌与脑超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及整个服用期间的体重变化情况。结果:连续51d服用MT后,MT组小鼠体重及体重增量明显小于对照组(p<0.05)。小鼠肾脏SOD活性与T-AOC,心肌T-AOC及脑SOD活性与T-AOC显著升高(p<0.05～0.01),脑CAT活性及肾脏、心肌与脑MDA含量显著下降(p<0.01),但对肾脏POD活性与CAT活性,心肌SOD活性、POD活性与CAT活性以及脑POD活性无显著性影响(p>0.05)。结论:MT具有很强的抗氧化能力,对机体的抗氧化系统有明显的辅助作用,对小鼠体重的正常生长发育存在一定程度的抑制。     

燕麦麸在西式香肠中的应用

将燕麦麸添加于西式香肠中,研究燕麦麸在香肠中的应用特性及不同添加比例对香肠的影响.     

鸡脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的性质及对氨基甲酸酯类物质的敏感性研究

利用双水相萃取鸡脑中的乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetycholinesterase,ACh E）,研究其酶学性质发现:鸡脑ACh E最适反应温度为37℃,最适反应p H为7.5,米氏常数Km为5.67×10^-5mol·L^-1,最大反应速率Vm为0.20×10²mol·（min·L）^-1。鸡脑ACh E的Km值明显小于商品ACh E的Km值,表明鸡脑ACh E对底物具有更大的亲和力。研究ACh E对氨基甲酸酯类物质的敏感性发现:该酶对5种氨基甲酸酯类有毒成分呋喃丹、灭多威、西维因、涕灭威、速灭威的半抑制浓度分别为0.004、0.07、0.23、0.53、5.24μg·m L^-1;其双分子速率常数分别为40.89×10⁵、3.09×10⁵、2.80×10⁵、2.78×10⁵、2.74×10⁵L·（mol·min）^-1。鸡脑ACh E对氨基甲酸酯类有毒成分表现出较强的敏感性,具有低成本、高活性、制备简单的优点,对氨基甲酸酯类有毒成分残留的检测具有重要意义。      

玉米肽对大鼠酒精性脑损伤的保护作用

为研发具有预防酒精性脑损伤功效的天然活性肽类产品,将SD大鼠随机分为7组,分别为对照组、模型组、玉米肽实验组(剂量分别为125、250、500、1 000、2 000 mg/kg),采用50度北大仓部优白酒灌胃建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒脑损伤模型,造模结束后取脑组织进行病理组织学观察,同时采用酶联免疫试剂盒检测各组大鼠脑组织中氧化应激、炎性因子、部分神经递质及其他相关指标。结果表明：酒精可使脑组织神经细胞发生病理性改变,玉米肽干预可有效缓解酒精对脑组织的损伤作用;玉米肽能够减少酒后大鼠脑组织中ROS含量,提高GSH的含量,恢复GST和GSH-Px活性;玉米肽可降低脑组织中NF-κB含量,减少IL-1、TGF-β1、TNF-α和IFN-γ的分泌;玉米肽对酒精诱导的脑组织中Caspase-3的激活有积极影响,对慢性酒精中毒大鼠脑组织中部分神经递质有一定的调节作用。综上,玉米肽对大鼠慢性酒精性脑损伤具有保护作用。     

黄酮类化合物改善记忆的机制研究

黄酮类化合物因其特殊的生理作用与药理活性,已成为研究热点。研究证据表明,食物中的类黄酮可以保护脆弱的神经元,增强现有神经元功能和促进神经再生,从而改善或者扭转与衰老有关的记忆障碍。本文综述了黄酮类化合物改善记忆的作用机制,它主要是在神经和突触营养、脑血流量、神经炎症等方面发挥作用。      

论企业如何留住人才

本文对企业怎样留住人才作了探讨，论述了企业应从物质奖励，情感投资，民主管理和知人善任等几个方面来充分调动人才的主动性和创造性，从而有效地吸收人才，留住人才。     

Omega-6支撑身体，Omega-3支撑大脑：均衡摄入对儿童大脑发育的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

