谈污水处理中的紫外线消毒

简述了城市污水消毒标准与消毒方法,阐明了紫外线消毒的消毒机理,比较了液氯消毒与紫外线消毒的优缺点,并进行经济比较,认为紫外线消毒是更为经济的,并且具有光谱性,在中国的城市污水处理尾水消毒领域是值得推广的好工艺。     

紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用研究

介绍了紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用情况,并进行了二次供水紫外线消毒实验。结果表明:①紫外线消毒会使二次供水中的余氯略有降低,但是仍满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的限值要求;②紫外线消毒在80 m J/cm²辐射剂量内仅小幅改变水中部分有机物的官能团;③紫外线消毒对二次供水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的浓度和生成几乎没有影响。     

污水处理中的紫外消毒技术

介绍了紫外消毒的机理及在污水处理中影响紫外消毒的一些因素以及紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用     

紫外线消毒在污水处理中的应用

为了保护好水环境,阐述了城市污水消毒的必要性和标准要求,分析比较了紫外线消毒与传统加氯消毒的优缺点．展示了紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用前景。     

气载致病微生物和空气消毒技术

近年来全球频繁暴发通过空气传播的传染疾病,造成疫情的大范围传播,给人类健康带来严重威胁。空气中的病毒和细菌属于气载微生物,可以在空气中存活并进行传播。这种传播方式相较于水、土壤等其他媒介的传播,具有传播速度快、影响范围广的特点,极易引起社会恐慌。介绍了气载致病微生物及其危害,阐明了气载致病微生物的存在形式和传播途径,归纳总结了国内外在空气微生物控制方面的相关标准,并系统介绍了各类空气消毒技术和净化设备的特点和应用情况。     

北美给水厂紫外线消毒系统设计方法简介

近十年来,北美地区紫外线消毒技术在大型的公共供水系统中得到广泛应用,国内的紫外线自来水消毒技术的应用则刚刚起步。简要介绍了北美地区给水厂紫外线消毒系统的设计方法,供国内设计工作者参考。     

Modeling and efficiency of ultraviolet disinfection systems

Modeling can play a particularly useful role in ultraviolet (u.v.) disinfection because of difficulties in measuring u.v. dose and the immediate results of disinfection. This model predicts bacterial survival in flow-through systems. The calculation takes into account the complex intensity patterns, non-ideal flow patterns, and non-linear curves of log survival vs u.v. dose. Based on the organismal dose-response, the number of survivors in each fraction of the residence time distribution is calculated separately and summed to calculate the average survival. The model uses as input data: the average u.v. intensity within the system, the residence time distribution, and an experimentally determined dose-survival curve in a simplified system where dose can be directly measured. The predictions of the model corresponded well with measured survival in a u.v. pilot plant study. The model was used to show the effects of flow dispersion on average survival by varying residence time distribution. Measures of capacity and efficiency of u.v. systems were derived and illustrated experimentally in simple cylindrical batch units and in two multiple lamp units.     

紫外消毒出水的微生物光复活及其控制技术

污水厂出水经紫外线（UV）消毒后在排放过程中会出现微生物的复活现象，为此考察了采用UV-氯和UV-过氧乙酸（PAA）控制光复活的效果。经研究发现：在UV照射剂量为5．4mJ／cm^2、投氯量为2．5mg／L、反应时间为10min和UV照射剂量为5．4mJ／cm^2、过氧乙酸投量为10mg／L、反应时间为10min的条件下，对大肠菌群的灭活率均可达4个对数级以上，并能控制光复活现象。从消毒稳定性、经济适用性、安全毒副性等方面考虑，可采用UV—PAA作为污水厂出水消毒及抑制光复活的技术。     

明渠水下照射式紫外线消毒系统的设计

针对常用的明渠水下照射式污水紫外线消毒系统的设计,探讨了明渠水下照射式污水紫外线消毒系统的紫外灯型式的选择、紫外剂量的确定方法以及设计流量的确定,介绍了消毒明渠及其水位控制器的设计方法。     

CASS工艺出水的紫外消毒系统改造

某污水处理厂采用紫外线对CASS池出水进行消毒,实际运行中由于CASS池出水流量波动与设计值差距较大,造成紫外消毒系统损坏,杀菌效果达不到设计要求。通过对紫外消毒系统进行技术改造,出水水质能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。介绍了紫外消毒系统的改造方案,可为今后采用紫外线对CASS反应池出水进行消毒的工艺提供参考。     

Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts using medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation in filtered drinking water

The effect of medium pressure ultraviolet radiation on Giardia muris was studied using a collimated beam apparatus with filtered surface water from the Grand River, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. UV doses ranged from 5 to 83 mJ/cm² and resulted in 2–3 log-units of reduction in infectivity measured by a C3H/HeN mouse infectivity model. In vitro excystation and nucleic acid staining with Live/Dead BacLight^™ greatly underestimated the inactivation of Giardia when compared with animal infectivity. Medium pressure ultraviolet radiation is a potential alternative to conventional chemical disinfection methods.     

