多对一供应链零售商驱动型收入共享契约下的生产决策

针对多对一供应链结构中零售商具有较强议价能力的特点,建立了零售商为主方、制造商为从方的Ｓｔａｃｋｅｌｂｅｒｇ主从对策模型;给出在零售商提供契约条款的对称博弈中,制造商生产产品策略存在唯一最优解的证明;分析了零售商契约参数变量的决策问题;讨论了收入共享契约下分散供应链同集中供应链决策的关系．通过仿真实验,分析验证了契约参数及产品的可替代性对供应链绩效的影响．

     

两级供应链减排与促销的合作策略研究

首先假设在由零售商主导的供应链中, 制造商的低碳声誉和零售商的促销都能增加产品的需求, 减排对制造商的低碳声誉有正面影响; 然后运用微分博弈理论, 比较了不合作、成本分担契约以及合作3 个契约对供应链成员的影响. 研究发现, 制造商和零售商的促销及减排水平在合作契约下最高, 但供应链的总价值在合作契约下最大是有条件的. 当存在合作价值时, 为了使制造商和零售商获得更多的价值设计了利润共享契约.     

两级供应链减排与促销的合作策略

首先假设在由零售商主导的供应链中,制造商的低碳声誉和零售商的促销都能增加产品的需求,减排对制造商的低碳声誉有正面影响;然后运用微分博弈理论,比较了不合作、成本分担契约以及合作3个契约对供应链成员的影响.研究发现,制造商和零售商的促销及减排水平在合作契约下最高,但供应链的总价值在合作契约下最大是有条件的.当存在合作价值时,为了使制造商和零售商获得更多的价值设计了利润共享契约.     

零售商竞争下考虑产品商誉的纵向联合促销微分博弈

将产品商誉作为状态变量,借助微分博弈研究由单个制造商和两个竞争性零售商组成的供应链纵向联合促销问题.在产品需求受商誉和零售商促销努力的共同影响下,分别构建集中式和分散式微分博弈模型,引入成本分担契约对供应链进行协调,并通过算例对相关参数进行灵敏度分析.研究表明:成本分担契约的引入可提高零售商促销努力水平、产品商誉以及需求量,实现供应链协调;随着零售商竞争程度以及促销努力成本系数的增加,引入契约后供应链成员的利润增加值呈下降趋势;相反,随着零售商促销努力以及产品商誉对需求影响程度的增加,供应链成员的利润增加值呈上升趋势.     

考虑产品运输过程碳排放的供应链契约协调

考虑由制造商、第三方物流供应商和零售商组成的三级绿色供应链,其中制造商负责生产绿色产品,并通过专业第三方物流将其供应给零售商,零售商将这些产品销售给终端消费者。在产品绿色度和碳排放量同时对供应链的产品需求产生影响的基础上,考虑绿色成本共担合同和碳减排成本共担合同两种契约协调机制,采用Stackelberg博弈,研究这两种情形下供应链的最优决策。研究结果表明,引入绿色制造成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度会得到提高,物流运输过程中的碳排放量不变。引入碳减排成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度保持不变,但是碳排放量显著降低;两种合同都可以提高所有成员的利润,有效地协调供应链。     

产出和需求不确定下三级供应链契约协调模型

研究基于供应商和制造商随机产出以及零售商随机需求的单一供应商、制造商和零售商组成的三级供应链契约协调问题, 构建并分析集中和分散条件下供应链系统的最优决策模型, 证明随机产出和需求下运用风险共担契约可以使分散期望利润达到集中决策的水平. 在数值算例中, 通过模型和契约参数的分析, 阐述了风险共担契约协调的有效性.     

需求依赖减排水平和价格的供应链决策与协调机制

针对由一个低碳产品制造商与一个零售商组成的供应链, 考虑需求同时受减排水平和销售价格的影响, 分别研究寄售契约、收益共享契约以及收益共享与减排成本共担3 种契约下供应链企业的优化决策, 并进一步探讨当需求的确定部分为和式、随机部分服从均匀分布时的供应链系统的最优决策. 从理论上证明了制造商与零售商之间的合作利于促进减排水平的提升, 也利于供应链系统期望总利润的增加. 最后, 探讨了不同参数对协调供应链绩效的影响.

