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1.
Laurence Robert Romain Guichard Jennifer Klingler Valérie Cochet Corinne Mandin 《Indoor air》2021,31(4):1238-1251
In retail stores, workers are constantly exposed to new manufactured goods. The issue of the exposure of retail workers to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) should clearly be considered. Therefore, this study provides data regarding VOC concentrations in ten French retail stores. The stores were chosen to represent various products: sports goods, shoes and leather, furniture, car equipment, bazaars, online-sales storage, clothes, books, DIY (do-it-yourself), and household appliances. VOCs and aldehydes were actively sampled on the same day in five to seven locations per building and outdoors. Toluene and formaldehyde were omnipresent with indoor concentrations reaching 252 and 53 µg/m3, respectively. The car equipment store, followed by clothing, shoes, and leather, and DIY stores showed the worst indoor air quality. High concentrations were measured, for example, the maximum α-pinene concentration in the furniture and DIY stores was 364 and 141 µg/m3, respectively, and the heptane concentration in the car equipment store reached 1,316 µg/m3. Two VOCs classified as toxic to reproduction were measured: hexane in the car equipment store and the bazaar, and dimethylformamide in the sports goods store. This study shows some disparities in the indoor concentrations among different locations in the same store, particularly between sales and storage areas. 相似文献
2.
Diana M. Ceballos Jessica Craig Xianqiang Fu Chunrong Jia David Chambers MyDzung T. Chu Alai T. Fernandez Victoria Fruh Zoe E. Petropoulos Joseph G. Allen Jose Vallarino Lydia Thornburg Thomas F. Webster 《Indoor air》2019,29(4):539-550
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre‐shift and post‐shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3), toluene (median 100 µg/m3), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3). Blood levels were significantly higher post‐shift than pre‐shift for toluene (median pre‐shift 0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre‐shift <0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures. 相似文献
3.
Moshood Olawale Fadeyi Khawla Alkhaja Maryam Bin Sulayem Bassam Abu-Hijleh 《建筑学研究前沿(英文版)》2014,3(2):166-177
This study presents findings of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) investigations conducted in elementary schools׳ classrooms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Average TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, and particle concentrations measured in the classrooms were 815 µg/m3, 1605 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 1.16 ppm, and 1730 µg/m3, respectively. Whereas, local authority known as Dubai Municipality recommended 300 µg/m3, 800 ppm, 0.06 ppm, 9 ppm, and 150–300 µg/m3 for TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, and particle, respectively. Dubai Municipality recommended temperature and relative humidity (RH) levels of 22.5 °C to 25.5 °C and 30%–60%, respectively. Average temperature and RH levels measured in the classrooms were 24.5 °C and 40.4%, respectively. Average sound level in the classrooms was 24 dB greater than recommended sound level limit of 35 dB. Six (6) classrooms had average lux levels in the range of 400–800 lux. Two (2) classrooms had average lux levels in the range of 100–200 lux. The remaining classrooms had lux levels around the recommended 300 lux. High occupancy density was observed in majority of the studied classrooms. Observations during walkthrough investigations could be used to explain measured IEQ data. Poor IEQ conditions in the studied classrooms highlight the need for further research investigation to understand how poor classrooms׳ IEQ condition could influence students׳ health, comfort, attendance rate, and academic performance. 相似文献
4.
Yihui Yin Junzhou He Jingjing Pei Xudong Yang Yuexia Sun Xikang Cui Chao-Hsin Lin Daniel Wei Qingyan Chen 《Indoor air》2021,31(6):2084-2098
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a non-negligible aircraft cabin air quality (CAQ) factor influence the health and comfort of passengers and crew members. On-board measurements of carbonyls (short-chain (C1-C6)) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs, long-chain (C6-C16)) with a total of 350 samples were conducted in 56 commercial airliner cabins covering 8 aircraft models in this study. The mean concentration for each individual carbonyl compound was between 0.3 and 8.3 μg/m3 (except for acrolein & acetone, average = 20.7 μg/m3) similar to the mean concentrations of other highly detected VOCs (long-chain (C6-C16), 97% of which ranged in 0–10 μg/m3) in aircraft cabins. Formaldehyde concentrations in flights were significantly lower than in residential buildings, where construction materials are known formaldehyde sources. Acetone is a VOC emitted by humans, and its concentration in flights was similar to that in other high-occupant density transportation vehicles. The variation of VOC concentrations in different flight phases of long-haul flights was the same as that of CO2 concentration except for the meal phase, which indicates the importance of cabin ventilation in diluting the gaseous contaminants, while the sustained and slow growth of the VOC concentrations during the cruising phase in short-haul flights indicated that the ventilation could not adequately dilute the emission of VOCs. For the different categories of VOCs, the mean concentration during the cruising phase of benzene series, aldehydes, alkanes, other VOCs (detection rate > 50%), and carbonyls in long-haul flights was 44.2 µg/m3, 17.9 µg/m3, 18.6 µg/m3, 31.5 µg/m3, and 20.4 µg/m3 lower than those in short-haul flights, respectively. Carbonyls and d-limonene showed a significant correlation with meal service (p < 0.05). Unlike the newly decorated rooms or new vehicles, the inner materials were not the major emission sources in aircraft cabins. Practical Implications.
