Release and antilisterial properties of nisin from zein capsules spray-dried at different temperatures

Nisin is an effective antimicrobial against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. It has been proposed that reduced efficacy of nisin in foods can be improved by technologies such as encapsulation to protect it from interferences by food matrix components. The potential of spray drying, a practical technology, was studied in this work for encapsulation of nisin in zein microcapsules at four inlet temperatures between 75 and 120 °C. At 95 °C and above, no apparent loss of nisin activity was observed after spray drying. At pH 6.0, burst release of nisin was impacted by spray drying temperature more than equilibrium release, possibly due to influences on capsule structures. At pH 2.0, complete release of nisin in 30 min was observed, contrasting to limited release over 8 d at pH 8.0. Capsules produced at an inlet temperature of 105 °C showed the most sustained release of nisin at pH 6.0. For these capsules, sustained release of nisin to >80% was observed at pH 6.0 and 8.0 when NaCl was used at 0.5 mol/L. Finally, at 400 IU/mL, the encapsulated nisin demonstrated slightly improved antilisterial properties than free nisin in reduced fat (2g/100g) milk but much work is still needed to enhance the antimicrobial effectiveness.     

Deamidation of food proteins to improve functionality

Many proteins, particularly those in plants, require structural modifications to improve their functional properties for expanded use. Several chemical and enzymatic methods are described for food protein deamidation to improve solubility, emulsification, foaming, and other functional properties of the proteins. The use of enzymes in protein modification is more desirable than chemical treatments because of their speed, mild reaction conditions, and their high specificity. Transglutaminase, protease, and peptidoglutaminase (PGase) are the only enzymes reported in the literature for protein deamidation. Of these, PGase appears to be the most feasible for practical application. PGase production, purification, and use in deamidation are discussed.     

植物源纳米纤维对食品乳状液稳定性的影响

文章阐述了植物来源纳米纤维的制备及特性,分析了纳米纤维对食品乳状液稳定性的影响,并对其制备与改性技术的研究方向进行了展望.     

Production and shelf stability of multiple-fortified quick-cooking rice as a complementary food

Rice-based complementary foods normally contain inadequate amounts of several micronutrients, such as iron, calcium, and zinc. This study aimed at improving the quality of commercially produced rice-based complementary foods. The analysis centered on identifying a rice-based complementary food that is safe, stable, sensory acceptable, and economical in terms of fortificants (iron, calcium, zinc, thiamine, folate) and effectively packaged for industrial production and distribution. Product colors were mostly in green-yellow tone and slightly changed to more yellow during storage. Sensory acceptability was affected by changes in odor and rancidity but not in color. Rancidity scores were low in aluminum foil laminated plastic bags (ALU). Lipid oxidation significantly increased during storage, but at a slower rate when sodium citrate and ALU were used. Color differences of raw products were detected but not in the cooked ones. Mineral and vitamin losses during processing were 2% to 11% and 20% to 30%, respectively, but no losses were found during storage. FeSO(4)+ NaFeEDTA added with sodium citrate resulted in the most acceptable product for all packagings. The multiple-fortified quick-cooking rice (MFQCR) developed from this study could be a potentially useful tool for combating micronutrient deficiencies among infants and young children in the countries where rice is the staple food.     

Study of the partition coefficients Kp/f of seven model migrants from LDPE polymer in contact with food simulants

This study evaluated the influence of parameters such as temperature and type of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film on the log K_p/f values of seven model migrants in food simulants. Two different types of LDPE films contaminated by extrusion and immersion were placed in contact with three food simulants including 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and olive oil under several time–temperature conditions. Results suggest that most log K_p/f values are little affected by these parameters in this study. In addition, the relation between log K_p/f and log P_o/w was established for each food simulant and regression lines, as well as correlation coefficients, were calculated. Correlations were compared with data from real foodstuffs. Data presented in this study could be valuable in assigning certain foods to particular food simulants as well as predicting the mass transfer of potential migrants into different types of food or food simulants, avoiding tedious and expensive laboratory analysis. The results could be especially useful for regulatory agencies as well as for the food industry.     