“紫外线+氯”联合消毒技术用于十堰市第三水厂工程

介绍了十堰市第三水厂工程紫外线+氯联合消毒技术的设计概况。提出在净水厂中采用多屏障消毒技术,不仅可以满足新国标对病原微生物指标控制的要求,同时可以提升水厂的应急能力。     

Microbiological Aspects of Water Quality and Health

Historically, typhoid and cholera are well-recognized waterborne infections. Advances in laboratory techniques over the past 20 years have enabled a wide range of other faccally-excreted bacteria, viruses and protozoa to be identified as causing gastrointestinal infections. Record outbreaks are referred to where some of these micro-organisms have been spread by the contamination of drinking water, either at source or during distribution. This has usually happened when the water was untreated, or where there have been failures of the disinfection process or breaches in the integrity of the distribution system. Recent waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have underlined the importance of adequate filtration in the prevention of waterborne transmission of this protozoon, the oocysts of which are completely resistant to the levels of chlorine that can be attained in water treatment practice. An outline is given of the current processes by which pathogenic micro-organisms are excluded from drinking-water supplies; their potential deficiencies for dealing with some of the 'newer' waterborne pathogens are also discussed.     

紫外线消毒反应器的生物验证试验研究

紫外线消毒技术存在无持续消毒效应、不能在线监测等缺点,因此为了保证紫外线消毒的安全可靠,必须对所设计的紫外反应器进行生物验证试验,以确保反应器的消毒效果和剂量。通过对加拿大紫外消毒反应器在不同透光率下的消毒效果和剂量进行研究,建立了该反应器所对应的紫外线剂量-灭活率曲线。结果表明,该反应器对MS-2噬菌体具有良好的灭活效果。     

Disinfection of Sewage Effluents: The Jersey Experience

About 35 years ago the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands set about rationalizing and modernizing its sewage-treatment operations. Treatment was carried out in one central, advanced sewagetreatment works producing a Royal Commission effluent which received nominal dilution in a small stream before discharging into the sea in one of the foremost bathing areas on the island.
In 1989, a thorough investigation was carried out on the options to secure an environmentally acceptable solution to effluent disposal. The investigation concluded that disinfection, in combination with a change to the outfall discharge point, offered the most cost-effective solution. Alternative disinfection techniques were identified, which recognized the nature and sensitivity of the receiving waters and the limited space available on the site. Only ultraviolet disinfection was suitable.
An ultraviolet disinfection system depends on the exposure of the micro-organisms causing disease to their germicidal wavelength. Light of this wavelength (about 253.7 nanometres) is absorbed by the nucleic acids in the cell which damages or rearranges the genetic information, effectively rendering the cell unable to replicate and resulting in the death of the cell.
In over 300 installations in North America the system has proven to be reliable, simple, economic and, above all, environmentally acceptable.
An ultraviolet disinfection system is currently being installed at Bellozanne, Jersey.     

太阳能LED路灯是否节能

在光效、工作原理、价格、发展趋势等方面将LED光源同其他常用道路照明光源进行比较,论证了LED作为太阳能路灯的光源是否合理。分析了光伏电池发电同太阳辐射之间的关系,路灯的运行特点,计算出独立运行的太阳能路灯光伏组件的季节性损失,通过查找文献得到光伏组件由于其他不利因素而导致的损失,得出太阳能光伏组件的最终利用率,进而计算出其在全寿命周期内的能量回收期。由计算结果得出独立运行的太阳能路灯光伏组件利的用率过低,能量回收期过长,独立运行的太阳能路灯并不节能。     

The Pre-design of Berenplaat Water-Treatment Works, Rotterdam: Additional Processes to Achieve Biologically Stable Water

Biological regrowth in a water distribution system can be avoided by either maintaining a free chlorine residual to suppress growth or controlling conditions which may support growth, or by a combination of both. Micro-organisms will grow in water only if nutrients are present in sufficient amounts; conversely the reduction of biodegradable nutrients in water is vitally important in controlling the regrowth of microorganisms and zooplankton in the distribution system. The measurement of assimilable organic carbon has been developed as a way of evaluating the concentration of biodegradable material which is available to support such biological growth.
This paper describes the pilot-plant and full-scale studies carried out at the Berenplaat water-treatment works, Rotterdam to (a) improve disinfection, (b) eliminate the formation of trihalomethanes and other halogenated compounds formed by chlorination, and (c) reduce the final water assimilable organic carbon concentrations to very low levels, so that a high degree of biological stability can be maintained in the distribution system.