- The on-board measurements of 56 flights enrich the VOC database of cabin environment, especially for carbonyls. The literature review of carbonyls in the past 20 years contributes to the understanding the current status of cabin air quality (CAQ).
- The analysis of VOC concentration variation for different flight phases, flight duration, and aircraft age lays a foundation for exploring effective control methods, including ventilation and purification for cabin VOC pollution.
- The enriched VOC data is helpful to explore the key VOCs of aircraft cabin environment and to evaluate the acute/chronic health exposure risk of pollutants for passengers and crew members.
5.
6.
Nan Lin Marie-Anne Rosemberg Wei Li Emily Meza-Wilson Christopher Godwin Stuart Batterman 《Indoor air》2021,31(1):26-39
Hotel housekeepers represent a large, low-income, predominantly minority, and high-risk workforce. Little is known about their exposure to chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study evaluates VOC exposures of housekeepers, sources and factors affecting VOC levels, and provides preliminary estimates of VOC-related health risks. We utilized indoor and personal sampling at two hotels, assessed ventilation, and characterized the VOC composition of cleaning agents. Personal sampling of hotel staff showed a total target VOC concentration of 57 ± 36 µg/m3 (mean ± SD), about twice that of indoor samples. VOCs of greatest health significance included chloroform and formaldehyde. Several workers had exposure to alkanes that could cause non-cancer effects. VOC levels were negatively correlated with estimated air change rates. The composition and concentrations of the tested products and air samples helped identify possible emission sources, which included building sources (for formaldehyde), disinfection by-products in the laundry room, and cleaning products. VOC levels and the derived health risks in this study were at the lower range found in the US buildings. The excess lifetime cancer risk (average of 4.1 × 10−5) still indicates a need to lower exposure by reducing or removing toxic constituents, especially formaldehyde, or by increasing ventilation rates. 相似文献
7.
Due to the severe outdoor PM2.5 pollution in China, many people have installed air-cleaning systems in homes. To make the systems run automatically and intelligently, we developed a recurrent neural network (RNN) that uses historical data to predict the future indoor PM2.5 concentration. The RNN architecture includes an autoencoder and a recurrent part. We used data measured in an apartment over the course of an entire year to train and test the RNN. The data include indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration, environmental parameters and time of day. By comparing three different input strategies, we found that a strategy employing historical PM2.5 and time of day as inputs performed best. With this strategy, the model can be applied to predict the relatively stable trend of indoor PM2.5 concentration in advance. When the input length is 2 h and the prediction horizon is 30 min, the median prediction error is 8.3 µg/m3 for the whole test set. For times with indoor PM2.5 concentrations between (20,50] µg/m3 and (50,100] µg/m3, the median prediction error is 8.3 and 9.2 µg/m3, respectively. The low prediction error between the ground-truth and predicted values shows that the RNN can predict indoor PM2.5 concentrations with satisfactory performance. 相似文献
8.
