Effects of yeast fermentation on transforming the volatile compounds of unsalted pork hydrolysate

This study investigated the possibility of transforming unsalted pork hydrolysate into a liquid seasoning by studying volatile compound production through yeast fermentation. The yeasts used included a typical soya sauce yeast and three wine yeasts. The yeasts inoculated in the glucose supplementary pork hydrolysate increased by approximately 2.0 log of CFU mL⁻¹ within 24 hours at 30°C without adding salt. Yeast fermentation largely depleted the abundant aldehydes (hexenal) present in unfermented pork hydrolysate to trace levels with the formation of ethanol, corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. The wine yeasts showed higher production of fruity esters such as ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate, whereas the soya sauce yeast produced more ketones such as acetone and 2-heptanone. This study revealed a potential method of producing a value-added meat hydrolysate from pork by-product.     

Characterization of flavour and volatile compounds of fermented squid using electronic nose and HPMS in combination with GC-MS

The present study investigated the flavour characteristics and key volatile components of fermented squid (Dosidicus gigas) as well as their formation mechanism by three different starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and natural squid. The sensory assessment, volatile compounds, as well as the amino acids of the mixed fermented squid were detected using pickled brine as samples of fermented squid. A total 88 types of volatile compounds were found in four samples by 0–72 h of fermentation. After fermentation by LAB, the volatile compounds of squid showed that the fermented squid with different started cultures differed mainly in terms of numbers of alcohols, ketones, and esters. Furthermore, the amounts of volatile compounds among three starter cultures were also obviously different. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis indicated that the mixed fermentation process contained relatively higher (+)-limonene (11.71%) (lemon scent) and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (5.72%) (creamy taste). These compounds were not detected in the control group. The main flavour compounds of nonanal and 2, 4-decadienal were gradually reduced. Meanwhile, 2, 3-butanedione, 2-heptanone, 2-pentylfuran, and nonanoic acid are the key flavour components. The total principal component is 94.01%, which were clarified by electronic nose in combination with principal components analysis. After mixed fermentation by LAB, the total amino acid (TAA) content reached 85.36 g/100 g, which was almost twice the amount of the control, especially in aspartate, glutamate, and threonine. Our results indicated that LAB has obvious effects on deodorization and flavour promotion during the fermentation of squid. This study provided an important basis for the further development and utilization of squid.     

蓝莓果汁发酵工艺优化及挥发性风味物质分析

为改善蓝莓果汁的风味,采用酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）和乳酸菌分阶段发酵工艺制备发酵蓝莓果汁。通过单因素试验与正交试验优化发酵蓝莓果汁发酵工艺条件,并利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术对发酵前后蓝莓果汁挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为酿酒酵母接种量2‰,植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）与干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）比例为3∶1,接种量为1.5‰,发酵时间18 h,发酵温度34 ℃。在此优化条件下,发酵蓝莓果汁总酯含量为101.3 mg/L。GC-MS结果表明,发酵后蓝莓果汁共检出19种挥发性香气成分,其中酯类8种,醇类6种、醛类3种,酚类1种及烯烃类1种。与未发酵蓝莓果汁比较,发酵后的蓝莓果汁挥发性风味物质增加10种,其中酯类、醇类物质分别增加7种、3种,含量是未发酵蓝莓果汁的44.6倍、12.8倍。因此,发酵后蓝莓果汁风味物质更加丰富。     

乳酸菌发酵对富源酸菜品质及安全性的影响

采用液态发酵方式,比较乳酸菌发酵和自然发酵的富源酸菜在整个贮藏过程中不同时段的感官、理化指标和微生物变化的规律,评价两种发酵方式对富源酸菜品质及安全性的影响。试验结果表明:与自然发酵相比,乳酸菌发酵的富源酸菜感官品质更优;亚硝酸盐含量较低且亚硝峰值出现得较早、pH值较低、总酸含量较高;乳酸菌活菌数量更多,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数量都较少;大肠杆菌未检出。说明乳酸菌发酵制作的富源酸菜在品质及安全性方面都优于自然发酵的富源酸菜。     

