Moisture profiles of wheat noodles containing hydroxypropylated tapioca starch

Wheat noodles were prepared using flour to which hydroxypropylated tapioca starch was added, and the effect of this addition on the moisture distribution within the noodles during cooking was examined using a digital image processing technique. The addition of the modified starch slightly increased the moisture content and narrowed the flat distribution near the noodle surface. The distribution features reflected the changes in the water absorption behaviour caused by the properties of the modified starch and the reduction in the gluten content. Addition of the modified starch lowered Young's modulus and the energy for 99% strain of the noodles in the texture analysis to, at maximum 35% and 65%, and decreased the breakability of the noodles. These changes in the moisture distribution and textural properties have been ascribed to changes in both the state of the starch granules near the surface and the structure of the gluten network.     

干面条色泽影响因素的相关性分析

为了明晰影响小麦粉及面条色泽的因素,分别测定了面粉灰分、蛋白质、类胡萝卜素、微量元素、游离酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性等指标,并在此基础上,分析了面条色泽与这些指标以及面粉色泽的相关性。结果表明,面条的L^*、a^*、w值与小麦粉的L^*、a^*、w值完全对应呈高度显著正相关(P<0.01,r=0.865、r=0.834、r=0.701),小麦粉的色泽可以很好地预测面条的色泽;小麦面条b^*值与灰分、类胡萝卜素、游离酚、Cu元素含量及多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性呈高度显著正相关,而面条的w值与这些因素呈高度显著负相关。通过逐步回归分析得出,灰分、类胡萝卜素和游离态酚类物质是综合影响小麦面条色泽的因素。该研究筛选影响面条色泽的因素,将为面条生产过程中的品种挑选、色泽控制及小麦品种改良育种提供理论指导。     

小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条的品质

本文通过对小麦样品中淀粉的理化特性指标及面条品质指标的测定,研究了小麦淀粉的理化特性与面条品质的关系,得出直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、膨胀势与面条品质呈正相关;降落值与面条品质呈负相关。     

微波处理对全麦粉理化性质及全麦鲜湿面品质的影响

为解决全麦粉加工品质和储藏稳定性的不足,采用微波处理全麦粉,用粉质仪和动态流变仪研究微波处理对全麦面团流变学特性的影响;用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、X射线衍射仪、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)等分析全麦粉中淀粉和蛋白组分结构和理化性质的变化;并验证了微波处理对全麦粉中微生物和多酚氧化酶的抑制效果和对全麦鲜湿面品质及褐变程度的影响。结果表明,微波处理可以显著提高全麦面团的稳定时间,增加面团的弹性和类固体性质,同时可改善全麦粉的黏度特性,使淀粉结晶特性略有提高;SDS-PAGE图谱显示,微波处理可引起全麦粉中蛋白组分发生有限聚合,这种聚合作用主要由二硫键引起。微波处理能够显著降低全麦粉中的菌落总数和PPO活性,抑制全麦鲜湿面褐变,提高面条煮后拉断力。     

七种薯类淀粉性质及其与粉条品质的相关性研究

为拓宽淮山淀粉的应用渠道,本文选取了木薯淀粉（SC9、SC205、LMC）、红薯淀粉(XSSP)为对照,对淮山淀粉（GY2、SFY、MPY）的理化性质、糊化特性、流变特性与其粉条品质进行研究,并分析了不同淀粉性质与其粉条品质间的相关性。结果表明,淮山淀粉和红薯淀粉的糊化温度(75.32℃~84.37℃)高于木薯淀粉(69.25℃~70.07℃)、膨润力、溶解度和损耗正切角（tanδ）小于木薯淀粉。淀粉的糊化温度、膨润力、峰值时间、tanδ等指标为主要影响粉条品质的因素。糊化温度与粉条的蒸煮性质负相关,膨润力与粉条的蒸煮性质正相关,峰值时间与粉条的质构性质正相关,tanδ与粉条的质构性质负相关。淮山淀粉粉条的硬度、咀嚼性、回复性比木薯淀粉粉条高,粘附性、拉伸功比木薯淀粉粉条低。 GY2粉条的蒸煮性质较好,断条率低,烹煮损失、膨胀系数分别为0.0524、3.3309,与木薯淀粉粉条相近,所以GY2淀粉具备作为粉条制备的原料开发潜力。     