Challenges associated in stability of food grade nanoemulsions

Food grade nanoemulsions are being increasingly used in the food sector for their physico-chemical properties towards efficient encapsulation, entrapment of bioactive compounds, solubilization, targeted delivery, and bioavailability. Nanoemulsions are considered as one of the important vehicles for the sustained release of food bioactive compounds due to their smaller size (nm), increased surface area, and unique morphological characteristics. Nanoemulsification is an ideal technique for fabricating the bioactive compounds in a nano form. Formation and stabilization of nanoemulsion depends on the physi-cochemical characteristics of its constituents including oil phase, aqueous phase, and emulsifiers. This review is mainly focused on the instability mechanisms of nanoemulsion such as flocculation, Ostwald ripening, creaming, phase separation, coalescence, and sedimentation. Further, the major factors associated with these instability mechanisms like ionic strength, temperature, solubilization, particle size distribution, particle charge, pH strength, acid stability, and heat treatment are also discussed. Finally, safety issues of food grade nanoemulsions are highlighted.     

金属离子和食品添加剂对紫甘薯花色苷稳定性的影响

本文研究了4种金属离子Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、K+以及食品添加剂葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨酸钾、抗坏血酸对紫甘薯花色苷的影响。结果表明,K+、Zn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+使花色苷的吸光值增加,具有增色作用,有助于稳定紫甘薯花色苷构型。甜味剂葡萄糖、蔗糖均对紫甘薯花色苷有护色作用,山梨酸钾对紫甘薯花色苷无不良影响。抗坏血酸对紫甘薯花色苷有明显的破坏作用,抗坏血酸浓度为0.25mg/mL,50℃下保温3h,紫甘薯花色苷提取液吸光值下降39%。      

Extrusion of food proteins.

Protein extrusion has frustrated earlier predictions regarding its impact in the development of food products. The main reason for this disappointing performance has been its failure to yield fabricated food products with textural quality close enough to that of natural products at competitive prices. Texturized soya protein by extrusion is presently the only commercial success in this area, being incorporated into several convenience products, increasing their protein content and quality and conferring them some desirable sensory properties. Technological and scientific gaps in the extrusion texturization are still to be bridged if this technique is to be applied for upgrading unconventional protein. The precise mechanisms responsible for protein texturization through extrusion are still unclear. Proteins show a very wide range of extrusion behavior that is probably related to large differences in their association properties. New peptide bonds, formed by free amino and carboxylic groups of the protein, were postulated as being responsible for the cross-linking that takes place in protein extrusion. However, disulfide bonds and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are regarded presently as the texturization mechanism in this process. The recently suggested suspension (or filled "melt") model for biopolymer extrusion offered a new framework for testing extrusion of novel proteins. According to this view, the large differences between the association properties of proteins produce different types of aggregates. Some of them can be insoluble under extrusion conditions and act as a dispersed phase within the melt phase. The extrusion performance of a protein will thus depend on the amount of insoluble aggregate produced inside the extruder and on protein-protein interactions that occur after the superheated molten mass leaves it.     

婴幼儿食品添加剂维生素B2的稳定性研究

目的研究婴幼儿配方粉中影响维生素B2稳定性的因素。方法本实验通过紫外可见光分光光度法,研究了光照、温度、p H、金属离子、氧化剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂和糖类对维生素B2稳定性的影响。结果光照对维生素B2的影响最大,1 h损失率达到40%;金属离子中Mg2+5 h后会对B2造成约10%的损失;Fe3+和Cu2+可与维生素B2反应生成其他物质使B2造成破坏;维生素C在5 h后对维生素B2造成约13.8%的损失;常见的食品添加剂山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠、以及氧化剂双氧水对维生素B2的影响有限;葡萄糖不能造成维生素B2的损失,蔗糖可以造成20%的损失。结论维生素B2的稳定性受多种因素的影响,其中影响最大的是光照,某些金属离子、维生素C和蔗糖也会影响维生素B2的稳定性。     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass as a source of next-generation food preservatives: Evaluating potential proteins as a source of antimicrobial peptides

