Effect of Steam-Assisted Hybrid Cooking on Textural Quality Characteristics,Cooking Loss,and Free Moisture Content of Beef

Semitendinosus muscles were cooked in a steam-assisted hybrid oven and also convection ovens at three different oven temperatures (180, 210, and 240°C) until three different end point temperatures [65°C (medium-rare), 72°C (medium), 80°C (medium-well)] were reached. Textural properties of cooked beef were investigated by the Warner Bratzler shear test and texture profile analysis. Cooking loss and free moisture content of muscle tissue was determined for each cooking condition. In addition, sensory analysis was carried out in order to compare with the instrumental results and correlations between instrumental texture parameters and sensory results. Steam-assisted hybrid oven cooking of beef resulted in a tougher texture, higher cooking loss, and lower free moisture content than convection cooking. High correlation coefficients (r² > 0.70) were observed between instrumental texture measurements and sensory results for all ovens, especially in terms of tenderness. The free moisture content and adhesiveness values were also correlated well with juiciness (r² > 0.70) for all oven types.     

Influence of the stage of ripeness of plantains and some cooking bananas on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of processed products

The influence of the stage of ripening of the fruit of cultivars of plantain (French Sombre) and some cooking bananas (Dwarf Kalapua and Bluggoe) on the sensory and physico‐chemical characteristics of processed products was evaluated. Chips made from these cultivars at corresponding stages of ripeness had water contents less than 20 g kg^?1 for fruits at stages 1 and 3 and less than 60 g kg^?1 for those at stages 4 and 5. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the ash contents of chips at different stages of ripeness for all the cultivars. Protein contents increased with increasing ripeness for all the cultivars; the fat contents decreased with increasing ripeness and varied from one cultivar to another. The available food energy was more than 4840 kcal kg^?1 of chips for all the cultivars at all stages of ripeness. The best chips were obtained from fruits at stages 1 and 3. Flours obtained from the fruits of these cultivars at different stages of ripeness had water contents lower than 60 g kg^?1. The fat, ash and protein contents were low, while the carbohydrate contents were high. For all the cultivars the yields of chips and flour were higher for the plantain cultivar (French Sombre) than for the cooking banana cultivars, irrespective of the stage of ripeness of the fruits. Cakes made from the different flours had good nutritional quality. The cakes and chips submitted for sensory evaluation were all accepted by consumers, although to differing extents. Fruits at stages 1 and 3 of ripeness which presented fewer problems during drying were the most suitable for the manufacture of flour for making cakes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Correlation between instrumental and sensory ratings by evaluation of some texture reference scales

The objective of this study was to investigate instrumental–sensory relationships of some texture scales using argentine foods as references. Textural characteristics of these foods were instrumentally investigated by the texture profile analysis technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the main attributes of the food samples. High Pearson’s correlation coefficients were found between hardness and fracturability (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001), hardness and gumminess (r = 0.71; P < 0.0001) and springiness and cohesiveness (r = 0.85; P < 0.0001). PCA identified two significant principal components, which accounted for 81.2% of the variance in the instrumental data. Additionally, a trained panel described the texture characteristics of the food samples according to the standard reference scales. The correlation curves showed nonlinear relationships (R² between 85.6% and 99.9%) which were used to predict sensory attributes of other food samples. Some texture attributes like hardness and fracturability were accurately predicted by mechanical properties, while others like cohesiveness and adhesiveness were less representative.     

潮汕脆性肉丸的感官评定与质构评价相关性分析

目的:探索一种综合评价潮汕脆肉丸脆性品质的方法。方法:采用质构剖面法（texture profile analysis,TPA）和穿刺实验测定肉丸的质构特性,同时进行感官评定实验,并对感官和质构指标之间进行相关性分析。结果:TPA实验的硬度、咀嚼性与感官评定指标硬度、弹性、脆性、咀嚼性之间存在显著相关性（r=0.554~0.793,P<0.05）,TPA实验的回复性与感官评定的脆性、组织状态之间存在显著相关性（r=0.556,0.625,P<0.05）。穿刺实验的破裂力与感官评定指标之间均存在显著相关性（r=0.595~0.709,P<0.05）。运用主成分分析从仪器质构指标数据中提取出2个最主要的独立成分,这2个主成分的方差贡献率累计达74.5%。结论:潮汕肉丸的脆性可以采用TPA实验的硬度、咀嚼性和穿刺破裂力的定量评价结合感官评定进行综合评价,为构建客观、精确、便捷的潮汕脆性肉丸感官性状评价体系奠定基础。     

