Sensory and physical quality characteristics of bread fortified with apple pomace using fuzzy mathematical model

Apple pomace, after different processing procedures, was added into wheat flour in bread production to improve the dietary fibre content of breads. A fuzzy mathematical model was used in the sensory assessment of bread to improve the reliability of final conclusion. The addition of both apple pomace (AP) and skimmed apple pomace (SAP) reduced the extensibility and improved the resistance of wheat dough compared to the control sample. Wheat dough fortified with apple pomace of differing particle sizes did not have significant effects on either farinograph properties or extensograph properties. Sensory assessment of bread based on fuzzy mathematical model indicated that optimum concentration of apple pomace, both AP and SAP, added into wheat dough was 3%. Such results may be of importance when considering the use of apple pomace in bread production so as to enhance the dietary fibre intake, and also improve the sensory properties of bread.     

Sensory and chemical characteristics of trans‐resveratrol‐fortified wine

Background and Aims: trans‐Resveratrol (tR) is a grape‐derived polyphenolic that is believed to confer considerable health benefits to humans. Its concentration in wine, however, is highly variable, and thus direct fortification of wine with tR has been proposed to create a high‐value, health‐promoting wine product. This study determines the sensory and chemical characteristics of tR fortified white and red wine. Methods and Results: Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon wines were enriched with 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L tR. Basic chemical and sensory indicators of wine quality, trans‐ and cis‐resveratrol concentrations, and antioxidant capacity were assessed at bottling and at 6, 18, 31, 44 and 58 weeks post‐bottling. tR concentrations in bottled wine remained relatively stable throughout the 58‐week period of this study. In addition, tR‐enriched wines had a significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared with control wine, and Cabernet Sauvignon fortified at both tR concentrations had greater colour intensity. Basic chemical indicators of wine quality were not affected by tR fortification, and sensory changes were minimal, with higher bitterness intensity in Riesling fortified at 200 mg/L tR the most consistent finding. Conclusions: tR is relatively stable in wine during bottle aging, and tR enrichment up to 200 mg/L results in minimal change to wine quality, particularly with red wine. Significance of Study: This is the first study to investigate the chemical and sensory characteristics of tR‐enriched wines. Results indicate that these products may have considerable potential for the functional food market.     

Effect of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate particle size on Cheddar cheese composition and quality

Iron-fortified Cheddar cheese was manufactured with large microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (LMFS; 700–1,000 µm in diameter) or small microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (SMFS; 220–422 µm in diameter). Cheeses were aged 90 d. Compositional, chemical, and sensory characteristics were compared with control cheeses, which had no ferrous sulfate added. Compositional analysis included fat, protein, ash, moisture, as well as divalent cations iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay was conducted to determine lipid oxidation. A consumer panel consisting of 101 participants evaluated the cheeses for flavor, texture, appearance, and overall acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. Results showed 66.0% iron recovery for LMFS and 91.0% iron recovery for SMFS. Iron content was significantly increased from 0.030 mg of Fe/g in control cheeses to 0.134 mg of Fe/g of cheese for LMFS and 0.174 mg of Fe/g of cheese for SMFS. Fat, protein, ash, moisture, magnesium, zinc, and calcium contents were not significantly different when comparing iron-fortified cheeses with the control. Iron fortification did not increase lipid oxidation; however, iron fortification negatively affected Cheddar cheese sensory attributes, particularly the LMFS fortified cheese. Microencapsulation of ferrous sulfate failed to mask iron's distinct taste, color, and odor. Overall, SMFS showed better results compared with LMFS for iron retention and sensory evaluation in Cheddar cheese. Results of this study show that size of the microencapsulated particle is important in the retention of the iron in the cheese and its sensory attributes. This study provides new information on the importance of particle size with microencapsulated nutrients.     

强化葡萄籽超微粉蛋糕的感官品质及其抗氧化研究

葡萄籽含有丰富的多酚类物质,具有很强的抗氧化活性和抵抗多种疾病的能力。本研究建立了适宜的焙烤工艺,将葡萄籽超微粉以5%、10%、15%三种不同浓度添加到蛋糕中,最终通过感官品评和抗氧化活性确定了最佳的葡萄籽超微粉添加量。结果表明:霞多丽葡萄籽超微粉有一定的清除ABTS+·能力和Fe3+还原能力,其值分别为12.83、10.80 mmol TE/g脱脂干重;强化葡萄籽超微粉蛋糕也表现出较强的抗氧化能力,且随着葡萄籽超微粉添加量的增加,强化蛋糕的ABTS+·清除能力和Fe3+还原力显著（p<0.05）增强;葡萄籽超微粉的添加对于储藏期内蛋糕油脂的氧化酸败同样有较强的抑制作用。三个浓度的葡萄籽超微粉添加量对于蛋糕的感官品质和整体接受度无显著影响,但结合抗氧化结果,以10%和15%的添加量最为适宜。      

