Observations on the morphology and development of star flowers of Vitis vinifera L. cvs Chardonnay and Shiraz

Background and Aims: Following our original discovery of star flowers on grapevines in Australia, further variants of the star flower phenotype have been discovered on other varieties in South Australia. The objective of this report was to describe star flowers on Vitis vinifera L. cvs Chardonnay and Shiraz. Methods and Results: Field and microscopic observations revealed that star flowers on both varieties opened precociously; there was neither pollen nor pollen tubes on the stigmas of the star flowers, and both Chardonnay and Shiraz star flowers contained aberrant ovules. The Chardonnay vines with star flowers produced bunches with an abundance of seedless berries; however, star flowers on Shiraz vines did not develop into berries. Conclusions: The inability of the Shiraz star flowers to develop into berries suggests that either there are two different mutations affecting these two varieties, or else the difference lies in their contrasting parthenocarpic tendencies. Significance of the Study: The star flower variants described here and previously may be the result of deviations to the normal molecular pathway for flower development in Vitis species. The identification of star flowers on numerous varieties and in several different regions suggests that the occurrence of star flowers may be more widespread than previously realised, and the association of star flowers with the production of seedless berries and poor fruitset suggests that star flowers may also play a significant role in the problem of poor fruitset.     

Changes in the aromatic composition of the Vitis vinifera grape Muscat Hamburg during ripening

A two-year study was carried out to determine the evolution of free and bound aromatic compounds of Muscat grape (sp. Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat Hamburg) during ripening. The most abundant free compounds detected were linalool, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5-octadien-3,7-diol (diendiol I) and 3,7-dimethyl-1,7-octadien-3,6-diol (diendiol II). In general, concentrations of the main free terpenols increased during grape development, except geraniol. In the glycosidically-bound fraction the major compounds were geraniol, linalool, citral, nerol, citronellol, α-terpineol, diendiol I, diendiol II, trans-furan linalool oxide (linaloloxide I), cis-furan linalool oxide (linaloloxide II), benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol. At grape maturity, results showed a higher content of bound compounds than of free forms, with the exception of linalool, diendiol I, and diendiol II whose concentrations were greater in the free fraction, and limonene which was not detected in the bound fraction. On the basis Odour Activity Values, linalool was the most odour-active odorant. Other monoterpenes potentially contributing to Muscat aroma were rose oxide, citral, geraniol, nerol and citronellol.     

固态发酵食醋生产过程中主要微生物及风味生成的探讨

实验研究了不同时间、不同醋醅层次的微生物分布和数量变化规律,探索影响风味形成的因素。结果表明,发酵前5 d,酵母菌和乳酸菌迅速增殖,第5天酵母菌数达到最高3.4×107 CFU/g,乳酸菌最高为3.2×107 CFU/g,以乳酸为主的不挥发酸同时也生成较快;醋酸菌前3 d增长迅速,之后缓慢增长并以生成挥发性的醋酸为主,第11天醋酸菌数量达到峰值为4.0×107 CFU/g,13 d以后逐渐消亡。醋酸发酵初期,pH值迅速下降,不挥发酸迅速增加,不挥发酸占总酸的比值最大在第7天,为87.22%;总酸在发酵中期的7～13 d增幅最大。乳酸菌的消长影响着不挥发酸的生成,醋酸菌的消长影响着总酸的生成,醋酸发酵过程中控制合适的发酵条件,使两者的相互协调生长,有利于产品口感风味的调和。     

马尾松-虎耳草复合精油保鲜处理对阳光玫瑰葡萄贮藏期内品质的影响

本研究采用马尾松-虎耳草复合精油-β-环糊精包合物加载的保鲜纸和保鲜片两种精油装载形式研究其对阳光玫瑰葡萄在低温和常温贮藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明,马尾松-虎耳草精油保鲜纸比保鲜片更有效维持了贮藏期内阳光玫瑰葡萄的品质,且精油保鲜纸处理结合低温贮藏效果最优。马尾松-虎耳草精油保鲜纸有效抑制阳光玫瑰葡萄失重率增加,低温贮藏5周后葡萄失重率为0.36%,显著低于对照组（0.81%,P<0.05）,维持葡萄贮藏期间的色泽和硬度,减缓果实中可溶性固形物含量、酸度和还原糖含量的下降,低温贮藏5周后葡萄的可溶性固形物含量和酸度分别显著高于对照组1.65%和0.13%（P<0.05）,有效抑制多酚氧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性的上升,并抑制果实中丙二醛含量的上升,低温贮藏5周后葡萄丙二醛含量为0.88 nmol/g,显著低于对照组（3.25 nmol/g,P<0.05）。综上所述,马尾松-虎耳草精油保鲜纸在常温和低温贮藏下均可起到维持阳光玫瑰葡萄贮藏期间品质的作用,且精油保鲜纸使用便利,具有产业化前景。     