酵母菌与乳酸菌发酵对小米淀粉粘度的影响

自然发酵受环境和微生物的影响大,难实现发酵产品的大规模生产。故研究自然发酵优势菌对小米淀粉的影响很有必要。选取内蒙古赤峰生产的黄金苗小米为原料,利用自然发酵纯化的酵母菌与乳酸菌为菌种进行纯种发酵96 h,并且与自然发酵后的小米淀粉比较,分析淀粉的粘度、衰减值和回生值的变化。采用0.2 g/100 m L的Na OH溶液提取3 h的方法来提取发酵后小米中的淀粉,并对其发酵液中固形物的含量、p H、淀粉的粘度特性、偏光十字进行测定。结果表明,三种发酵方法所得的发酵液中总固形物的含量都增加;较自然发酵相比,发酵前24 h乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵液中的p H下降迅速,之后变化缓慢;淀粉粘度特性表明,乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵终止时,其粘度的起始温度、衰减值、回生值较自然发酵相比都下降,峰值粘度较自然发酵相比都上升,乳酸菌发酵和酵母菌发酵的最终粘度与自然发酵相比有所增加,偏光十字显示无论是自然发酵酵母菌发酵还是乳酸菌发酵,发酵后的淀粉颗粒仍具有偏光十字,说明发酵未改变淀粉的结晶结构。      

Modulation of aroma compounds in yeast and lactic acid bacterium co-fermented pork hydrolysates by thermal treatment and addition of aroma precursors (cysteine and xylose)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation coupled with thermal treatment methods in valorising a type of industrially generated meat by-product: pork trimmings, so as to produce a value-added meat-based flavouring. The pork trimmings were first hydrolysed using a protease (Flavourzyme) under optimised conditions and then fermented into liquid hydrolysates with mixed Lactobacillus fermentum and Pichia kluyveri; afterwards, xylose and cysteine were added to the fermented hydrolysates for heat treatment. A characteristic “savoury and roasted-meat” aroma was produced due to the formation of potent sulphur-containing volatile compounds such as 2-furfurylthiol and methionol, though the browning intensity was inhibited due to the presence of cysteine. The thermal treatment did not significantly affect the fruity and sweet-smelling ester volatiles such as isoamyl acetate and hexyl acetate that resulted from microbial fermentation. The decreases of amino acids and xylose might be due to their active participation in the Maillard reaction. The produced pork hydrolysates that imparted a unique aroma could be applied as a flavour enhancer or seasoning in the food industry.     

醋酸和乳酸结合处理对冷却猪肉贮藏性的影响

实验对浓度为1%～4%醋酸和乳酸结合(1:1)处理对冷却猪肉保藏性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,2%以上的醋酸和乳酸混合液可有效降低肉样的初始菌落总数和大肠菌群数,并延缓细菌在贮藏过程中的生长和pH值以及TVBN值的增加,可延长猪肉贮藏期7d。同时,4%浓度的混合液可导致肉样轻微的变色和残留的混合酸味,因此,浓度为2%～3%的醋酸和乳酸混合液是较为合理的处理浓度。     

乳酸菌发酵柿汁的制备工艺

介绍了以柿子汁为原料制备乳酸菌发酵饮料的工艺流程,并对原材料和发酵产品的一些营养指标进行了测量。实验表明,乳酸菌发酵的最佳条件是发酵温度30℃、接种量6%、菌种AS1.1482∶6038=2∶1。产品既保留了部分柿子汁的原有风味,又具有乳酸发酵形成的特殊风味,营养价值较高,有一定的保健作用。     

蔬菜乳酸菌腌渍发酵过程亚硝酸盐变化研究

研究了蔬菜腌渍发酵过程中添加乳酸菌纯培养液对亚硝酸盐含量变化的影响。实验结果表明,接种乳酸菌能降低蔬菜腌渍发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量。4组乳酸菌腌渍发酵实验中,接种混合菌种(干酪乳杆菌∶鼠李糖乳杆菌∶植物乳杆菌=1∶1∶1)对蔬菜湿腌发酵时菜料和菜汤的亚硝酸盐含量降低效果最佳,接种植物乳杆菌对蔬菜干腌发酵时菜料亚硝酸盐含量降低作用最显著。     

清炖与红烧猪肉挥发性风味成分的GC-MS比较

对清炖猪肉、红烧猪肉及生猪肉的挥发性风味成份用GC-MS进行了对比,在原料、清炖猪肉和红烧猪肉中分别检测出挥发性风味成份576、8和69种。清炖猪肉中肉香贡献化合物总数明显大于生猪肉,同时与生猪肉相比,得出清炖猪肉特有香气化合物36种,这些物质主要是由生肉中的风味前体物质在加热过程中产生的;与清炖猪肉相比,红烧猪肉特有...     

