再燃烧条件下煤焦结构其对NO还原的影响

在携带流反应装置中测量了再燃条件下煤粉在高温烟气环境中迅速热解时的质量损失,通过扫描电镜观察和分析了煤焦的显微结构;分析了煤种、热解温度、热解气氛和煤粉粒径等因素对煤粉热解特性的影响;探讨了煤焦形成条件对NO还原的影响.结果表明,随着煤的挥发分含量增加,煤的质量损失份额和煤焦还原NO的能力增加;热解温度升高,将导致煤焦还原NO能力下降;在一次燃烧区空气过量系数SR1＝1.0～1.2范围内,煤粉质量损失变化不大.     

煤焦燃烧反应动力学参数与煤种的通用关系

根据作者以前提出的关于煤焦在空气中燃烧的表面反应动力学的新思想，即其表面反应活化能Ｅ与煤种无关，只取决于其温度，但其反应频率因子ｋ０，ｃｈ与煤种有密切关系，在此基础上，本文提出了一种确定煤焦燃烧反应动力学参数的新方法。在这一方法中，确定了Ｅ＝１８０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，它适用于在空气中燃烧的任何一种煤焦的反应。     

烟煤焦催化还原NOx实验研究

研究了烟煤焦在催化剂的作用下对Nx的还原过程。实验发现，烟煤焦中 廉价催化剂的存在对煤焦异相还原NOx有很大的影响，在合适的反应温度和化学当量比（SR）条件下，煤焦中的催化剂能降低NOx还原反应的活化能，加快NOx还原反应的速度，提高NOx的还原率。实验使用两种催化剂后，NOx的还原率可超过50％，几乎达到与褐煤及气体再燃烧相同的再燃效果。     

煤粉再燃过程对煤焦异相还原NO的影响

利用高温携带流反应装置,研究了煤种(包括褐煤、烟煤和贫煤)、再燃区内反应温度、煤粉粒径、一次燃烧区空气过量系数SR1和再燃区空气过量系数SR2对煤焦异相还原NO作用的影响,探讨了煤焦异相还原NO的机理.结果表明:随着SR2和煤粉粒径的减小以及再燃区反应温度的提高,煤粉NO还原效率增加;在相同的SR2下,随着煤中挥发分含量的提高,煤粉粒径的增加和再燃区反应温度的降低,煤焦异相还原NO贡献上升;对于相同再燃燃料份额:SR1=1.0和SR1=1.2时煤焦异相还原NO的贡献均大于SR1=1.1时的异相还原NO的贡献.     

恒温下玉米芯焦与煤混燃动力学研究

利用自制恒温热重实验系统,研究煤种、生物质焦掺混比例、生物质焦碳化温度及温度等对玉米芯焦与煤混燃特性的影响,并通过随机孔模型求解燃烧反应活化能。结果表明:玉米芯焦与不同煤种混燃时,均可降低燃烧反应表观活化能,加快燃烧过程;且随所选煤的灰分含量的增加或挥发分含量的减小,玉米芯焦对混合样品燃烧过程的改善程度更加明显。混合样品中玉米芯焦掺混比例增大,燃烧反应表观活化能降低,样品燃烧失重过程加快,燃烧速率增大。制备玉米芯焦的碳化温度升高,掺混试样燃烧过程的改善程度呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。不同实验温度下的动力学计算结果表明,低温段(800～950℃)的燃烧反应表观活化能明显大于高温段(950～1100℃)。     

富氧燃烧条件下煤焦特性研究

以大同烟煤为研究对象,在高温携带流模拟反应器上,利用平流火焰燃烧器制取真实富氧燃烧气氛下的煤焦,对不同停留时间下制取的煤焦进行工业分析,讨论停留时间对煤焦的燃尽率、固定碳和挥发份的含量的影响,当停留时间超过94ms时,煤焦的各种参数保持不变.利用热重分析仪进行煤焦的燃烧实验,讨论不同O2/CO2(20/80、30/70和40/60)气氛对煤焦燃烧特性的影响,并采用Coats - Refern法计算煤焦的活化能和指前因子等动力学参数,460～660℃范围内,背景气氛O2/CO2为30/70时煤焦的活化能和指前因子数值最大,为进一步研究煤焦在富氧燃烧气氛中的燃烧反应提供理论依据.     

烟煤煤焦的CO2气化反应

采用TG-FTIR方法,在反应温度为950～1300℃时,研究了几种典型煤种及其在高温下慢速和快速热解煤焦的CO2气化反应特性.对4种原煤及其1200℃快、慢速热解条件下煤焦气化产物CH4和CO进行了实时检测和分析.同时对煤焦的孔隙结构和化学组成进行了分析.结果表明,各种热解煤焦的反应速率随气化温度的升高而增大,当达到最大值后随温度的升高而下降;4种煤焦的活化能随热解和气化温度的升高而增大;煤焦气化过程释放CH4和CO的特性与原煤的趋势相似,但原煤热解气化过程中释放CH4的质量浓度比不同热解速率制得煤焦的热解气化释放CH4的质量浓度高出2个数量级,快焦相比慢焦释放出更高质量浓度的CH4;各种煤焦的BET比表面积都较小(除神府慢焦外都小于2 ㎡/g);快焦的气化活性比慢焦的好.     

煤焦还原气化反应动力学参数与煤种的通用关系

在分析前人在煤焦还原反应气化动力学参数与煤种之间无规律的原因的基础上,提出一个煤焦还原反应气化动力学参数与煤种之间的通用关系式。实验检验表明,此通用关系式合理,可供工程计算用。     

煤焦异相还原NO的实验研究

在U形石英管固定床反应器中实验研究了乌达煤焦对NO的异相还原作用。乌达煤焦在程序升温和快速升温条件下还原NO的实验结果表明,反应温度超过700℃时,NO的还原率开始迅速上升,在实验范围内,温度维持在800～1 000℃,NO的还原率较高。反应区的初始氧气体积分数越高,NO的还原率越低,表明煤焦与氧气的反应和煤焦还原NO的反应之间存在着较强的竞争作用。煤焦粒径越粗、制焦温度越高,NO的还原率越低,表明制焦条件对煤焦还原NO的反应性亦有较大影响。     

部分气化煤焦燃烧动力学的活化能分布模型研究

运用两段DAEM模型分析了部分气化煤焦的燃烧动力学．结果表明，两段DAEM模型能准确地描述部分气化煤焦的燃烧行为这是因为部分气化煤焦随着气化率的增加，其燃烧曲线的二次峰越来越显著，而两段DAEM模型正好从理论上考虑了部分气化煤焦燃烧曲线的二次峰特性．同时由两段DAEM模型计算结果发现，随着3种煤焦气化率的增加，其活化能与指前因子增加，代表易反应物质量m的减小，这说明了实验与理论结果一致，随着气化反应的进行，难反应物质的比例增加．     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996