Shih-Chun Candice Lung Ming-Chien Mark Tsou Shu-Chuan Hu Yu-Hui Hsieh Wen-Cheng Vincent Wang Chen-Kai Shui Chee-Hong Tan 《Indoor air》2021,31(3):755-768
The intensity, frequency, duration, and contribution of distinct PM2.5 sources in Asian households have seldom been assessed; these are evaluated in this work with concurrent personal, indoor, and outdoor PM2.5 and PM1 monitoring using novel low-cost sensing (LCS) devices, AS-LUNG. GRIMM-comparable observations were acquired by the corrected AS-LUNG readings, with R2 up to 0.998. Twenty-six non-smoking healthy adults were recruited in Taiwan in 2018 for 7-day personal, home indoor, and home outdoor PM monitoring. The results showed 5-min PM2.5 and PM1 exposures of 11.2 ± 10.9 and 10.5 ± 9.8 µg/m3, respectively. Cooking occurred most frequently; cooking with and without solid fuel contributed to high PM2.5 increments of 76.5 and 183.8 µg/m3 (1 min), respectively. Incense burning had the highest mean PM2.5 indoor/outdoor (1.44 ± 1.44) ratios at home and on average the highest 5-min PM2.5 increments (15.0 µg/m3) to indoor levels, among all single sources. Certain events accounted for 14.0%-39.6% of subjects’ daily exposures. With the high resolution of AS-LUNG data and detailed time-activity diaries, the impacts of sources and ventilations were assessed in detail. 相似文献
9.
Shen Yang Vincent Perret Corinne Hager Jörin Hélène Niculita-Hirzel Joëlle Goyette Pernot Dusan Licina 《Indoor air》2020,30(3):481-491
Exposure to elevated levels of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in households has been linked to deleterious health effects. This study presents the first large-scale investigation of VOC levels in 169 energy-efficient dwellings in Switzerland. Through a combination of physical measurements and questionnaire surveys, we investigated the influence of diverse building characteristics on indoor VOCs. Among 74 detected compounds, carbonyls, alkanes, and alkenes were the most abundant. Median concentration levels of formaldehyde (14 μg/m3), TVOC (212 μg/m3), benzene (<0.1 μg/m3), and toluene (22 μg/m3) were below the upper exposure limits. Nonetheless, 90% and 50% of dwellings exceeded the chronic exposure limits for formaldehyde (9 μg/m3) and TVOC (200 μg/m3), respectively. There was a strong positive correlation among VOCs that likely originated from common sources. Dwellings built between 1950s and 1990s, and especially, those with attached garages had higher TVOC concentrations. Interior thermal retrofit of dwellings and absence of mechanical ventilation system were associated with elevated levels of formaldehyde, aromatics, and alkanes. Overall, energy-renovated homes had higher levels of certain VOCs compared with newly built homes. The results suggest that energy efficiency measures in dwellings should be accompanied by actions to mitigate VOC exposures as to avoid adverse health outcomes. 相似文献
10.
Unexpected increase in indoor pollutants after the introduction of a smoke‐free policy in a correctional center
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C. He L. D. Knibbs Q. Tran H. Wang R. Laiman B. Wang Y. Gu L. Morawska 《Indoor air》2016,26(4):623-633
Correctional centers (prisons) are one of the few non‐residential indoor environments where smoking is still permitted. However, few studies have investigated indoor air quality (IAQ) in these locations. We quantified the level of inmate and staff exposure to secondhand smoke, including particle number (PN) count, and we assessed the impact of the smoking ban on IAQ. We performed measurements of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PN concentrations, personal PN exposure levels, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nicotine both before and after a complete indoor smoking ban in an Australian maximum security prison. Results show that the indoor 24‐h average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 6 (±1) μg/m3 to 17 (±3) μg/m3 pre‐ban. The post‐ban levels ranged from 7 (±2) μg/m3 to 71 (±43) μg/m3. While PM2.5 concentrations decreased in one unit post‐ban, they increased in the other two units. Similar post‐ban increases were also observed in levels of PN and VOCs. We describe an unexpected increase of indoor pollutants following a total indoor smoking ban in a prison that was reflected across multiple pollutants that are markers of smoking. We hypothesise that clandestine post‐ban smoking among inmates may have been the predominant cause. 相似文献
11.