Amounts of glycosides in grapevine organs during berry development

Whole berries, leaf blades and petioles from Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria), Sultana and Flame Seedless vines were sampled at intervals from three weeks after flowering to fruit ripeness. The glycosidically-bound constituents present in the samples were quantified through a determination of the glycosyl glucose. At the stage of berry ripeness, the concentration of glycosides per gram fresh weight in the leaf blades was 10–30 times higher than in the fruit. During berry development glycoside concentrations increased in leaf blades and petioles but decreased in fruit. However, when expressed on a per berry basis, the levels of glycosides in the fruit increased as ripening progressed; the levels in ripe fruit were high in Muscat Gordo Blanco and low in Sultana. Further experimentation will be needed to establish whether the glycosides are synthesised in the leaves and transported to the berries or synthesised independently in both organs.     

Early post-veraison growth in grapes: evidence for a two-step mode of berry enlargement

An account is provided of berry softening plus cell wall loosening in flesh and skin tissues, that relates to changes in berry turgor and sugar accumulation around veraison in Golden Muscat ( Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca ). The onset of change in berry deformability was taken as a demarcation between pre-veraison and post-veraison growth phases. Our results confirmed that post-veraison berry enlargement was preceded by berry softening and sugar accumulation. Berry 'turgor' (as inferred from the rate of juice exudation from punctured fruit) increased abruptly and concurrently with berry softening and sugar accumulation, but dropped steadily with subsequent berry expansion. Elasticity of skin tissues decreased abruptly during early phases of expansion, while berry deformability increased. We suggest that cell wall loosening in flesh tissues precedes cell wall loosening in skin tissues, and that this loosening sequence results in a two step sequence where berry softening is later followed by berry expansion.     

西楚酒花对玫瑰香葡萄酒香气的影响

以玫瑰香葡萄为原料,探讨在葡萄酒酿造中加入西楚酒花后的香气特点。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对添加不同浓度的西楚酒花玫瑰香葡萄酒中挥发性物质进行定性鉴定和定量分析,运用主成分分析法(PCA)分析不同浓度的西楚酒花玫瑰香葡萄酒的关键香气物质,并结合香气阈值确定各挥发性成分的相对气味活度值(ROAV)。结果表明:共检测到31种香气成分,包括13种酯类、11种醇类、1种酸类、6种其他类,其中醇类和酯类物质含量较高,对葡萄酒整体香气具有重要贡献作用;通过主成分分析得出,5个酒样在前3个主成分呈分散分布,说明添加西楚酒花的玫瑰香葡萄酒与普通酒样的香气成分种类之间差异明显;在酒样中,随着西楚酒花浓度的增加,同时玫瑰香葡萄酒的特征风味物质香茅醇的含量也在增加。综合得出,西楚酒花葡萄酒中能保留部分酒花香味物质,酒花香气物质与葡萄酒本身香气物质并不是简单叠加。     

GC-MS法研究玫瑰香葡萄酒中的香气成分

以天津茶淀玫瑰香葡萄为原料,用不同的酵母菌来酿造玫瑰香葡萄酒.采用固相微萃取结合气质色谱的方法对葡萄酒中的挥发性香气物质进行榆测.共识别出60种化合物,主要香气成分为醇类、酯类、酸类、萜烯类物质.不同酵母发酵葡萄酒中的香气成分种类区别不大,而含量有差别.尤其是2种酵母产生的醇类物质的总量差别较大,而二者的产酯能力几乎相同.     