Effects of the size distribution of wheat starch on noodles with and without gluten

To understand the effects of A‐ and B‐type wheat starch on noodle quality, two noodle models with (Model 1) and without (Model 2) gluten were constructed with five different ratios of A‐ to B‐granules (100A‐0B, 75A‐25B, 50A‐50B, 25A‐75B, and 0A‐100B). With increasing proportions of B‐granules, the noodle structures of Models 1 and 2 became increasingly dense. The cooking loss, water absorption, proportion of free water, chewiness, cohesiveness and resilience decreased from 35.64 to 15.49%, 240.92 to 228.58%, 88.89 to 85.98%, 21.93 to 13.24 N, 0.77 to 0.56, and 0.61 to 0.36, respectively, with the increased proportion of B‐granules in Model 2, while those parameters normally presented “V” or inverted “V” trends in Model 1. Compared to their counterparts in Model 2, gluten networks with 25–50% B‐granules had an outstanding ability to increase the percentage of tightly bound water, hardness, chewiness and springiness by 4.50%, 24.07 N, 25.05 N, and 0.17 at most and reduce the proportion of free water and water absorption by 5.56 and 73.70% at most, respectively. The results indicated that the effect of the gluten network on noodle qualities may partially depend on its structure, which is shaped by the granule size distribution. Compared to the other characteristics of noodles, the springiness was influenced by a more complicated mechanism involving A‐ and B‐granules in Model 2, while it was strongly affected by the gluten network under the given experimental conditions in Model 1.     

Wheat noodles enriched with A-type and/or B-type wheat starch: physical,thermal and textural properties of dough sheet and noodle samples from different noodle-making process

This study explored the effects of adding A-type starch (AS), B-type wheat starch (BS) on the physicochemical or edible quality of dough sheet and noodle samples at different stages of the noodle-making process, which included 1-mixing, 2-kneading, 3-resting, 4-sheeting and cutting and 5-drying. The swelling power and pasting viscosities of samples in noodle-making process were decreased compared with mixed flour, indicating gluten network during noodle-making inhibits these properties of starch. Adding 20% BS enhanced the formation and aggregation of gluten network during kneading and drying compared by adding AS. The drying process increased cooking yield and cooking loss and decreased hardness and springiness, and the effect was weakened when adding BS. The correlation results show the increased solubility and decreased setback during drying are the main reason for the changes of cooking and texture quality of noodles. The increase of swelling power resulted in the increased cooking yield.     

小麦理化特性与面条食用品质的相关性研究进展

面条是我国传统的主食面制品,其品质也是评价小麦籽粒品质和面粉品质的主要依据。介绍了几种小麦及小麦粉理化指标的研究方法,并浅述了对面条品质影响的研究进展。     

改性脱脂大豆蛋白粉对挂面加工特性的影响

为拓宽脱脂豆粕在面制品中的应用,提高面制品的营养价值,以改性脱脂蛋白粉为主要辅料,研究不同添加量对面团特性和挂面品质的影响。结果显示,添加改性大豆蛋白粉可改变面团的粉质、拉伸特性,使面团的吸水率和拉伸比例增大、面团的延伸度降低,适量添加可延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间、提高面团的粉质质量指数和拉伸能量及拉伸阻力,并改善挂面的色泽、蒸煮品质和熟挂面的弹性及拉伸性能,增加挂面的韧性、降低挂面的折断率。在该试验条件下,综合分析混合粉的粉质和拉伸特性,并通过测试分析生、熟挂面的品质等,最终确定改性大豆蛋白粉的最佳添加量为8%,为其在面制品中的应用提供参考。     

小麦粉中蛋白质和淀粉含量对面条品质的影响

对小麦粉中的蛋白质和淀粉组分进行了分离,将淀粉含量不同的混合粉制作成面条,分析其质构特性和食用品质。将面条煮制后,对熟面条进行了质构分析,测定了熟面条的硬拉伸性能、剪切性能和蒸煮损失,并进行了感官品质评价。研究结果表明:随着小麦粉中的淀粉含量的增加(蛋白质含量的降低),面条的质构特性、拉伸性能、剪切性能都呈现显著下降的变化趋势(P<0.05),而面条的蒸煮损失显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,面条的感官评价与质构分析的结果相一致。     