Ting Zhang Steven N. Chillrud Qiang Yang Masha Pitiranggon James Ross Frederica Perera Junfeng Ji Avrum Spira Patrick N. Breysse Charles E. Rodes Rachel Miller Beizhan Yan 《Indoor air》2020,30(1):98-107
Although short-duration elevated exposures (peak exposures) to pollutants may trigger adverse acute effects, epidemiological studies to understand their influence on different health effects are hampered by lack of methods for objectively identifying peaks. Secondhand smoke from cigarettes (SHS) in the residential environment can lead to peak exposures. The aim of this study was to explore whether peaks in continuous PM2.5 data can indicate SHS exposure. A total of 41 children (21 with and 20 without SHS exposure based on self-report) from 28 families in New York City (NY, USA) were recruited. Both personal and residential continuous PM2.5 monitoring were performed for five consecutive days using MicroPEM sensors (RTI International, USA). A threshold detection method based on cumulative distribution function was developed to identify peaks. When children were home, the mean accumulated peak area (APA) for peak exposures was 297 ± 325 hour*µg/m3 for children from smoking families and six times that of the APA from non-smoking families (~50 ± 54 hour*µg/m3). Average PM2.5 mass concentrations for SHS exposed and unexposed children were 24 ± 15 µg/m3 and 15 ± 9 µg/m3, respectively. The average SHS exposure duration represents ~5% of total exposure time, but ~13% of children's total PM2.5 exposure dose, equivalent to an additional 2.6 µg/m3 per day. This study demonstrated the feasibility of peak analysis for quantifying SHS exposure. The developed method can be adopted more widely to support epidemiology studies on impacts of short-term exposures. 相似文献
12.
Yu-yan Yang Lin Fan Jiao Wang Yuan-duo Zhu Xu Li Xin-qi Wang Xu Yan Li Li Yu-jing Zhang Wen-jing Yang Xiao-yuan Yao Xian-liang Wang 《Indoor air》2021,31(5):1391-1401
Household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution greatly impacts residents' health. To explore the current national situation of household PM2.5 pollution in China, a study was conducted based on literature published from 1998 to 2018. After extracting data from the literature in conformity with the requirements, the nationwide household-weighted mean concentration of household PM2.5 (HPL) was calculated. Subgroup analyses of spatial, geographic, and temporal differences were also done. The estimated overall HPL in China was 132.2 ± 117.7 μg/m3. HPL in the rural area (164.3 ± 104.5 μg/m3) was higher than that in the urban area (123.9 ± 122.3 μg/m3). For HPLs of indoor sampling sites, the kitchen was the highest, followed by the bedroom and living room. There were significant differences of geographic distributions. The HPLs in the South were higher than the North in four seasons. The inhaled dose of household PM2.5 among school-age children differed from provinces with the highest dose up to 5.9 μg/(kg·d). Countermeasures should be carried out to reduce indoor pollution and safeguard health urgently. 相似文献
13.
Parya Broomandi Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh Merve Akturk Soulemane Halif Ngagine Soudabeh Gorjinezhad Fatma Ozturk Mustafa Kocak Jong Kim 《Indoor air》2020,30(3):492-499
Concentrations and emission rates of sixteen trace elements in emitted PM during heating soybean oil using three types of pans, including Teflon, granitium, and cast-iron, were investigated. Statistically significant decreases in Mn and Co emission rates were observed when the oil was heated in the cast-iron pan compared to Teflon and granitium pans. Among the released trace elements, Ni, Ba, Zn, and Cr had more contribution to the emission rate. The concentrations of Fe in the emitted PM1 were found to be higher when cast-iron pan (8.49 ± 3.35 µg/m3) was utilized compared to Teflon (8.05 ± 2.27 µg/m3) and granitium (7.45 ± 1.38 µg/m3). However, these increases were statistically insignificant. The results of our study support the hypothesis that the trace elements translocate from cooking pans into the heated oil and subsequently to the particulate phase. This translocation creates a new inhalation exposure route to trace elements in indoor environments. 相似文献
14.
Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh Zhuldyz Zhigulina Tomiris Madiyarova Kamila Turganova Enoch K. Adotey Sergei Sabanov 《Indoor air》2021,31(4):1178-1186
Children in preschools were studied as an exceptionally vulnerable group to lung diseases due to their immature immune system. Few data are available in the literature addressing the exposure of children in preschools to ultrafine (>10 nm) particles. Exposure of children to fine, ultrafine (10 nm–1 µm) particles and black carbon particles present inside and near two preschools in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, during Fall 2019 was investigated. For Preschool I, the average daily (6 h) indoor (outdoor) PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations over three-week measurements were 15.0 (SD 12.5) µg/m3, 34.6 (SD 35.1) µg/m3, and 47.2 (SD 45.2) µg/m3, respectively. Average indoor UFP concentrations (>10.0 nm) including candle burning events were 5.20 × 103 (SD 8.80 × 103) particles/cm3, with the background UFP concentration to be 3.30 × 103 (SD 1.80 × 103) particles/cm3. In Preschool II, the average UFP concentration (>30.0 nm) in the morning and afternoon was 3.94 × 103 (SD 5.34 × 102) and 3.36 × 103 (SD 1.90 × 103) particles/cm3, respectively. Indoor black carbon (BC) concentrations were correlated with the outdoor smoking activity. The major sources of the indoor particles in the preschools were dust resuspension, candle burning, and infiltrated outdoor particles. 相似文献
15.