人体大脑和身体的发育，需要从食物中摄取均衡的营养物质。人类大脑是区分人类和其他动物的特征。食物中的必需脂肪酸是机体组织结构和功能的必要组成部分。Omega-6（O6）亚油酸（LA6）是皮肤组织的组成成分，且是炎症、血栓形成、免疫和其他信号分子的前体；Omega-3（O3）α-亚麻酸（ALA3），特别是其长链代谢产物——二十二碳六烯酸（DHA3），是大脑、视网膜和部分神经组织中的关键组分。从富含LA6脂肪酸（缺乏O3脂肪酸）的植物籽中提取出的廉价而优质油脂，是20世纪的西方国家食品工业生产的主要脂肪来源。在代谢通路中，高浓度的LA6脂肪酸可拮抗O3脂肪酸代谢，造成O3脂肪酸不足，因此，在给怀孕动物的饲料中，只提供富含LA6但缺乏O3脂肪酸的油脂作为唯一的脂肪来源，会导致幼崽大脑发育不良。过去20~30年的研究表明，低含量LA6且含DHA3的油脂可改善大脑的功能。近年来的研究较多集中在营养因素对大脑发育的影响，最新研究数据表明，脂肪酸平衡对营养不良儿童的大脑发育尤为重要。世界卫生组织（WHO）越来越重视大脑的营养健康，通过其下属的食品法典委员会，建议用于治疗严重急性营养不良儿童的即食治疗食品中，使用含有均衡脂肪酸组成/构成的脂肪。同样，脂肪酸均衡对老年人可能也很重要。目前，业界已经有了调整油脂成分的方法，以确保脂肪酸均衡，从而维持人体整个生命周期的大脑健康。     

金耳脂类粗取物促进伊文氏蓝透过血脑屏障的研究

目的:研究金耳脂类粗取物促进伊文氏蓝透过血脑屏障的作用。方法:对金耳脂类粗取物进行三组实验:给药方式对其促透作用的影响、给药剂量对其促透作用的影响、金耳脂类粗取物与冰片促透作用的对比。采用甲酰胺-分光光度法来检测组织中伊文氏蓝浓度,根据脑组织中伊文氏蓝浓度的高低来判定透过血脑屏障的程度。结果:混合给药方式较好,在用药2 h时脑组织中伊文氏蓝浓度最高,为13.25 μg/g;尾静脉注射给药方式效果较好,在用药2 h时脑组织中伊文氏蓝浓度最高,为15.96 μg/g;高剂量组的给药效果较好,在不同时间段伊文氏蓝入脑浓度均高于对照组,且在2 h时脑组织中伊文氏蓝浓度都最高,但在肝、脾组织中浓度较小,表明药物在脑内的最佳发挥时间为2 h;金耳脂类粗取物与冰片的对比实验显示,在用药2 h时金耳脂类粗取物组浓度最大,比冰片组浓度要高,与对照组相比具有显著差异。结论:金耳脂类粗取物有促进伊文氏蓝透过血脑屏障的作用,有很大的研究价值。     

Control of the bacteriological condition of calf brain. I. Impact of improving hygiene

Sixty calves of the Dutch Friesian (FH) breed were stunned mechanically. Without previously having been stunned, another 30 calves were stuck according to the Jewish rite. Upon opening of the skulls (1–2 h post mortem) brains of mechanically stunned calves were collected either conventionally (n = 30) or ‘hygienically’ (n = 30), i.e. using a fresh pair of surgical gloves during each removal to avoid cross contamination. For ritually slaughtered animals only the hygienic procedure was followed. Samples of 10 g were excised from undamaged hemispheres and in the mechanically stunned treatment group also from the site of impact of the captive bolt. After storage in polystyrene trays at 3 ± 1°C for 7 days sampling was repeated. Bacteriological examination included the assessment of aerobic colony counts at 30°C for 3 days (ACC-30) and 4°C for 14 days (ACC-4) and Enterobacteriaceae colony counts at 37°C for 20 h (ECC). In conventionally collected samples the ACC-30 and ACC-4 were 3.8 and 3.0 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 at day 1 and 6.2 and 6.4 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 at day 8. With hygienic collection these counts were reduced by approximately 1 log unit. Whilst by conventional practice the ECCs, at day 1 and 8 were 2.6 and 4.8 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 these counts were 1.8 and 2.6 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 for hygienic practice. In samples excised from the site of impact of the captive bolt the hygienic procedure had similar, though less marked effects. On day 1 brains from ritually slaughtered animals had a bacteriological contamination similar to that found in the hemispheres of mechanically stunned calves. However, whilst at day 8 their mean ECCs were 3.4 and 3.5 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 the percentages of plates ‘positive’ for Enterobacteriaceae were only 10% in the ritually vs. 53% in the mechanically stunned group. The Enterobacteriaceae in this case were composed of psychrotrophic non-pathogenic genera of environmental origin. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.     

神经酸的来源与功能研究进展

神经酸是一种长链单不饱和脂肪酸,最初在哺乳动物大脑白质中被发现,对于大脑神经细胞具有修复和促进神经纤维再生双效功能,对于神经退行性疾病和神经系统紊乱等具有重要的预防和治疗作用。近年来,国内外对神经酸的研究与应用备受关注。综述了神经酸的动植物体、生物及化学合成来源,以及对脑组织、中枢神经系统疾病、心脑血管疾病、增强免疫和预防艾滋病的作用,以期为神经酸产品的开发提供参考。