Evaluation of Texture Differences among Varieties of Cooked Quinoa

Texture differences of cooked quinoa were studied among 13 different varieties. Correlations between the texture parameters and seed composition, seed characteristics, cooking quality, flour pasting properties, and flour thermal properties were determined. The results showed that texture of cooked quinoa was significantly differed among varieties. ‘Black,’ ‘Cahuil,’ and ‘Red Commercial’ yielded harder texture, while ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ and ‘Col.#6197’ showed softer texture. ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ ‘Col.#6197,’ and ‘QQ63’ were more adhesive, while other varieties were not sticky. The texture profile correlated to physical?‐chemical properties in different ways. Protein content was positively correlated with all the texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters. Seed hardness was positively correlated with TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness at P ≤ 0.09. Seed density was negatively correlated with TPA hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas seed coat proportion was positively correlated with these TPA parameters. Increased cooking time of quinoa was correlated with increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The water uptake ratio was inversely related to TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Rapid Visco Analyzer peak viscosity was negatively correlated with the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.07); breakdown was also negatively correlated with those TPA parameters (P < 0.09); final viscosity and setback were negatively correlated with the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.05); setback was correlated with the adhesiveness as well (r = ?0.63, P = 0.02). Onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) was significantly positively correlated with all the texture profile parameters, and peak temperature (T_p) was moderately correlated with cohesiveness, whereas neither conclusion temperature (T_c) nor enthalpy correlated with the texture of cooked quinoa.     

Physicochemical,cooking and textural characteristics of some Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) varieties

Physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of black gram varieties were studied and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Different varieties showed significant variation in their physicochemical, cooking and textural properties. Varieties having higher seed weight and seed volume had higher values of cooking time, swelling capacity, hydration capacity and hardness. The relationships between textural parameters of cooked grains from different black gram varieties showed a significant positive correlation of hardness with cohesiveness (r = 0.472), gumminess (r = 0.938) and chewiness (r = 0.859). Swelling index, cohesiveness and gumminess of black gram varieties were observed to be related to their fibre content. Swelling capacity and swelling index correlated well with cooking time, hardness and gumminess. Cooking time had a positive correlation with hardness (p < 0.05) and gumminess (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with springiness. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Texture of Pecans Measured by Sensory and Instrumental Means

The texture of pecans (Carya illinoensis) from four cuhivars (Barton, Mahan, Western and Wichita) was analyzed using sensory and instrumental methods. Sensory hardness, flexibility and crispness were rated by trained panelists. Ranking of hardness and crispness was also carried out. A Texture Analyser TAXT2 was used for 50% compression, texture profile analysis (TPA), puncture and bending. Puncture and 50% compression gave best reproducibility, least variability and agreement with sensory data. The most relevant TPA parameters were cohesiveness, elasticity and fracturabihty. Parameters from the bending test did not indicate texture of the pecans suitably.     

Sensory and Texture Quality of Canned Whelk (Astraea undosa) Subjected to Tenderizing Treatments

Whelk (Astraea undosa), treated with 0.25% papain solution infused by tumbling for 5, 10, or 20 min before canning, was compared to commercial abalone (standard) and untreated canned whelk (control) for sensory and texture characteristics. Treated whelk samples showed changes in sweetness and bitterness. Opercular muscle treated with papain for 10 or 20 min had lower sensory hardness, springiness and chewiness than untreated canned whelk. Instrumental texture analysis (TPA) indicated opercular muscle with 20 min papain treatment had lower hardness and chewiness compared to untreated whelk. Thus, papain treatment demonstrated the feasibility of improvement of canned whelk eating quality by reducing hardness and chewiness.     

Effects of raw materials,processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips

The effects of raw material, processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips were investigated. Two cultivars of plantain Musa spp—Agbagba and Obino lewai—as well as cooking banana were used for the study. The fruits were at stages 1 to 4 of the banana ripening chart. The study started with a consumer survey aimed at product definition. This was followed by series of experiments to determine the effects of raw material, processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips. A correlation analysis was also carried out on the physical and chemical characteristics of raw plantain. The work revealed that the stage of ripeness of raw material had some effect on the quality of chips as there was gradual increase in pulp/peel ratio and sugar was significantly different (P < 0·05). Moisture content of pulp/texture of pulp, texture of pulp/sugar content of pulp and texture of pulp/ripening stages were negatively correlated, while pulp/peel ratio and moisture content of pulp were positively correlated. Chips packed in 80 μm high-density polyethylene pouches and stored at various relative humidities had extended shelf-life compared with the low-density polyethylene packed chips stored at the same relative humidities. This was due to the inadequacy of the low-density polyethylene in giving the required protection against moisture transmission thereby resulting in soggy chips in shorter periods. The implication of the findings on the formulation of a guideline for the processing of a good-quality plantain chips for the marketing system is discussed.     

Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars Formulated with Extruded Milk Protein Concentrate

Previous instrumental study of high‐protein nutrition (HPN) bars formulated with extruded milk protein concentrate (MPC) indicated slower hardening compared to bars formulated with unmodified MPC. However, hardness, and its change during storage, insufficiently characterizes HPN bar texture. In this study, MPC80 was extruded at 2 different conditions and model HPN bars were prepared. A trained sensory panel and instrumental techniques were used to measure HPN bar firmness, crumbliness, fracturability, hardness, cohesiveness, and other attributes to characterize texture change during storage. Extrusion modification, storage temperature, and storage time significantly affected the instrumental and sensory panel measured texture attributes. The HPN bars became firmer and less cohesive during storage. When evaluated at the same storage conditions, the texture attributes of the HPN bars formulated with the different extrudates did not differ significantly from each other. However, textural differences were noted most of the time between the control and the HPN bars formulated with extruded MPC80. An adapted HPN bar crumbliness measurement technique produced results that were correlated with sensory panel measured crumbliness (r = 0.85) and cohesiveness (r = –0.84). Overall, the HPN bars formulated with extruded MPC80 were significantly softer, less crumbly, and more cohesive than the control during storage.     

Prediction of sensory textural properties from rheological analysis for process cheeses varying in emulsifying salt,protein and moisture contents

Textural characteristics of process cheeses varying in emulsifying salt (disodium phosphate), protein and moisture contents were evaluated by rheological compression using texture profile analysis and by sensory evaluation. The primary objective of this study was to predict sensory textural parameters using instrumental rheological parameters. All sensory parameters correlated with one or more instrumental parameters, e.g. rheological firmness versus sensory firmness (R = 0.98, P < 0.001), rheological chewiness versus sensory rubbery (R = 0.92, P < 0.001) and rheological chewiness versus sensory chewy (R = 0.86, P < 0.001). Partial least squares calibration models were developed for each of nine sensory parameters using instrumental parameters. Principal component analysis of instrumental and sensory parameters illustrated relationships among parameters. It was shown that instrumental parameters could be used to supplement sensory evaluation of process cheese texture. Increasing emulsifying salt content increased firmness, springiness and chewiness and decreased adhesiveness, mouthcoating and mass formation. Increasing protein content resulted in increased fracture strain and stress and chewiness and decreased melting. Increasing moisture content increased cohesiveness and decreased firmness and chewiness. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of bunch maturation and chemical precursors on acrylamide formation in starchy banana chips

The present study investigated the effect of ripening stages and chemical precursors on acrylamide formation in deep-fried chips of five plantains and one cooking banana. The highest level of acrylamide was found in the cooking banana, followed by False Horn plantain and French plantain, respectively. French plantain hybrids exhibited a significantly lower (P < 0.05) level of acrylamide when compared to French plantain. The ripening stage demonstrated a positive Pearson correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.57) with acrylamide formation. As ripening progressed, the levels of glucose and fructose significantly increased (P < 0.05) and showed a positive correlation with acrylamide formation (r = 0.85 and 0.96, respectively). The level of the amino acid asparagine during ripening was not correlated with acrylamide formation. In contrast, the level of histidine, arginine, iso-leucine and cystine during ripening was positively correlated (P < 0.05, r > 0.60) with acrylamide formation in fried chips. The higher level of TP was significantly related (P < 0.05) to the lower level of acrylamide (r = −0.62). The reduced levels of carotenoid isomers, except lutein, during fruit ripening were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with acrylamide formation, especially trans-BC (r = 0.72) and 9-cis-BC(r = 0.64).     