臭氧处理对新疆厚皮甜瓜贮藏品质和生理特性的影响

研究4 种不同贮藏条件（－1～0 ℃条件下5×10－6 m3/m3（以空气计）臭氧处理和5～6 ℃条件下2×10－6、4×10－6 m3/m3臭氧及2%～5% O2结合2%～4% CO2处理）对新疆厚皮甜瓜贮藏品质和生理特性的影响,贮藏过程中每15 d测定呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、pH值、果肉硬度、还原糖含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性;贮藏68 d统计所有处理组甜瓜的腐烂和冷害情况。结果表明：低温冷藏（－1～0 ℃）条件下的甜瓜呼吸强度最低,但是出现了冷害现象,68 d时冷害指数为39%;贮藏于5～6 ℃条件下每日通入30 min2×10－6 m3/m3臭氧气体的甜瓜贮藏效果好于对照组,贮藏于5～6 ℃条件下每日通入30 min 4×10－6 m3/m3臭氧气体的甜瓜贮藏效果最好,其中呼吸高峰延迟出现,且呼吸强度降低,同时乙烯释放速率最小,还原糖含量、果肉硬度和POD活性较高,68 d时的腐烂指数仅为0.318;5～6 ℃环境下的气调（2%～5% O2）甜瓜可滴定酸含量最高,与其他处理组的差异性极显著（P＜0.01）;对照果实贮藏效果最差。     

Evolution of the aroma composition of wines supplemented with grape flavour precursors from different varietals during accelerated wine ageing

The wines obtained by fermentation of a model medium supplemented with flavour precursors from different grape varieties (Muscat, Chardonnay, Grenache, Tempranillo, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Verdejo, and Syrah) were submitted to an accelerated ageing at 50 °C for 9 weeks simulating maturation in the bottle. The volatile compounds coming from grape flavour precursors were extracted by SPE and determined by GC–MS at the end of the alcoholic fermentation and after 1, 3, and 9 weeks of ageing. In general, the biggest changes were observed in the first week of accelerated ageing, most compounds showing a significant increase and a further steady decrease in their concentrations. Unexpectedly, Riesling acetal, 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), and trans-1-(2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (TPB) also followed this trend. However, vanillin derivatives, furan linalool oxides, 3-oxo-β-ionone, actinidols, 4-ethylphenol, and guaiacol showed a continuous increase during the ageing process. Syrah and Muscat were the most different varieties after fermentation and also at the end of the process. Differences between the rest of the varieties increased during the accelerated ageing, and, in most cases, differences were in accordance with those observed after acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the grape precursor extracts.     

聚丙烯滤材对烟气中丙烯输送量的影响分析

本文对不同温度下聚丙烯丝束顶空气中的丙烯和滤嘴卷烟烟气中的丙烯做了分析研究。分析结果显示,聚丙烯丝束顶空气中含有极微量的丙烯,在26℃至200℃的温度范围内,其含量为5.9×10-10~1.17×10-9g/g丝束或每个20mm长的丙纤滤嘴含7.7×10-11~1.53×10-10g,表明在高达200℃的温度(远高于卷烟抽吸时滤嘴的温度)下,聚丙烯丝束不会分解产生丙烯。聚丙烯滤嘴烟与醋纤滤嘴烟烟气的对比分析显示,两种卷烟烟气都含有较高量的丙烯,均大约为300μg/支。这样高量的丙烯.显然是卷烟内滤嘴以外的烟叶配方原料在烟支抽吸过程裂解产生的。      

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析玫瑰香葡萄中挥发性物质的萃取条件优化

原料选自宁夏贺兰山东麓玉泉营6年生玫瑰香,设置平衡时间分别为5 min、10 min、15 min,解吸时间分别为4 min、5 min、6 min,萃取温度分别为20 ℃、30 ℃和40 ℃,吸附时间分别为30 min、40 min和50 min,用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）法对玫瑰香葡萄果实的挥发性物质进行萃取,以建立适宜于玫瑰香葡萄果实挥发性物质的气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析方法。结果表明,萃取玫瑰香果实挥发性物质的最适萃取条件为平衡时间10 min,解吸时间5 min,萃取温度30 ℃,吸附时间40 min。在此优化萃取条件下,得到的挥发性物质的数量和响应强度较高,检测出玫瑰香果实的主要挥发性物质有芳樟醇、橙花醚、玫瑰醚、橙花醇、香叶醇、辛酸乙酯、柠檬醛、酞酸二甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、正辛基醚等。     

The aroma of grapes. Localisation and evolution of free and bound fractions of some grape aroma components c.v. Muscat during first development and maturation

The localisation of some aroma components in the different parts of the berry of Muscat grape varieties was studied. The evolution of these compounds was also monitored during the development and maturation of the fruit. The aromatic substances were certain terpenols in free and glycosidically bound forms and certain aromatic alcohols, benzyl and 2-phenyl ethyl alcohols. The skin was the richest in free and bound terpenols in the berry. The ratio of bound free terpenols in skin, pulp and juice was similar. Free terpenols (in particular geraniol and nerol) were much more abundant in skin than in juice. It was possible to distinguish between the two Muscat varieties studied here using their levels of bound terpenols. These were abundant from the green stage of the grape berry onwards; their levels increased during development of the fruit to reach very high levels at the end of maturation. The bound terpenols have a considerable aroma potential, mainly located in grape skins, which it would be interesting to make use of in new wine technology.     