乌冬面专用变性淀粉及其结构表征

采用交联―酯化―预糊化复合变性制备乌冬面专用改性淀粉,并与木薯原淀粉、交联淀粉及交联―酯化淀粉进行比较。结果表明,交联淀粉偏光显微及颗粒形貌没发生明显变化,交联变性并未破坏淀粉结晶结构;交联―酯化淀粉颗粒出现粘连和聚集现象,部分颗粒表面出现凹陷和裂纹现象;红外光谱表明,交联―酯化―预糊化复合变性淀粉在1 728 cm–1、1 247 cm–1附近出现新的吸收峰,分子内引入乙酰基团,X–射线衍射光谱显示,交联―酯化―预糊化复合变性淀粉在5.6°和22°处衍射峰强度减弱,A型特征峰加强,结晶类型由"C"型向"A"型转变;交联―酯化淀粉经预糊化处理后,淀粉颗粒膨胀破裂,结晶结构受到彻底破坏,淀粉偏光十字消失,但预糊化处理未破坏淀粉分子化学键。     

日本弓背蚁营养挂面研制和营养成分测定

该实验研究日本弓背蚁营养挂面生产方法并对营养成分进行测定。通过正交试验和感官评分,确定日本弓背蚁粉、盐、水和海藻酸钠添加量,及不同添加量对挂面品质影响;结果表明,日本弓背蚁粉合适添加量为2%、盐添加量为1%、水添加量为30%、海藻酸钠添加量为0.3%;通过添加日本弓背蚁粉,提高挂面营养价值,具有一定保健功能。     

小麦抗性淀粉物理性质研究

采用微波—酶法制备小麦抗性淀粉,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察小麦抗性淀粉颗粒结构,用X-射线衍射仪测定其结晶结构,并测定抗性淀粉持水性、乳化性、粘度等物理特性。研究结果表明,与原小麦淀粉相比,小麦抗性淀粉表面粗糙,形状变得不规则,结晶结构为B型和V型结合体,持水性大于原淀粉,而乳化能力和乳化稳定性均低于原淀粉;在相同溶液浓度条件下,抗性淀粉粘度比原淀粉低得多。     

冻藏对小麦淀粉理化性质及热力学特性的影响

研究了冻藏对小麦淀粉颗粒表面形态、理化性质、热力学性质及凝沉特性的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)检测冻藏小麦淀粉颗粒,发现部分淀粉颗粒表面有破损;对冻藏后的小麦淀粉溶解度、粘度、膨润力、蓝值等进行测定,结果显示冻藏后淀粉溶解度和粘度分别增大了48.6%、43.2%;膨润力、蓝值分别降低8.41%、28.5%;采用示差量热扫描(DSC)测定冻藏小麦淀粉热力学性质变化,发现冻藏小麦淀粉糊化热焓降低了47.3%,糊化温度起止范围降低了10.60%;凝沉值降低了47.2%。研究表明冻藏后的小麦淀粉颗粒形态,理化性质、热力学性质均发生了明显改变。      

增稠剂对挂面力学特性的影响

为探究增稠剂对挂面力学特性影响,研究了海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素、黄原胶和卡拉胶对挂面力学特性和蒸煮品质的影响,并对蒸煮前后干挂面的力学品质进行了相关性分析。研究表明:添加0.2%羧甲基纤维素,干挂面的弹性模量增幅达到最大;添加0.3%黄原胶,干挂面的抗弯能力增幅达到最大;添加海藻酸钠,干挂面的弹性模量和断裂位移减小,断裂应力基本不变;添加卡拉胶,干挂面的弹性模量和抗弯能力都减小。干挂面弹性模量和断裂位移与蒸煮后品质的回归模型的决定系数均高达0.92以上,干挂面的弹性模量和断裂位移可以综合的反映蒸煮挂面的硬度、弹性和耐咀性等指标。研究为干挂面的品质评价提供了参考。      