Vane Rheometry for Textural Characterization of Cheddar Cheeses: Correlation with Other Instrumental and Sensory Measurements

The relationship between instrumental (vane method, texture profile analysis (TPA), uniaxial compression) and sensory texture measurements of Cheddar cheeses was investigated. A Haake VT 550 viscotester equipped with a four-bladed vane rotor was used for the vane test. Instrumental TPA was performed with a TA.XT2 Texture Analyser, and compression variables were calculated from TPA data. Vane parameters were significantly correlated with respective variables of compression and TPA (r=0.56-0.91), and sensory tests (r=0.54-0.88). Multivariate analysis indicated that seven sensory attributes of ten commercial Cheddar cheeses were satisfactorily predicted (calibration regression coefficient,R_cal >0.62) by variables of the vane, uniaxial compression and TPA tests. In particular, cheese firmness and cohesiveness evaluated by sensory panel were well described by vane stress and apparent strain. The results validate the vane method as an alternative to the existing cheese testing methods for rapid evaluation of cheese texture.     

Texture and color analysis of freeze-dried potato (cv. Spunta) using instrumental and image analysis techniques

Most typical approaches for measuring color and texture properties are time consuming. An image-based method was used to evaluate the texture and color in freeze-dried potatoes. Microstructure of cooked, cooked freeze-dried and rehydrated potatoes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Texture properties were analyzed by a texture analyzer and image analysis. Color was determined with a spectrocolorimeter and a digital camera. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained for cooked and cooked freeze-dried rehydrated potatoes. A linear trend was applied for instrumental and image features for texture and color values. Results showed that texture features of images, such as contrast, entropy, energy, and homogeneity (calculated from grey level co-occurrence matrix), showed correlations with instrumental texture features, such as hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and resilience. Similar results were also obtained for color features. This study showed that image processing techniques could be applied as a useful tool to analyze quality in potatoes.     

Evaluation of apple texture with contact acoustic emission detector: A study on performance of calibration models

Performance of calibration models for evaluation of apples sensory texture with contact acoustic emission detector (CAED) was studied. For model evaluation and testing, 2500 apples of 19 cultivars were harvested over two seasons. Apples were stored at normal atmosphere (NA), controlled atmosphere (CA) for different periods or were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in order to obtain a high variability of texture and fruit maturity. Apples were tested simultaneously in two distinct laboratories. The models were created and validated on averaged values from 10 fruits using simple linear regression, multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR). Performance statistics of the models were expressed in terms of determination coefficient (R²), root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) or prediction (RMSEP) and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). Firmness and total acoustic emission counts were predictors of sensory texture in the models. MLR and PCR models show better performance for prediction of sensory data than simple linear regression models however PCR models show the best results among models tested in this study. Common PCR models for several cultivars allow for successful prediction of hardness (RPD > 2.0), crispness and overall texture (1.5 < RPD < 2.0). The single-cultivar PCR models, constructed on data sets containing 26-39 averaged values, reveal significantly better performance (RPD > 2.0 for most of the cases) than the common PCR models for many varieties.     

Comparison of instrumental and sensory evaluation of texture of cured and cooked beef meat

The instrumental and sensory texture attributes of beef muscles (M. longissimus dorsi and M. semimembranosus) were compared after curing and thermal treatments. Shear, compression and puncture tests were carried out with an UTM Instron 4301 and the sensory evaluation was made with the score method. The force values obtained for puncture test gave a greater degree of correlation with the sensory tenderness, hardness and elasticity than the shear test forces. The shear test forces were found to significantly correlate with sensory tenderness only for muscles with perpendicular orientation of fibres to the direction of shear blade movement. The evaluation of beef texture with compression test was dependent on the level of sample deformation degree. The force values of compression were found to correlate significantly with elasticity and juiciness of meat up to 60% deformation levels, but at deformation levels higher than 60% appeared significant correlation with tenderness and hardness. The obtained results showed the usefulness of puncture test with proposed parameters for the instrumental measurements of beef texture.     

Physicochemical and fatty acid characteristics of stewed pork as affected by cooking method and time

This study was designed to investigate the effects of cooking on physicochemical and fatty acid characteristics of stewed pork. Pre‐fried or raw pork belly cubes were stewed for 60, 90, 120, 150 or 180 min. After cooking, proximate chemical composition, texture, sensory evaluation, lipid oxidation, fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content were determined. Prolonged cooking time resulted in higher percentages of dry matter, fat and fat loss in stewed cubes (P < 0.01), and pre‐frying also increased fat loss. Tenderness and elasticity values of texture profile analysis and sensory scores were the highest for the cubes stewed for 180 min or by pre‐frying combined with stewing for 150 min. Pre‐frying and extended cooking time significantly increased lipid oxidation (P < 0.01). Cooking modified fatty acid profiles which altered the derived cardiovascular indices, and reduced cholesterol content. Prolonged stewing improved eating quality and most nutritional values of pork belly.