Yuan Shao Lucy Kavi Meleah Boyle Lydia M. Louis Walkiria Pool Stephen B. Thomas Sacoby Wilson Ana M. Rule Lesliam Quiros-Alcala 《Indoor air》2021,31(4):1144-1153
Hairdressers are exposed to particulate matter (PM), a known air pollutant linked to adverse health effects. Still, studies on occupational PM exposures in hair salons are sparse. We characterized indoor air PM concentrations in three salons primarily serving an African/African American (AA) clientele, and three Dominican salons primarily serving a Latino clientele. We also assessed the performance of low-cost sensors (uRAD, Flow, AirVisual) by comparing them to high-end sensors (DustTrak) to conduct air monitoring in each salon over 3 days to quantify work shift concentrations of PM2.5, respirable PM (RPM), and PM10. We observed high spatial and temporal variability in 30-min time-weighted average (TWA) RPM concentrations (0.18–5518 μg/m3). Readings for the uRAD and AirVisual sensors were highly correlated with the DustTrak (R2 = 0.90–0.99). RPM 8-hour TWAs ranged from 18 to 383 µg/m3 for AA salons, and 9–2115 µg/m3 for Dominican salons. Upper 95th percentiles of daily RPM exposures ranged from 439 to 2669 µg/m3. The overall range of 30-min TWA PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations was 0.13–5497 and 0.36-,541 μg/m3, respectively. Findings suggest that hairdressers could be overexposed to RPM during an 8-hour shift. Additional comprehensive monitoring studies are warranted to further characterize temporal and spatial variability of PM exposures in this understudied occupational population. 相似文献
16.
Jianbang Xiang Charles J. Weschler Junfeng Zhang Lin Zhang Zhiwei Sun Xiaoli Duan Yinping Zhang 《Indoor air》2019,29(4):604-615
Reducing indoor ozone levels may be an effective strategy to reduce total exposure and associated mortality. Here we estimate (a) premature mortalities attributable to ozone for China's urban population ≥25 years of age; (b) the fraction of total exposure occurring indoors; and (c) mortalities that can be potentially avoided through meeting current and more stringent indoor ozone standards/guidelines based on 1‐hour daily maxima. To estimate ozone‐attributable premature mortalities, we used hourly outdoor ozone concentrations measured at 1497 monitoring stations located in 339 Chinese cities and a published concentration‐response model. We proceeded to estimate province‐specific infiltration factors and co‐occurring hourly indoor ozone concentrations. For the year 2015, we estimated that indoor exposures accounted for 59% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26%‐79%) of the total ozone exposure that resulted in 70800 (95% CI: 35 900‐137 700) premature all‐cause mortalities in urban China. If the current Chinese indoor ozone standards (80 ppbv (160 µg/m3); 56 ppbv (112 µg/m3)) were met, the mean estimates of reduction in mortalities would be indistinguishable from zero. With stricter 1‐hour indoor ozone guidelines, the expected mortality reductions increase exponentially per unit decrease in indoor ozone. The analysis in this paper should help facilitate formulating present and future indoor ozone guidelines. 相似文献
17.