乳酸菌发酵在谷物产品中的应用及研究进展

谷物食品是人类能量摄入的主要来源之一,随着人们生活水平的提高,谷物食品的营养价值和食用品质受到了广泛关注。发酵是改善食品性质、功能及营养缺陷的重要方法,也是谷物加工的重要手段。乳酸菌能够利用碳水化合物进行生长代谢,在食品工业中被广泛应用于各种发酵制品,其发酵产生的代谢产物有许多重要的生理功能,包括调节肠道菌群平衡、提高免疫力、抗菌和抗肿瘤等。因此,乳酸菌发酵在谷物食品中的研究与应用,对提升食品品质具有重要意义。本文综述了乳酸菌发酵对谷物营养成分、生物功能和结构、理化性质的影响,总结了乳酸菌发酵谷物产品的优势以及乳酸菌发酵在多种谷物产品中的应用,分析了乳酸菌发酵谷物食品目前研究的不足及可能的发展方向, 拟为乳酸菌发酵在谷物中的研究与开发提供参考。     

渗透压胁迫对耐盐乳酸菌发酵特性的影响

采用传统分离培养法从新疆伊犁昭苏县土壤样品中分离筛选耐盐乳酸菌,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并探究高盐胁迫（7%、8% NaCl）下其生长速率、产酸性能、耐酸、耐胆盐胁迫能力的变化。结果表明,筛选得到4株耐盐乳酸菌,其中菌株a、b、c被鉴定为海氏肠球菌（Enterococcus hirae）,菌株d被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。在高盐胁迫（7%、8% NaCl）下,L. plantarum d的生长特性、产酸及耐酸性能最好,但耐胆盐能力最差,E. hirae a、b、c的耐胆盐胁迫能力更佳;在10%和12%的NaCl含量下胁迫3 h,4株菌的存活率均能维持在36%以上,其中E. hirae b的耐盐能力最佳,存活率最高。     

不同乳酸菌发酵对红枣汁贮藏品质的影响

比较益生乳酸菌发酵对红枣汁贮藏品质的影响,以鲜榨并经杀菌的红枣浆为实验对象,分别接种德式乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和植物乳杆菌进行纯种乳酸菌发酵,比较发酵24 h后,并在4℃贮藏过程中乳酸菌活菌数、可溶性固形物、p H、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸、总酚、多糖、蛋白质和色泽等变化。结果显示,德式乳杆菌在发酵24 h贮藏7 d时达到最大的活菌量(6.54 log₁₀CFU/m L),嗜热链球菌在贮藏14 d时达到最大的活菌量(6.38 log₁₀CFU/m L);德式乳杆菌发酵的红枣汁可溶性固形物含量和p H低于嗜热链球菌组和植物乳杆菌组,且产生的可滴定酸含量显著高于这两组。然而,三种乳酸菌发酵对红枣汁中的抗坏血酸、多酚和蛋白质含量没有显著影响。经低温贮藏28 d后,德式乳杆菌组的L*值在贮藏14 d后显著高于其他两组。综合以上,采用德式乳杆菌发酵红枣浆可获得酸度更低,色泽更透亮的发酵红枣汁产品。      

乳酸发酵辣椒粉工艺研究

研究了利用植物乳酸杆菌、肠膜状明串珠菌、嗜酸乳杆菌组成的混合培养体系发酵辣椒粉的生产工艺及各种主要影响因素。结果表明,采用乳酸菌10%、蔗糖4%、葡萄糖3%的培养液,在不同发酵时期,25~37℃不同温度控制发酵,辣椒粉产酸、口感俱佳。     