烤烟主要农艺性状的遗传分析

为了快速准确地预测烤烟F₁的杂种优势,促进强优势杂交组合的选育,采用NCⅡ交配设计的方法,以7个烤烟品种(系)组配了12个杂交组合,探讨了亲本和F₁一些主要农艺性状的杂种优势表现,并对其配合力和遗传力进行了分析。结果表明,杂种优势因性状和杂交组合的不同表现出较大的差异,5个性状群体中亲优势大小顺序为株高>叶面积>叶长>叶宽>叶数,群体超亲优势除株高外均呈一定的负向;配合力的研究选出了本研究中较理想的杂交组合及亲本,遗传力的研究表明了各个性状选择较为可靠,但叶宽、叶面积性状受非加性遗传的作用较为突出,宜在较高的世代进行选择。综合各个性状的杂种优势和配合力来看,韭菜坪2号×G28,南江三号×Florda301是较好的组合;Florda301,韭菜坪2号是较好的亲本。     

玫瑰香干红葡萄酒自然发酵过程中优势酵母分离鉴定及其应用潜力分析

为酿造特色玫瑰香干红葡萄酒,开发本土发酵剂是目前重要发展方向。从昌黎产区玫瑰香干红葡萄酒自然发酵醪中共分离得到337株酵母,通过WL(Wallerstein laboratory)鉴别培养基对其进行分类鉴定、计数,将其鉴别为7大类,根据计数结果选取优势酵母接种至BIGGY(bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast)固体培养基,从中进一步筛选不产H2S酵母,进行分子鉴定,结果显示HBKS-Y1、HBKS-Y3为酿酒酵母,HBKS-Y2为葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母。考察3株本土酵母酿造因子耐性,发现3株酵母对乙醇、SO2、糖度均具有较高耐性,满足葡萄酒酿造要求;以商用活性干酵母FX10葡萄汁发酵为对照,考察3株酵母对玫瑰香葡萄汁单菌、混菌发酵理化指标和香气成分的影响,3株本土酵母单菌和混菌发酵各指标(例如:还原糖、酒精度、总酸、挥发酸、甘油和乙醛含量)均符合干红葡萄酒酿造标准。同时发现,与HBKS-Y2单菌发酵相比,3株酵母混菌发酵总酸和挥发酸含量降低,对葡萄酒有益,且混菌发酵对葡萄酒其他理化指标没有不利影响。本土酵母发酵尤其是混菌发酵,表征玫瑰香品种香气的萜烯醇类物质含量明显高于活性干酵母发酵。以上结果表明,3株本土酵母可以应用于玫瑰香干红葡萄酒的酿造,且3株酵母混菌发酵对突出玫瑰香干红葡萄酒品种香气具有一定的应用潜力。     

高效毛细管电泳用于检测黄花菜中4 种活性物质

使用高效毛细管电泳法,对黄花菜中活性化合物芦荟大黄素、山柰酚、绿原酸和槲皮素进行检测。在最佳电泳条件为10 mmol/L Na2B4O7-H3BO3缓冲溶液、pH 9.15、紫外检测波长224 nm、30 kV的外加电压条件下进样5 s,4 种物质在6 min内实现了分离,4 种物质的线性范围分别为0.02～0.21、0.01～0.90、0.01～0.99、0.01～0.90 mg/mL,线性相关系数在0.997 6～0.999 6之间,检出限分别为2.45×10－5、1.41×10－5、1.78×10－5、8.63×10－6 mg/mL（RSN=3）,平均回收率在97.5%～101.2%之间,相对标准偏差不大于4.76%。实验结果表明该方法快速准确,适合用于黄花菜中活性物质的检测。     

Occurrence of anthocyanin pigments in berries of the white cultivar Muscat Gordo Blanco (Vitis vinifera L.)

Rose coloration of skin was observed to sometimes develop late during ripening on the normally white grape berries of cv. Muscat Gordo Blanco. The nature of the pigment was investigated by HPLC analysis of skin extracts of single berries. The predominant anthocyanin was identified as cyanidin-3-glucoside with minor amounts of delphinidin- and peonidin-3-glucosides. This composition resembles the skin composition of coloured, small-seeded muscat cultivars which it also resembles by the monoterpene composition of the juice. The pigments occurred only in berries with levels of total soluble solids in excess of 24°Brix in the juice and such berries tended to have smaller fresh weight. Berry pigmentation occurred on vines with various root systems. The specific conditions under which pigment developed in Muscat Gordo berries may offer a useful tool in the study of anthocyanin biosynthesis.     