Laura Nicolaou Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio Kirsten Koehler William Checkley 《Indoor air》2021,31(1):51-62
Exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) is associated with a number of adverse health effects. However, it is unclear which aspects of PM are most hazardous, and a better understanding of particle sizes and personal exposure is needed. We characterized particle size distribution (PSD) from biomass-related pollution and assessed total and regional lung-deposited doses using multiple-path deposition modeling. Gravimetric measurements of kitchen and personal PM2.5 (<2.5 µm in size) exposures were collected in 180 households in rural Puno, Peru. Direct-reading measurements of number concentrations were collected in a subset of 20 kitchens for particles 0.3-25 µm, and the continuous PSD was derived using a nonlinear least-squares method. Mean daily PM2.5 kitchen concentration and personal exposure was 1205 ± 942 µg/m3 and 115 ± 167 µg/m3, respectively, and the mean mass concentration consisted of a primary accumulation mode at 0.21 µm and a secondary coarse mode at 3.17 µm. Mean daily lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) and LDSA during cooking were 1009.6 ± 1469.8 µm2/cm3 and 10,552.5 ± 8261.6 µm2/cm3, respectively. This study presents unique data regarding lung deposition of biomass smoke that could serve as a reference for future studies and provides a novel, more biologically relevant metric for exposure-response analysis compared to traditional size-based metrics. 相似文献
18.
Jonghun Kim Shinsuke Kato Kenichiro Takeuchi Tetsu Tatsuma Ik Joon Kang 《Building and Environment》2011
In order to develop an early-warning biosensor system for predicting the impact on health of long-term and low-level exposure to indoor chemical compounds, e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we evaluated the potential for assessing indoor air quality using the biosensor system based on the swimming behavior of Japanese medaka (oryzias latipes) as an indicator of indoor air quality in the beginning. As a technology to dissolve chemical compounds into water efficiently, a micro bubble generator was introduced. The test chemical was formaldehyde which is a representative of chemical compounds existing indoors. The result of the measuring solubility of formaldehyde was that formaldehyde concentration in water was raised to 0.12 mg/L when 1.0 mg/m3 of formaldehyde in air was bubbled for approximately 44 h. The correlation between the 0.1 mg/L of formaldehyde in water, which is roughly equivalent to 0.83 mg/m3 of formaldehyde in air, and the swimming activities of medaka was investigated. The fish showed abnormal behavior compared to one under a control treatment, e.g. the body movement distance decreased and the duration time near the upper water column increased significantly. It was verified that it is possible to detect concentrations of formaldehyde of 0.83 mg/m3 in indoor air using this proposed biosensor system. 相似文献
19.
J.‐Y. Chin C. Godwin E. Parker T. Robins T. Lewis P. Harbin S. Batterman 《Indoor air》2014,24(4):403-415
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are classified as known or possible carcinogens, irritants, and toxicants, and VOC exposure has been associated with the onset and exacerbation of asthma. This study characterizes VOC levels in 126 homes of children with asthma in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The total target VOC concentration ranged from 14 to 2274 μg/m3 (mean = 150 μg/m3; median = 91 μg/m3); 56 VOCs were quantified; and d‐limonene, toluene, p, m‐xylene, and ethyl acetate had the highest concentrations. Based on the potential for adverse health effects, priority VOCs included naphthalene, benzene, 1,4‐dichlorobenzene, isopropylbenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, chloroform, 1,2‐dichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethylene. Concentrations varied mostly due to between‐residence and seasonal variation. Identified emission sources included cigarette smoking, solvent‐related emissions, renovations, household products, and pesticides. The effect of nearby traffic on indoor VOC levels was not distinguished. While concentrations in the Detroit homes were lower than levels found in other North American studies, many homes had elevated VOC levels, including compounds that are known health hazards. Thus, the identification and control of VOC sources are important and prudent, especially for vulnerable individuals. Actions and policies to reduce VOC exposures, for example, sales restrictions, improved product labeling, and consumer education, are recommended. 相似文献
20.
Linling Yu Bin Wang Man Cheng Meng Yang Shiming Gan Lieyang Fan Dongming Wang Weihong Chen 《Indoor air》2020,30(4):682-690
About 339 million people worldwide are suffering from asthma. We aimed to investigate whether exposure to formaldehyde (FA) is associated with asthma, which could provide clues for preventive and mitigation actions. This article provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the association between indoor FA exposure and the risk of asthma in children and adults. An electronic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed to collect all relevant studies published before January 1, 2020, and a total of 13 papers were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effect model was conducted to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) between FA exposure and asthma. We found that each 10 µg/m3 increase in FA exposure was significantly associated with a 10% increase in the risk of asthma in children (OR = 1.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.21). We sorted the FA concentrations reported in the selected articles and categorized exposure variables into low (FA ≤ 22.5 µg/m3) and high exposure (FA > 22.5 µg/m3) according to the median concentration of FA. In the high-exposure adult group, FA exposure may also be associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.18-2.78). 相似文献