     

质量约束下考虑延保服务的供应链定价与协调

针对零售商提供并销售延保服务,产品质量同时对产品和延保服务需求产生影响的产品服务供应链,研究了有无产品质量约束情形下的产品价格、延保服务价格和产品质量的联合决策,设计了制造商和零售商的协调契约以降低分散决策下的“双重边际效应”问题,分析了产品价格系数、产品质量约束水平等对产品和延保服务定价的影响。研究表明,对产品质量的约束对于防止制造商基于自身利益过度降低产品质量具有重要意义;协调契约可以有效降低产品价格并提高产品质量,并实现制造商、零售商和产品服务供应链系统利润的帕累托改善;产品质量系数和产品价格系数将同时对零售商的产品和延保服务价格策略产生影响。     

考虑制造商公平关切的强势零售商自有品牌导入策略研究

研究了制造商公平关切下强势零售商的自有品牌导入策略,在有强势零售商存在的供应链中,考虑弱势一方制造商的公平关切对供应链决策的影响。将零售商是否导入自有品牌以及制造商是否具有公平关切行为进行组合,得到了四种情景,分析了四种情景下的供应链博弈模型,得到均衡策略、利润以及相应自有品牌的导入条件;进一步对模型进行比较分析,探讨自有品牌导入以及制造商公平关切对供应链成员决策以及利润的影响。研究发现,制造商的公平关切会使其批发价格和利润提高;零售商导入自有品牌会使零售商和供应链的利润增加,当自有品牌产品替代率较大时也会有利于制造商利润水平的提高。     

柔性契约协调机制下的供应链采购优化与决策

为提高供应链及链上各实体的收益,合理分配采购量,针对多个供应商和单一制造商组成的供应链系统构建了基于柔性契约协调机制的多对一供应链协调优化模型,分析了柔性契约协调机制对分散式供应链系统绩效的影响。针对多对一供应链结构中核心制造商有强议价能力的特点,建立了以制造商为主方、供应商为从方的Stackelberg主从对策模型,分别讨论了集中控制和分散控制下的最优决策。在期权契约下核心制造商通过设计合理的契约参数,可以激励上游供应商的决策行为,从而使得分散供应链系统的绩效能够得到提高。仿真实验证明了该柔性契约协调机制的有效性。实验结果表明,在一定的契约参数条件下,制造商不能随意设置其初始采购量,否则可能导致协调失效。     

纵向产品差异的闭环供应链定价策略研究

为了解决闭环供应链中的定价策略问题,根据单一制造商和单一零售商构成的二级闭环供应链系统,应用博弈理论研究新产品与再造品之间存在纵向产品差异时闭环供应链中制造商和零售商的定价策略。得出了一个合作博弈的均衡解（合作决策）和一个非合作博弈（均衡解斯坦克尔伯格）的均衡解（分散决策）,并对两种定价策略作了进一步的比较,得出了一些有价值的结论。     

需求信息不对称下的双渠道供应链合作广告投资决策分析

研究制造商主导的Stackelberg 博弈下双渠道供应链的合作广告策略, 分析信息不对称及双渠道对供应链合作广告投资决策的影响. 研究表明, 零售商在具有需求信息优势时会谎报需求信息, 并且在一定条件下其谎报决策会降低制造商的利润, 但能提高供应链的利润, 这种情况下制造商无法通过激励合同促使零售商共享信息. 另外, 在最优合作广告策略下, 当直销渠道与分销渠道所占市场份额的分配比例小于一定值时, 制造商采取双渠道会使供应链参与者均受益.

     

Optimal pricing decisions in a fuzzy dual-channel supply chain

This paper analyzes the pricing decisions of a dual-channel supply chain including one retailer and one manufacturer who produces a product and sells it to the end customer through retailer or directly. Both the manufacturing cost and the customer demand are considered as fuzzy variables. Two pricing models, including centralized decision model and manufacturer-leader Stackelberg game, with consideration of different market power structures are adopted. Optimal decisions on wholesale price and retail prices are determined using game theoretical approach and fuzzy set theory for each model. Finally, a numerical example is solved to illustrate the effectiveness of models and provide some managerial insights from analysis.     

考虑成员企业风险态度的制造商资金约束闭环供应链定价与回收决策

针对制造商资金约束的闭环供应链,考虑制造商、零售商和回收商面对市场需求不确定性表现出不同的风险态度,研究闭环供应链如何确定其最优定价与回收决策.首先,依据均值-方差法给出制造商、零售商、回收商和闭环供应链的效用函数;然后,基于博弈论的思想分别确定集中式决策下闭环供应链的最优策略和效用,以及分散式决策下制造商、零售商和回收商的最优策略和效用;最后,分析相关参数对最优策略和效用的影响.研究结果表明,制造商、零售商和回收商的风险态度在很大程度上能够影响其最优批发价格、最优零售价格及最优回收率,进而影响其效用.贷款利率能够影响制造商、零售商、回收商和闭环供应链的效用,且对资金约束的制造商的效用影响最为显著.     