Quality characteristics and consumer acceptance of yogurt fortified with date fiber

Yogurt is considered a healthy food and incorporating dietary fiber will make it even healthier. Date fiber (DF), a by-product of date syrup production, is a good source of dietary fiber. The effect of fortification with DF on fresh yogurt quality was investigated. Acidity, pH, color [L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values], texture profile, sensory properties, and consumer acceptance were studied. Control yogurt (without fiber), yogurt fortified with 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% DF, and yogurt with 1.5% wheat bran (WB) were prepared. Fortification with DF did not cause significant changes in yogurt acidity, although pH was increased. Yogurts fortified with DF had firmer texture (higher hardness values) and darker color (lower L* and higher a*) compared with control or WB yogurts. Consumer test results indicated that the appearance, color, and flavor ratings were significantly affected by fiber fortification. Yogurt fortified with up to 3% DF had similar sourness, sweetness, firmness, smoothness, and overall acceptance ratings as the control yogurt. Sensory ratings and acceptability of yogurt decreased significantly when increasing DF to 4.5% or using 1.5% WB. Flavoring yogurt fortified with 4.5% DF with vanilla did not improve flavor or overall acceptance ratings. Thus, fortifying yogurt with 3% DF produced acceptable yogurt with beneficial health effects.     

Effects of red-wine grape pomace on the quality and sensory attributes of beef hamburger patty

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red-wine grape pomaces on the quality and sensory attributes of beef hamburger patties. Both phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed using Syrah, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon pomaces. Following the assessment, hamburger patties were prepared with Merlot pomace at 0%, 2% and 4% for the patty quality and sensory attributes. Grape seeds possessed significantly higher phenolics and antioxidant activities over the seedless pomace (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found for phenolics and antioxidant activities within the seeds and seedless pomaces. The patty pH decreased as the pomace was added for 2% and 4%. Colour values (L*, a* and b*) of patties lowered as the pomace was added. Allo-Kramer shear force and hardness values increased while cooking yield decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of pomace. No significant difference between control and Merlot patties was found for flavour, juiciness and colour, whereas lower sensory attributes were observed for texture, taste and overall acceptability. It is observed that the addition of fermented red-wine grape pomace provides hamburger patties with health promoting factors such as antioxidant and other functional components, but it also provided darker, sourer and lower cooking yield.     

蓝莓不同冻结方式下工艺特性及贮藏品质的研究

研究了在液氮式流态化速冻和-25℃冰箱慢速冻结两种冻结方式下蓝莓的冻结、解冻工艺特性及其冻后样品在贮藏期间的感官品质变化规律。结果表明:就冻结方式而言,蓝莓液氮式流态化速冻优于冰箱慢冻;就解冻工艺而言,解冻规律呈现多样性。质构仪对蓝莓硬度的检测与图像处理法对蓝莓内部颜色的检测,结果均反映出同阶段流态化速冻样品优于冰箱慢冻样品。通过对蓝莓腐烂率的统计,确定了液氮式流化床速冻蓝莓的贮藏期150天左右,优于冰箱慢速的105天贮藏期。      

The impact of home freezing on the sensory characteristics of ready-to-use leafy vegetables

BACKGROUND: Owing to the increasing trend of consumption of ready‐to‐use leafy vegetables, the necessity of determining the best conditions for their frozen storage and the considerable impact of freezing on their sensory attributes, research was carried out to determine the best freezing temperature and storage time for a mixture of Allium ampeloprasum, Lepidium sativum and Stureia hortensis. RESULTS: The results for freezing temperature at three different storage times showed that colour and overall acceptability at ? 18 °C were always ranked first (P < 0.05), while taste at ? 18 °C was ranked first on days 120 and 150. The results for frozen storage time at three different temperatures indicated that colour, taste and acceptability were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results of this research indicated that the sensory attributes of leafy vegetables during 180 days of frozen storage were affected mainly by freezing temperature rather than frozen storage time. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of functional pectin edible films with fillers obtained from red cabbage and beetroot

The present study aims to develop through casting, functional composite edible films based on pectin using beetroot powder and red cabbage powder as fillers obtained from by-products of plant tissue industrialisation. Physico-chemical, mechanical, thermal properties and colour stability of the films along 30 days of storage (5–45 °C; absence of light) were evaluated. The moisture and the stress at break decreased, and the intensity of red colour and the hydrophobicity increased with the presence of fillers. According to the FTIR results, there was a good compatibility between matrix and fillers in the composites. Pectin films generated an enhanced stability of red colour after 30 days of storage at 5 and 25 °C and, in general, after 16 days for 45 °C, showing their suitability to be used as colouring agents for edible food packaging applications.     

