Stress at the pleural surface

The transmission of forces between the visceral and parietal pleural is modelled as being mediated by two distinct pathways: (a) a contact pressure (Pcon) acting on an area of contact (Acon) and (2) a pleural liquid pressure (Pliq) acting on the area of liquid anfractuosities (Aliq). Summation of the forces yields a new equation relating pleural surface pressure (Ppl) to Pcon, Acon, Pliq, and Aliq. A complete solution of the equation is restricted by present limitations on measurement technology. However, assuming that the volume of pleural liquid is constant during tidal breathing, analysis of the model explains the findings that tidal swings in Pliq (deltaPliq) are sometimes greater than tidal swings in Ppl (deltaPpl). It also predicts that the influence of a change of lung elastic recoil on Pliq may be different in magnitude than its effect on Ppl. Therefore deltaPliq is not necessarily equivalent to deltaPpl.     

Lung surface area in various morphologic forms of human emphysema

The relation between lung surface area and the extent and morphologic type of emphysema was examined at autopsy in 69 men. It was found to be conceptually preferable to express the area as internal surface area per unit lung volume (specific surface area) rather than to use the more conventional, inversely related, mean linear intercept for comparison with other morphometric data. In the whole group, fixed inflated lung volume generally increased with increasing per cent involvement of lung parenchyma by emphysema, and total internal surface area decreased, but those changes were not so regular as the decline in specific surface area with increasing per cent emphysema (r=-0.574). Lungs with no emphysema had a significantly higher specific surface area than did lungs with very little emphysema (1 to 9 per cent), suggesting noticeable effects on the physical properties of lung by minimal degrees of this disease at high levels of inflation. The way in which specific surface area decreased with increasing percentage of emphysema was not noticeably different among patients with centrilobular, panlobular, or mixed forms of emphysema, although lungs with only centrilobular emphysema were much more common and had a significantly lower mean percentage of emphysema than did those with only panlobular emphysema; the prevalence and mean percentage of emphysema of the mixed group were intermediate. These observations, coupled with the association of older mean age with increasing percentage of emphysema, were interpreted as support for the concept that many examples of panlobular emphysema are derived from confluence of extensive centrilobular emphysematous lesions.     

不同氮气压力烧结对WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金表面结构和性能的影响

采用不同氮气压力烧结制备WC-TiC-NbC-Co合金,再使用CVD方法进行涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、表面粗糙度仪和划痕测试仪对烧结后及涂层后的样品表面形貌、成分、物相、粗糙度及涂层结合力进行表征与测量.结果表明,与真空烧结相比,在氮气氛中烧结的WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金样品的表面形成了以TiC相为主的梯度层,梯度层厚度随着氮气压力的升高而增大.当氮气压力为15 kPa时,梯度层厚度达到了10μm,当氮气压力为10 kPa时,样品与CVD涂层具有最好的结合力.说明适当的氮气压力可以在合金表面形成一定厚度梯度层,并有助于提高涂层结合力.     

不同氮气压力烧结对WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金表面结构和性能的影响

采用不同氮气压力烧结制备WC-TiC-NbC-Co合金,再使用CVD方法进行涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、表面粗糙度仪和划痕测试仪对烧结后及涂层后的样品表面形貌、成分、物相、粗糙度及涂层结合力进行表征与测量.结果表明,与真空烧结相比,在氮气氛中烧结的WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金样品的表面形成了以TiC相为主的梯度层,梯度层厚度随着氮气压力的升高而增大.当氮气压力为15 kPa时,梯度层厚度达到了10μm,当氮气压力为10 kPa时,样品与CVD涂层具有最好的结合力.说明适当的氮气压力可以在合金表面形成一定厚度梯度层,并有助于提高涂层结合力.     

不同氮气压力烧结对WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金表面结构和性能的影响

采用不同氮气压力烧结制备WC-TiC-NbC-Co合金,再使用CVD方法进行涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、表面粗糙度仪和划痕测试仪对烧结后及涂层后的样品表面形貌、成分、物相、粗糙度及涂层结合力进行表征与测量.结果表明,与真空烧结相比,在氮气氛中烧结的WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金样品的表面形成了以TiC相为主的梯度层,梯度层厚度随着氮气压力的升高而增大.当氮气压力为15 kPa时,梯度层厚度达到了10μm,当氮气压力为10 kPa时,样品与CVD涂层具有最好的结合力.说明适当的氮气压力可以在合金表面形成一定厚度梯度层,并有助于提高涂层结合力.     

不同氮气压力烧结对WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金表面结构和性能的影响

采用不同氮气压力烧结制备WC-TiC-NbC-Co合金,再使用CVD方法进行涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、表面粗糙度仪和划痕测试仪对烧结后及涂层后的样品表面形貌、成分、物相、粗糙度及涂层结合力进行表征与测量.结果表明,与真空烧结相比,在氮气氛中烧结的WC-TiC-NbC-Co硬质合金样品的表面形成了以TiC相为主的梯度层,梯度层厚度随着氮气压力的升高而增大.当氮气压力为15 kPa时,梯度层厚度达到了10μm,当氮气压力为10 kPa时,样品与CVD涂层具有最好的结合力.说明适当的氮气压力可以在合金表面形成一定厚度梯度层,并有助于提高涂层结合力.     

