Some Physical,Chemical, and Rheological Properties of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L) Moench) Pekmez (Molasses)

Some physical, chemical properties and the rheological behaviour of the sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) pekmez (molasses) were determined. The rheological behaviour of the sweet sorghum pekmez (concentrated sorghum juice) with different soluble solid contents (75.1, 72.4, 66.5, and 59.4 °Brix) was determined in the temperature range of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50°C using a rotational viscometer equipped with spindle 5 at the speed (share rate) of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rpm. An empirical power law model was used to describe the rheological behavior of the sweet sorghum pekmez with correlation coefficients (R²) between 0.922 and 0.986. The sweet sorghum pekmez exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior. An Arrhenius equation was used to describe the effect of temperature on viscosity and E_a value of the sweet sorghum pekmez was calculated as 31 350 J/mol. Depending on the soluble solids contents, the activation energies for flow of diluted samples vary from 52.27 to 24.50 kJmol^?1. The effect of °Brix on viscosity can be described by the power-law equation. Experimental data were fitted to power law and exponential model in order to describe the effect of temperature and soluble dry matter content. Density and Electrical conductivity were measured 1.3915 g/cm³ and 13.53 mS/cm, respectively. The color as L, a and b value were measured 19.07, + 4.0, and + 2.18, respectively.     

Antinutrients (phytic acid,polyphenols) and minerals (Ca,Fe) availability (in vitro) of chickpea and lentil cultivars

High yielding cultivars of chickpea (Desi and Kabuli) (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens esculenta) were analysed for their total mineral content, per cent availability (in vitro) of minerals and level of antinutrients. Gora Hisari (Kabuli chickpea), Haryana channa (Desi chickpea) and La-12 (lentil) were found superior. These cultivars contain highest per cent availability (in vitro) of calcium and iron and lowest values of phytic acid and polyphenols compared to other cultivan of chickpea and lentil.     

Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide--water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II) was more strongly adsorbed to birnessite (delta-MnO1.7) than to manganite (gamma-MnOOH) under all experimental conditions. The isoteric heat of Pb adsorption (delta HT) or birnessite was 94 kJ mol-1 at a surface loading of 1.1 mmol g-1, and decreased with increasing adsorption density. This indicated that adsorption was an endothermic process and that birnessite possessed heterogeneous sites of reactivity for Pb. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra revealed that Pb was adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on both birnessite and manganite with no evidence to suggest oxidation as an operative sorption mechanism. Lead appeared to coordinate to vacancy sites in the birnessite layer structure with concurrent release of Mn to solution, which resulted in a greater number of second shell Mn scatterers in Pb-birnessite when compared to Pb-manganite samples. The difference in Pb coordination apparently explained the contrasting desorption behavior between the two Mn minerals. These results have significant implications for Pb partitioning in soil environments containing solid-phase Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxides.     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅳ)

<正> 2 氧化与疾病 人体内在氧的利用过程中,会因各种内因性或外因性原因而产生各种活性氧和自由基。但体内也有各种消除活性氧和自由基的防御系统,以免组织遭伤害。但当人体内出现各种各样负荷状态时,就会使活性氧和自由基的形成和消除之间平衡丧失,从而诱发各种组织损伤和疾病。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(XV)

<正> 4.7 维生素C抗氧化作用 维生素C有四种异构体,包括L-抗坏血酸、D-抗坏血酸、L-异抗坏血酸和D-异抗坏血酸,习惯上仅将L-抗坏血酸(AsA)称作V_C,因除D-异抗坏血酸有约1/20L-抗坏血酸所具有抗坏血病生理功效外,另两种均无活性。但在抗氧化性能方面,上述四种性能相同,故D-异抗坏血酸因生产成本低等因素而成为在食品中有用抗氧化剂。V_C是一种抗坏血病因子,因人、猿和豚鼠等难以在体内合成而列为必须微量营养素。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(ⅩⅢ)

<正> 4.2.1类胡萝卜素对单线态氧消除作用 类胡萝卜素能消除单线态氧,已于1968年由Foote和Denney[13]得到证实。由叶绿素之类光敏剂吸收光能后,引发三重态氧激发态,使三重态氧3O2引发反应而产生单线态氧1O2。类胡萝卜素吸收1O2能量而使之回复至三重态氧,自己成为吸附能量类胡萝卜素,经放出热能后重新回至普通类胡萝卜素,同时消除1O2(见图6)。这种消除1O2能力只能在有9个以上共轭双键的类胡萝卜素才具备,如只有五个共轭双键的视黄醇就无法消除1O2[14]。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(十八)

<正>4.9 辅酶Q 辅酶Q(coenzyme Q)亦称泛醌(ubiquinone),其还原型称泛醇(ubiquinol)。广泛存在于生物界,是线粒体在氧化还原循环中电子传递重要物质,是生物体内脂溶性维生素类物质,也是细胞自身产生天然抗氧化剂,能激活细胞呼吸,加速生产ATP,抑制线粒体过     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅰ)