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main biotechnological tool for the production of Baker's or Brewer's biomasses, largely applied in beverage and fermented-food production. Through its gene expression reprogramming and production of compounds that inactivate the growth of other microorganisms, S. cerevisiae is able to grow in adverse environments and in complex microbial consortia, as in fruit pulps and root flour fermentations. The distinct set of up-regulated genes throughout yeast biomass propagation includes those involved in sugar fermentation, ethanol metabolization, and in protective responses against abiotic stresses. These high abundant proteins are precursors of several peptides with promising health-beneficial activities such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetes, and mitogenic properties. An in silico investigation of these S. cerevisiae derived peptides produced during yeast biomass propagation or induced by physicochemical treatments were performed using four algorithms to predict antimicrobial candidates encrypted in abundantly expressed stress-related proteins encoded by different genes like AHP1, TSA1, HSP26, SOD1, HSP10, and UTR2, or metabolic enzymes involved in carbon source utilization, like ENO1/2, TDH1/2/3, ADH1/2, FBA1, and PDC1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase II are noteworthy precursor proteins, since they exhibited the highest scores concerning the release of antimicrobial peptide candidates. Considering the set of genes upregulated during biomass propagation, we conclude that S. cerevisiae biomass, a food-grade product consumed and marketed worldwide, should be considered a safe and nonseasonal source for designing next-generation bioactive agents, especially protein encrypting antimicrobial peptides that display broad spectra activity and could reduce the emergence of microbial resistance while also avoiding cytotoxicity.     

Enhanced stability of crude protease from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by adding hydrocolloid for organic processed food uses

Crude protease originating from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was extracted for organic processed food uses. The protease included in the kiwifruit can be utilized for organic uses instead of current commercial enzymes from microbial origin, which are not suitable for organic processed food. Crude protease extracted by physical treatment rather than any biochemical purification methods was appropriate for the organic processed food uses. However, crude protease extract has been found to be unstable for processing and storage usage, which has to be modified to be stable by appropriate methods suitable for organic processed food uses. The proteolytic activity of the protease extracted from kiwifruit was measured using casein as a substrate. The decreased inactivation rate constant of crude protease treated with guar gum and locust bean gum within the temperature range of 30–50°C implied the enhanced stability of crude enzymes by treatment with hydrocolloid. The half-times of crude proteases treated with guar gum and locust bean gum were higher than the half-time of native crude protease at 40°C (optimum temperature of the native crude protease), with values of 55.45 min for the guar gum-treated sample, 50.23 min for the locust bean gum-treated sample and 23.26 min for the native sample, demonstrating the quantitative evidence of the enzyme stability. The relatively stable maintenance of the proteolytic activity has helped to realize hydrocolloid-treated enzyme to be used for hydrolytic function in organic processed food applications.     

食品胶对豆浆中活性成分异黄酮苷元热稳定性的影响

研究了羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、海藻酸钠、黄原胶等食品添加剂对豆浆热处理过程中活性成分异黄酮苷元热稳定性的影响。高效液相色谱分析表明,CMC、黄原胶、海藻酸钠都能减少黄豆苷元、大豆黄素、染料木黄酮三种异黄酮苷元的热损失,其中CMC效果最理想,海藻酸钠次之,黄原胶最差。食品胶的复配能够减少豆浆中异黄酮苷元热损失。CMC/海藻酸钠组合明显好于CMC/黄原胶和黄原胶/海藻酸钠两种组合,当CMC/海藻酸钠=3∶2时,在热处理条件为95℃,10min条件下,各异黄酮苷元热损失最少,黄豆苷元含量提高9·83%,大豆黄素12·67%,染料木黄酮18·63%。在三种食品胶共同复配组合中,CMC/黄原胶/海藻酸钠(4∶3∶3)组合的效果最好,黄豆苷元含量提高9·3%,大豆黄素10·13%,染料木黄酮18·26%。      

Physicochemical characteristics of weaning food formulated from different blends of cereal and soybean