Service cooperation and marketing strategies of infomediary and online retailer with eWOM effect

In contemporary electronic commerce, an infomediary displays electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) information of customers and links shoppers to retail websites, thus acting as an intermediary between buyers and sellers. This paper studies an online supply chain system in which the infomediary presents demand-referral services to online retailers based on eWOM of customer information. It is assumed that online demand is affected by retailer price, referral service effort, and eWOM. The demand function is extended and developed based on Bass’s model. A Stackelberg game model of service cooperation is presented, and then the optimal decisions on retailers’ prices and infomediary service efforts in the decentralized supply chain are analyzed. Moreover, the profits and cumulative sales in supply chain equilibrium are analyzed under several parameters. A computational experiment is implemented to verify the validity and effectiveness of the model. The results show that price sensitivity has a significant negative effect on cumulative retailer sales and the profits of retailers and infomediary, but the effect of service sensitivity and sales periods on profits is absolutely positive. Specifically, eWOM has two different impacts on the profit of the retailer and infomediary respectively. Finally, conclusions and management implications for supply chain parties are presented, along with some possible directions for further research.     

Coordinating decisions by supply chain partners in a vendor-managed inventory relationship

We look into the linked decision making in the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) relationship. It is a supply chain management model, where the retailer decides the retail price while the vendor determines its capacity commitment. In this model, the retailer and the vendor should coordinate their decisions in order to maximize their individual profit or the total profit combining the two participants together. The vendor has to take into account the demand pattern throughout the product life cycle (PLC) when it decides its capacity commitment, which will affect its inventory management cost during the PLC, while the retailer should change the retail price over the PLC so as to maximize the revenues and minimize the inventory cost at the same time. Employing a system dynamics simulation approach based on differential game theory, which also takes into account the product characteristics such as the demand’s innovation and imitation effects, we analyze and confirm the dynamic coordination of key decision variables by the supply chain partners in the VMI relationship.     

A closed loop supply chain under retail price and product quality dependent demand

The importance of remanufacturing of used products, maintaining the same quality as new ones has been widely recognized in practice. In this paper, we address a closed loop supply chain where the manufacturer manufactures a product with a decent quality acceptable to customers, and sells it through a retailer in the market. A third party collects the used products from consumers and sends to the manufacturer. The manufacturer re-manufactures the used product and the quality of remanufactured product is the same as that of the manufactured one. For such a closed loop supply chain, we construct five different scenarios – centralized, decentralized or Nash game and three different Stackelberg games, led by the manufacturer, retailer and third party respectively. We compare the optimal results to find out the best decentralized scenario out of the four mentioned. A numerical example is taken to study the impacts of product quality on demand as well as optimal decisions and investigate sensitivity of some key model-parameters.     

市场价格信息不对称的银企融资决策

研究市场价格信息不对称下, 受资金约束的零售商为获取最优订货量从资本市场借贷的供应链运营和融资决策问题. 采用Stackelberg 博弈, 构建并分析混同契约和甄别契约模型. 研究表明: 甄别契约能更好地激励零售商透露真实信息, 使供应链整体利润增加; 银行更偏好高价格零售商以降低借贷风险, 银行在甄别契约下的期望利润总是大于混同契约下的期望利润; 高价格零售商的期望利润受到价格波动和其类型比例的双重影响, 在一定条件下选择甄别契约会得到额外的信息租金.

     

需求价格敏感下具有损失厌恶零售商的闭环供应链定价与协调

基于零售商回收模式,运用前景理论探讨了价格敏感随机需求下具有损失厌恶零售商参与的两级闭环供应链定价与协调问题。首先针对分散式决策,在两种批发价模式下推导和比较制造商和零售商的最优行为,分析损失厌恶程度对零售商定价和订货联合决策的影响;然后通过与集中式决策的对比验证了分散式供应链存在效率损失,进而设计收益共享契约对分散式供应链进行协调;最后通过算例验证了以上结论,并将回收率对最优决策和成员效用的影响进行了灵敏度分析。     

Manufacturer warranty service outsourcing strategies in a dual‐channel supply chain

Warranty management for durable products has received increasing attention in recent years. In addition to conventionally keeping warranty in‐house, more manufacturers choose to outsource warranty service to agents. This paper explores outsourcing strategies for manufacturer warranty services in a dual‐channel supply chain by which the demand‐enhancing service can be undertaken by different supply chain parties. We show the results of three alternative outsourcing strategies for manufacturers whereby (a) the retailer undertakes the service, (b) a third party undertakes the service, and (c) both the retailer and a third party undertake the service simultaneously. According to Stackelberg game theory, we build a two‐echelon supply chain model and discuss the corresponding expressions for supply chain members' equilibrium decisions. Additionally, we compare the profits of each supply chain member and derive interesting managerial insights. When the base market size is relatively large, Scenario R helps the manufacturer and the retailer reach a “win‐win” situation.