共轭亚油酸对小麦淀粉理化性质的影响

为研究共轭亚油酸(CLA)对小麦淀粉(WS)理化性质的影响,采用快速黏度计、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪等,研究了小麦淀粉-共轭亚油酸(WS-CLA)复合体系的糊化性质、热性质、流变性质。结果表明,CLA影响WS的理化性质。CLA阻碍WS吸水溶胀,使其峰值黏度降低、糊化焓升高。CLA使WS抗老化能力增强、更易形成弹性凝胶,表现为老化率和tanδ降低。     

湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质及其米线品质的影响

以大米淀粉为原料,研究湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质以及米线品质的影响。结果表明:与未处理大米淀粉相比,湿热处理后,大米淀粉的热学特性中T_0、T_P、T_C、T_C_T0、ΔH均增大;淀粉晶型仍为A型,结晶度增加4.14%;淀粉溶解率和膨润力显著降低,直链淀粉含量显著升高;淀粉糊化黏度、衰减值和回生值明显降低;淀粉凝胶硬度、弹性和耐咀嚼性增强;淀粉白度由89.7降低至80.3;添加20%湿热处理大米淀粉制作的米线感官品质和质构特性得到显著改善,断条率和蒸煮损失率分别降低5.67%,10.13%;大米淀粉溶解率、膨润力、溶解率、凝胶特性和糊化特性可有效预测米线品质。     

不同品种小米淀粉品质特性研究

选取山东农科院提供4种小米(济12、济13、保18、复1)及山东省部分地区种植2种小米(市1、市2)作为研究对象,采用1%SDS法提取小米淀粉,对不同品种小米淀粉直链淀粉含量、可溶直链淀粉含量、凝沉性、膨润性、溶解度等进行研究,并对淀粉理化指标进行相关性分析。结果显示,不同品种小米直链淀粉含量为2.27%~31.98%,其中以市1品种含量最高;复1和市2膨润力和溶解度最大;凝沉性排列次序为:高直链小米淀粉(市1)>中直链小米淀粉(济12、济13、保18)>低直链小米淀粉(复1、市2);淀粉理化指标间进行相关性分析结论为:溶解度、膨润力、凝沉体积皆与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关。     

面粉中破损淀粉含量对冷冻熟面品质的影响

为了研究面粉中破损淀粉含量对冷冻熟面品质的影响,通过从面粉中分离淀粉并对淀粉球磨处理,得到破损淀粉,并以一定比例添加到原面粉中,研究破损淀粉对面粉糊化品质和膨胀特性的影响,进而探究对冷冻熟面蒸煮品质、质构特性、可冻结水含量的影响,并采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察面条微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着面粉中破损淀粉的含量从4.3%增加到7.9%,面粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回生值均显著降低(P≤0.05),面粉的膨胀势显著增加(P≤0.05),冷冻熟面的全质构特性硬度、咀嚼性、弹性以及黏附性均显著增加(P≤0.05),经微观结构观察吸水膨胀的破损淀粉对冷冻熟面的面筋网络有一定的破坏作用,冷冻熟面的可冻结水含量、蒸煮损失率和断条率显著增大,拉伸力和拉伸距离显著降低(P≤0.05)。该研究可为探究冷冻熟面专用粉的特性提供参考。     

Effects of different crop starches on the cooking quality of Chinese dried noodles

To investigate the effects of seven starches made from different crop sources on noodle quality, Chinese dried noodles made from various reconstituted flours were prepared and analysed. Potato starch had better solubility and swelling power than the other starches, leading to higher water absorption, cooking loss and breakage ratio of the potato starch noodles. The correlation results unravelled that the cooking breakage ratio of noodles presented positive correlations with solubility, swelling power, peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV) and final viscosity (FV) values of starches. Besides, the adhesiveness of noodles showed a positive correlation with conclusion temperature (T_c) and setback viscosity (SV) values of starches. Moreover, the peak temperature (T_p) value of starches was negatively correlated with cooking loss; the granule size of starches had a positive correlation with noodles water absorption; and the peak time (PkT) value of starches represented positive relationships with noodles chewiness, shearing force and breaking strength.