 The physicochemical characteristics of porridges of adult and infant weaning food prepared from fermented blends of cereals and soybean are reported in this study. The pH of the formulated flour blends was less than 5.0 within 12 h of fermentation with F15B and F410B, attaining a pH of 3.4. Titratable acidity, which was not detected in unfermented samples, increased as the fermentation progressed. An increase in the gross energy content was noted with F25B, yielding a value of 439.0 kcal/100 g. All the fermented flour blends reconstituted well in boiling water and the water-holding capacity also increased. There was a slight difference in the bulk densities of the loose and packed flour. The index of gelatinization of unfermented formulated flour ranged from 82 (B. U.) in F15A to 334 (B. U.) in F310A. However, there was an increase in the values of the index of gelatinization of the blends at the end of the fermentation. All the blends had relatively low viscosities except F310B. Based on the parameters considered in this study, F15B is recommended as a potential infant and adult food. Received: 10 June 1996 / Revised version: 17 September 1997     

Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants

An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01–1.75 mg l^?1. Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.     

天然食用色素藻蓝蛋白的稳定性研究

采用冻融结合溶胀的方法从钝顶螺旋藻突变株(SP-Dz)中分离得到藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanion,PC),研究了不同因素对藻蓝蛋白稳定性的影响。实验结果表明:在低温、pH5、NaCl浓度为0.15mol/L条件下藻蓝蛋白稳定性好,适于保存或应用。多因素分析表明,对藻蓝蛋白稳定性影响最大的因素是温度,其次为保存时间,影响最小的是光强。     

以葛根粉酶解物为壁材的粉末油脂理化性质及稳定性研究

对以葛根粉酶解物为壁材的粉末油脂进行了感官评价和理化性质测定.结果表明:产品粉体洁白,有葛根粉的清香,颗粒细,流动性较好;产品水分为2.72％,包埋率达89.42％,溶解度为95.60％;复水乳液平均粒径为239.3 nm.扫描电镜结果显示,产品颗粒为表面光滑、内部空心的完整球形,其囊壁致密且有一定厚度,无裂纹和孔隙.差示扫描量热及热重分析结果表明,产品热熔解温度高,常温下处于稳定的玻璃态,具有良好的热稳定性.Schaal加速氧化试验结果表明,产品的氧化稳定性较好,在室温下的货架寿命可达16个月.     

Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a source of food additives

Exotic fruit consumption and processing is increasing worldwide due to the improvement in preservation techniques, transportation, marketing systems and consumer awareness of health benefits. The entire body of tropical exotic fruits is rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic constituents, carotenoids, vitamins and dietary fiber. However, the fruit processing industry deals with the large percentage of byproducts, such as peels, seeds and unused flesh, generated in the different steps of the processing chains. In most cases, the wasted byproducts can present similar or even higher contents of bioactive compounds than the final produce does. The aim of this review is to promote the production and processing of exotic fruits highlighting the possibility of the integral exploitation of byproducts rich in bioactive compounds. Amongst the possible uses for these compounds that can be found in the food industry are as antioxidants (avoiding browning and lipid oxidation and as functional food ingredients), antimicrobials, flavoring, colorants and texturizer additives. Finally, the importance of extraction techniques of bioactive compounds designated as food additives is also included.     

转Bar、Bt基因双抗大米外源基因在食品加工过程中稳定性的研究

旨在了解转Bar、Bt基因双抗大米外源基因在酒酿和米果加工过程中的稳定性,以转Bar、Bt基因双抗大米为原料,进行了6种不同方式的加工,并针对其加工品中外源基因(包括CaMV35S启动子、Ubiquitin启动子、NOS终止子、Bar基因和Bt基因)进行不同大小片段的PCR扩增。结果表明,实验中长度小于200bp的片段均具有较高的GC含量(NOS终止子除外)和良好的稳定性。      

浅析多种因素对番茄红素稳定性影响的研究

番茄红素是一种多聚烯烃链构成,具有不饱和开环结构的类胡萝卜素,其强抗氧化性可以抑制自由基和减少细胞损伤,降低癌症和心血管疾病的风险。然而番茄红素在加工过程中容易发生异构化和氧化。该实验研究了光、还原剂、温度、抗氧化剂、金属离子等对番茄红素稳定性的影响,为番茄红素的开发应用提供参考。其结果说明番茄红素在弱碱性,30℃左右,避光及有抗氧化剂和还原剂而没有Cu2+,Fe3+离子的情况下比较稳定。