不同乳酸菌发酵对菠萝浆品质的影响

以菠萝浆为原料,添加干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和肠膜状明串珠菌单一或复配发酵,测定发酵24 h后的蛋白酶酶活、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）酶活、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、挥发性物质及冻干成粉后的维生素C含量。结果表明,乳酸菌单一发酵效果整体上要好于复配发酵,干酪乳杆菌单独发酵可使菠萝浆的SOD酶活保持在97.70 U/g,总酚含量达到最高（0.51 mg没食子酸当量（GAE）/g）;植物乳杆菌单独发酵菠萝浆时蛋白酶活性最好（821.00 U/mL）,同时DPPH自由基清除能力最高,达到5.37 μmol Trolox当量（TE）/g;肠膜状明串珠菌单独发酵组的维生素C含量最高,为4.73 mg/g;菠萝浆经干酪乳酸菌和植物乳杆菌单独发酵后,鉴定出的挥发性成分分别达到29和28种。综上,选择干酪乳杆菌或植物乳杆菌单独发酵菠萝浆能获得较好的品质。     

柳松菇抽提物对乳酸菌发酵性状的影响

将柳松菇抽提物添加到脱脂乳中，以嗜热链球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌为发酵剂制成发酵乳，考察柳松菇抽提物对发酵乳的凝乳时间、凝乳效果、在发酵及贮存过程中乳酸菌的生长、滴定酸度、pH值、黏度及感官性状等的影响。结果表明，5％的添加量能明显促进乳酸菌在乳中的生长，提高产酸速率，缩短凝乳时间，增强凝乳效果，改善发酵乳品质。     

红曲霉和乳酸菌发酵低温猪肉火腿肠工艺优化及品质分析

为探究红曲霉和乳酸菌发酵工艺对低温猪肉火腿肠品质的影响,通过单因素研究红曲霉添加量、乳酸菌添加量、发酵温度对低温猪肉火腿肠理化指标、感官品质和质构的影响,以感官评分为响应值,通过Box-Behnken响应面设计优化发酵工艺。结果表明,低温猪肉火腿肠最佳发酵工艺为红曲霉添加量4.0%,乳酸菌添加量5.0%,发酵时间44 h。在此最佳发酵工艺条件下,低温猪肉火腿肠呈浅红色,口感柔和,感官评分为82.5分,pH值6.24,亚硝酸盐含量为4.9 mg/kg,且4.0%红曲霉和5.0%乳酸菌可替代84.31%亚硝酸盐对低温猪肉火腿肠进行发色。     

Malolactic fermentation of Tempranillo wine: contribution of the lactic acid bacteria inoculation to sensory quality and chemical composition

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) of Tempranillo Rioja wines (Spain) inoculated with two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were studied and compared with spontaneous MLF. Inoculation with selected Oenococcus oeni lyophila shortened MLF duration up to 19 days and lead to wines with more fresh and fruity characters, especially when implantation was 100%. We demonstrated modifications in the concentration of volatile and nitrogenous compounds and a good correlation between analytical and sensory attributes was also noted. In addition, the low initial amino acid concentration and the consumption of these compounds by the inoculated yeast strain during alcoholic fermentation resulted in wines with very low biogenic amines levels (under 3.75 mg L^?1) after MLF and 3 month storage period in all cases. The results showed the significance of choose the most suitable starter to elaborate quality wines and suggest the control of amino acid content in must and wine to prevent the formation of biogenic amines.     

四川传统发酵肉中乳酸菌的分离及发酵特性研究

对四川传统发酵肉中乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,并对其发酵特性进行研究。以四川腊肉为研究对象,采用平板划线法对乳酸菌进行分离纯化,利用16S r DNA的序列测定技术对其鉴定,并对分离菌株在不同温度、p H、Na Cl浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度条件下的生长代谢、产酸能力进行研究,并对发酵产物中游离氨基酸进行测定分析。结果表明:筛选出的一株优势乳酸菌经分子生物学鉴定为戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)。分离菌株对数生长期为6~18 h;最适发酵温度30℃,发酵p H5.5;对Na Cl及Na NO2耐受能力分别高达10%和150 mg/L;其代谢产物中共测出16种游离氨基酸,共包含5种人体必需氨基酸。