EFFECT OF A DEFICIT IRRIGATION REGIME ON THE QUALITY OF WINES MADE FROM WHITE GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.) GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS

ABSTRACT

The dependence of wine quality on the irrigation management strategies in Vitis vinifera L. was tested from 1999 to 2002. A drip‐irrigation experiment was performed on white grapes of the cultivars Baladí, Airén, Montepila, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains and Pedro Ximénez, grafted and vineyard‐planted in 1995 in Cabra (Cordoba, Spain). Treatments consisted of a nonirrigated control and an experimental deficit irrigation, in which water was applied from fruit set until near harvest. A total of 19 analytical parameters were measured, including alcohols, total phenol content and optical density as well as ethanol, pH, total acidity and dry extract. Wines were evaluated for their visual characteristics, aroma, taste and finish. The irrigation treatment contributed to a higher dry extract, and an increase in malic acid and potassium in wines. There was a decrease in pH, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohols with increasing water application. Sensory evaluation ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines with the only exception of the wines of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains. The main defects of nonirrigated wines were attributed to visual characteristics and poorer taste quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Proper irrigation management, i.e., optimizing both the timing and the amount of water supplied, plays a significant role in wine quality and is especially important in arid and semiarid areas. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of irrigation in wine quality. In this study, irrigation was applied only during periods in which water stress might affect production and harvest quality. The chemical results ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines and Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains over other cultivars, regarding their quality. Sensory evaluation ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines with the only exception of the wines of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains. Therefore, deficit irrigation during berry development and ripening appears to be a promising technique for the production of quality young wines in semiarid achieving a compromise between aroma and taste quality.     

蛹虫草退化梯度的建立及退化过程中相关分子机制的变化

该研究以实验室人工栽培模拟工业生产工艺，对蛹虫草菌株ZGCM进行重复传代培养，人为建立了1至7代的菌种退化梯度株系，以探究蛹虫草退化过程中的形态变化规律及其内在分子机制的变化。实验结果表明，ZGCM菌株自第2代开始退化，至第6代基本不产生子实体。培养基残糖含量随退化梯度菌种代际数目的上升而呈下降趋势，第5代与第1代相比下降了62.40%。培养基残余蛋白质含量在第2代下降后出现回升，提示蛹虫草菌株随着传代次数的上升，吸收外界氮源的能力持续下降。以qRT-PCR法测定过往报道中发现的14个转录水平变化趋势与蛹虫草退化代际数目呈线性相关的基因，结果表明仅有CCM_04090基因的表达量呈上升趋势，第5代与第1代相比提高了39.60%，与过往报道一致。其他基因均无显著变化。以HPLC法测定静置液体发酵液中的虫草素含量，发现其随着传代次数的上升而下降。静置发酵30 d时，第5代与第1代相比虫草素产量下降了74.56%。结果表明蛹虫草菌株退化会对子实体产量和虫草素含量等两大产品品质核心因素造成负面影响。     

酱卤肉中沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌生长特性及预测模型建立

依据流行病学的调查结果,酱卤肉中检出率较高的致病菌为沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌。本实验对该两种代表性致病菌以酱卤肉作为培养基成分在不同温度下的生长特性进行研究,建立了不同温度下沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌的生长一级模型和二级模型。在沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌培养温度范围内得出酱卤肉制品中沙门氏菌的动力学模型为：lgN＝A＋（10.2－A）×exp{－exp[e×（－3.173 1T2＋2.02T＋1.812）×（1.252T2－7.746T＋1.22－t）/（10.2－A）＋1]};酱卤肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的动力学模型为：lgN＝A＋（17.9－A）×exp{－exp[e×（－9.024T2＋5.774T－4.402）×（1.378T2－7.995T＋1.172－t）/（17.9－A）＋1]}。运用该预测模型可描述自然状态下酱卤肉制品中的两种代表性致病菌数量的动态变化,为该类产品的生产、运输、贮藏及销售过程中的食品安全保证提供良好的理论依据,用以减少由致病菌引发的食品安全风险,并为建立酱卤肉企业的食品安全管理体系提供科学基础。