Chemical properties and sensory quality of ice cream fortified with fish protein

BACKGROUND: Fish protein powder is a functional ingredient that can be used for enhancing the nutritional value of food products. In this study the effect of fortification with different levels of fish protein powder (FP) on chemical properties and sensory quality of Persian ice cream with 0, 30 and 50 g kg^?1 FP during storage at ? 18 °C for 4 months was investigated. RESULTS: Ice creams fortified with 50 and 30 g kg^?1 FP had significantly higher protein and solid‐non‐fat content than ice cream with 0% FP or 83, 69 and 51 g kg^?1 protein and 215, 204 and 181 g kg^?1 solid non‐fat, respectively. All products had the same levels of fat, lactose, acidity and pH. They had similar sensory quality after production except for colour, but sensory properties of fortified samples changed significantly after 2 months of storage. Colour faded, cohesiveness decreased, sandiness/coarseness increased, sweetness decreased and fish flavour and off‐odour increased. The control ice cream scored highest for additives odour and flavour. CONCLUSION: Development of ice cream fortified with fish protein powder could be an effective way to enhance nutritional and functional value of ice cream. But studies on storage stability, consumers' acceptance and attitudes are recommended if companies are planning to do so. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Technological,nutritional and sensorial characteristics of wheat bread fortified with calcium salts

The aim of this paper was to carry out a comprehensive study of wheat flour breads fortified with different sources of calcium, which includes: technological, nutritional and sensorial characteristics. Calcium salts (lactate: LA, carbonate: CA, and citrate: CI) at two fortification levels (20% and 50%) were analysed. Only the LA fortified breads were harder with lower specific volume and the LA 50% showed the higher chewiness value. The crust colour of the CI 50% breads presented the lower browning index. In vitro nutritional studies showed that calcium content on digest and dialysate was significantly higher in all fortified breads. The CI 20% and all the 50% fortifications showed a better contribution of bioaccessible calcium. Sensorial general quality was not significantly different between fortified and Control breads.     

功能性油脂微胶囊化及其稳定性评价

作为具有诸多生理功能的功能性油脂,因对光、热及氧的不稳定性限制了其在食品工业中的应用。采用微胶囊技术不仅能提高稳定性而且还能在一定程度上掩盖其不良风味,提升感官品质。文中对典型功能性油脂的功效及微胶囊化研究进展进行了简要综述,并探讨了功能性油脂微胶囊产品稳定性评价常用方法及其影响因素。     

速冻披萨饼坯品质改良剂的筛选

以速冻披萨饼坯为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察魔芋粉、大豆卵磷脂、山梨糖醇、甘油对产品胶粘性、硬度、内聚性、弹性、感官弹性和咀嚼性的影响。通过显著性差异分析和正交分析得到复合品质改良剂在基础配方中的最佳配比为魔芋粉0.60%、大豆卵磷脂1.20%、山梨糖醇0.04%、甘油1.00%。     

蓝莓发酵酒的研制及品质评价

该文介绍一种蓝莓发酵果酒的制作工艺,并对产品进行理化指标及香气成分的测定。结果表明：蓝莓发酵果酒成品呈紫红色,酒体澄清透明,酒香浓郁。酒精度12.6%vol;总酸（以乙酸计）6.10 g/L：总糖（以葡萄糖计）2.5 g/L;铁＜0.2 mg/L;铜＜0.1 mg/L;可溶性固形物（20 ℃以折光计）7.8%;微生物指标符合标准;前花青素含量0.311 g/L。采用GC-MS分析蓝莓果酒香气成分,共提取香气成分40种,其中酯类12种,醇类8种,烃类6种,酸类3种,其他香气成分11种。蓝莓发酵果酒的主要挥发性芳香成分是：反式二甲基环丙烷,1,5-庚二烯-3-炔,1,2,3-三氯丙烷,2-（3-羟基苯基）乙醇,4-羟基丁酸乙酰酯。     

Rheological,thermal and sensory properties of whey protein concentrate/pectin‐fortified mashed potatoes made from dehydrated flakes

The effect of different amounts of whey protein concentrate (50–150 g kg^?1), low and high methoxyl pectin (5–15 g kg^?1) on the rheological, thermal, structural properties and sensory quality of mashed potatoes prepared from dried mashed potatoes flakes was investigated. The response surface technique was used to analyse the effects of whey protein concentrate and pectin simultaneously on the consistency index, flow behaviour index, apparent viscosity and Casson plastic viscosity. Both whey protein concentrate and pectin decreased the consistency of the mashed potatoes weakening its structure in all concentrations assayed. Results suggest that whey protein concentrate interacts with high methoxyl pectin through non‐covalent interactions. Based on the sensory evaluation results, up to 100 g kg^?1 whey protein concentrate with 15 g kg^?1 of low methoxyl pectin and 15 g kg^?1 of high methxyl pectin could be incorporated to dried mashed potatoes flakes without losing significantly the sensory quality of the product.