该文对自由基所引起的氧化胁迫和伤害,以及各种抗氧化防御系统进展,作一综述。     

氧化、疾病、抗氧化( III)

1.3.3修复和再生型抗氧化物 人体对氧化伤害第三道防线,是受到自由基DNA、脂类、膜脂质、蛋白和遗传因子等损伤部分的修复,以及酰基转移酶(acyltransferase)等酶类再生,其中担负主要作用的有磷脂酶、蛋白酶和核酸修复酶等.     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅱ)

<正> 1.2.2 对蛋白质伤害 自由基对蛋白质伤害作用,主要可分为以下几类: 第一类是使蛋白质肽链断裂。 第二类是蛋白质分子发生交联聚合而生成变性高聚物,是蛋白质分子一种链式聚合作用。 第三类是蛋白质结构上氨基酸发生氧化脱氨之类反应。 第四类是自由基攻击酶蛋白,使其改变结构而导致酶的活力丧失。如自由基作用于酶蛋白中巯基,使成为二硫键结     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅺ)

该文对氧化在衰老中作用和抗氧化物在抗衰老中作用等进展作一综述     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅷ)

<正> 2.6氧化与消化道疾病2.6.1胃粘膜病变和抗氧化物质 曾有不少关于胃粘膜病变模型与活性氧之间关系文章,及给予活性氧消除剂后消除胃粘膜损伤报告[66.67]。有人[68]曾用接有反射分光光度计内窥镜,研究胃粘膜血流和氧的代谢变化时胃粘膜出血性病变形成所产生重大影响,而SOD和CAT能缓解胃粘膜     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅹ)

<正> 3氧化与衰老 衰老是人体各器官功能开始逐步降低一种生理现象,是一个缓慢渐进过程,是一种不可避免自然规律。但这过程可因氧化而加速(如吸烟等),也可因抗氧化而延缓。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(十七)

<正>4.8.3维生素E对脂蛋白和血管保护作用 低密度脂蛋白(LDL)是人体血浆中携带大量胆固醇主要蛋白质,也含有大量亚油酸和花生四烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸,这些成分极易氧化变性而成为过氧化物,氧化LDL不能再结合到LDL受体上,而是与巨噬细胞清除受体相结合,并形成泡沫细胞,这是导致     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化( VI)

2.4氧化与糖尿病 　　人体每次进食后,血液中葡萄糖水平就会升高,使全身细胞周围葡萄糖浓度也升高,包括胰腺β-细胞.     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅸ)

<正> 2.8 氧化与肝病 肝脏是人体内最大消化腺体,在人体内起着中央化学处理功能,即吸收来自小肠血液各种营养物质,分解各种不利毒物并排出各种废物。近年来,病毒性肝炎、脂肪肝、酒精性肝病、肝纤维化、肝硬化、中毒性肝脏病变、肝癌等发病率有不断上升趋势,尤其是由甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚型肝炎病毒所引起肝炎,面广量大,成为当今社会一大病源。据2003年初统计,全世界约有3亿乙肝病毒携带者,其中中国约有1.2亿,中国每年因肝病死亡人数达35万,每年约有75～120万名孕妇为乙肝病毒携带者,其中50％～90％婴儿     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(二十)

<正>5.2 茶叶多酚 茶叶消费已有数千年历史,并遍及五大洲,其除 诱人清香外,并因具种种药效和生理功能而成为人们 日常生活中不可或缺食物。据不完全统计,我国16 种古中医书中曾记载其有20项、219条药效,在4,700 多年前就有"神农尝百草,日遇七十二毒,得茶而解 之"记载。唐代《本草拾遗》中有"诸药为各病之药,茶 为万病之药"记载,说明其功效甚多。即使在边疆地 区,生活在青藏高原、蒙古高原及绵延数千里丝绸之 路两侧的蒙、藏、回等十多个少数民族,由于气候寒 冷、干燥,缺乏蔬菜,以牛羊和奶酪等为主食,砖茶就 成为他们特需品,故有"一日无茶则滞、三日无茶则 痛","宁可三日无粮,不可一日无茶"之说。仅内蒙一 地每年约需"边销茶"7,500吨。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(Ⅻ)

<正> 4食品中维生素类抗氧化作用 人体内抗氧化防御系统成分及其大致情况,参见表1。各种酶类和蛋白基本上属于内源性抗氧化物。外源性抗氧化物则为各种抗氧化维生素、组成抗氧化酶微量元素及具有抗氧化能力植物化学成分,包括多酚类、类黄酮、花色素苷类、酚酸类等。     

氧化·疾病·抗氧化(ⅩⅥ)

<正>4.8维生素E抗氧化作用4.8.1概述 近年来,活性氧和自由基对各种疾病之间关系日益明显,在各种疾病发生和病症中,自由基起着重要角色,因此如何抑制自由基以防治各种疾病已引起广泛关注。 维生素E(VE)是防御体内脂质过氧化反应第一道防线。VE能中止自由基对各种生物膜攻击和伤害,能