Effect of cataract on intraocular pressure

Cases of immature and mature cataract were selected to study normal values in relation to hypermature cataract. We observed that cases of hypermature cataract had a high intraocular tension which was associated with a high protein level and increase in the number of macrophages in the aqueous. We concluded that a phacolytic mechanism is responsible for a secondary rise of intraocular tension in cases of hypermature cataract.     

Effect of sudden decompression on tissue pressure in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure

Extracranial hypertension was produced in cats by means of epidural compression with a baloon. After 2 hours of compression sudden decompression was performed and tissue pressure was compared at symmetrical sites of cerebral hemispheres with cerebrospinal fluid pressure measured in the cisterna magna. It was found that symmetrical tissue pystem, which was due probably to early oedema developing in the compressed area.     

A novel method for chronic measurement of pleural pressure in conscious rats

To clarify the role of thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand, TPO) in 'hypersplenic' thrombocytopenia, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine changes in serum TPO levels accompanied with splenectomy in 6 patients with liver cirrhosis, 4 patients with gastric cancer, and 2 patients with lymphoid malignancies. We also measured serum levels of other thrombopoietic cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and erythropoietin. Platelet counts reached a maximum at day 14 after splenectomy in all subjects. In patients with liver cirrhosis, a lower elevation of platelet counts was observed compared with that in patients with gastric cancer. Serum TPO levels gradually elevated after splenectomy and reached a maximum 3.5 days after splenectomy in noncirrhotic patients, whereas peak serum TPO levels were delayed until day 7 in the cirrhosis group. IL-6 and erythropoietin showed similar kinetics between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. These findings suggest that transient thrombocytosis after splenectomy may be associated with an alteration in the site of TPO catabolism by platelets from spleen to the blood and that deterioration of TPO production may play a role in thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis.     

Effect of plasma colloid osmotic pressure on intraocular pressure during haemodialysis

BACKGROUND: In a previous case report, it was shown that an increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure induced by the removal of fluid during haemodialysis was instrumental in decreasing intraocular pressure. The relation between changes in intraocular pressure, plasma osmolarity, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and body weight before and after haemodialysis is evaluated. METHODS: Intraocular pressure, plasma osmolarity, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and body weight were evaluated before and after haemodialysis in 36 patients. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure and plasma osmolarity both decreased significantly after haemodialysis (p < 0.0001). Plasma colloid osmotic pressure increased significantly after haemodialysis (p < 0.0001). Body weight decreased significantly because of the removal of fluid during haemodialysis (p < 0.0001). No significant correlation was found between the change in intraocular pressure and that in plasma osmolarity (r = -0.206, p = 0.2297), whereas the change in intraocular pressure was correlated with the change in plasma colloid osmotic pressure (r = -0.510, p = 0.0012) and the change in body weight (r = 0.534, p = 0.0006). A significant correlation was found between the change in plasma colloid osmotic pressure and that in body weight (r = -0.756, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The change in intraocular pressure was inversely correlated with the increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure caused by the removal of fluid during haemodialysis.     

Effect of pressure difference on the quality of titanium casting

In casting titanium using a two-compartment casting machine, Her? et al. (1993) reported that the pressure difference between the melting chamber and the mold chamber affected the soundness of the castings. This study tested the hypothesis that differences in pressure produce castings with various amounts of porosity and different mechanical properties values. Plastic dumbbell-shaped patterns were invested with an alumina-based, phosphate-bonded investment material. Both chambers of the casting machine were evacuated to 6 x 10(-2) torr; the argon pressure difference was then adjusted to either 50, 150, 300, or 450 torr. The porosity of the cast specimens was determined by x-ray radiography and quantitative image analysis. Tensile strength and elongation were measured by means of a universal testing machine at a strain rate of 1.7 x 10(-4)/s. The fractured surfaces were examined by SEM. Changes in Vickers hardness with depth from the cast surface were measured on polished cross-sections of the specimens. Raising the argon pressure difference to 300 and 450 torr caused a significant increase in internal porosity and a resultant decrease in the engineering tensile strength and elongation. The highest tensile strength (approximately 540 MPa), elongation (approximately 10%), bulk hardness (HV50g 209), and lowest porosity level (approximately 0.8%) occurred in the specimens cast at 150 torr. Turbulence of the metal during casting was thought to be responsible for the increase in porosity levels with the increase in argon pressure difference. By choosing an argon pressure difference (around 150 torr) suitable for this geometry, we could produce castings which have adequate mechanical properties and low porosity levels.