一种符合ITU-T指标要求的嵌入式立体声语音频编码方法

 基于国际电信联盟标准化组织(ITU-T)编码标准G.729.1,本文提出了一种嵌入式变速率立体声语音与音频编码方法.本算法利用G.729.1和改进的调制叠接变换(Modulated Lapped Transform,MLT)编码技术对输入信号的中值与边带信息进行分层编码,形成具有嵌入式结构的码流.编码器可处理宽带和超宽带的立体声信号,宽带立体声信号编码的最大码率为48kb/s,超宽带立体声信号编码的最大速率为64kb/s.实现结果表明,本编码器的编码质量均达到了ITU-T对G.EV-VBR立体声编码的指标要求.     

ITU-T G.711.1: Extending G.711 to Higher-Quality Wideband Speech

In March 2008 the ITU-T approved a new wideband speech codec called ITU-T G.711.1. This Recommendation extends G.711, the most widely deployed speech codec, to 7 kHz audio bandwidth and is optimized for voice over IP applications. The most important feature of this codec is that the G.711.1 bitstream can be transcoded into a G.711 bitstream by simple truncation. G.711.1 operates at 64, 80, and 96 kb/s, and is designed to achieve very short delay and low complexity. ITU-T evaluation results show that the codec fulfils all the requirements defined in the terms of reference. This article presents the codec requirements and design constraints, describes how standardization was conducted, and reports on the codec performance and its initial deployment.     

ITU-T G.722.1 annex C: the first ITU-T superwideband audio coder

In May 2005 the ITU-T approved ITU-T G.722.1 Annex C. This Annex extends the G.722.1 codec from 7 kHz audio bandwidth to 14 kHz, 1 octave better than the current ITU-T wideband algorithms. It is a low-complexity audio codec operating at 24, 32, and 48 kb/s. Like the main ITU-T G.722.1 recommendation, its main application is videoconferencing. This article presents the standardization stages from the definition of the foreseen applications and specification of the requirements to the performance evaluation. The adaptation and design of new software tools (included in the ITU-T software tool library, STL), and the utilization of ITU-T P-series recommendations (dealing with transmission characteristics and performance characterization of telephone transmission quality) are also presented.     

G.718宽带语音编解码器的DSP实现及优化

G.718是ITU-T最新提出的一种嵌入式可变速率宽带语音和音频编解码标准,该算法将语音信号进行分类编码,算法复杂度大大增加,但可以在窄带和宽带均达到极佳的语音质量.在分析其算法原理和关键技术的基础上,结合TMS320C55x系列DSP平台和G.718算法特点,提出了合理的汇编优化实现方案,在TMS320C5505EVM上完成了实时宽带语音编解码器.实验测试表明,G.718算法的语音质量优于同类型其他算法的宽带语音编解码器.     

一种新的8~32kb/s宽带嵌入式变速率语音编码方法

 本文基于ACELP和TCX编码技术,提出了一种8~32kb/s五层宽带嵌入式变速率语音编码方法,其中,前三层采用ACELP实现了8kb/s、12kb/s和16 kb/s的嵌入式编码,后两层采用TCX技术实现了24 kb/s和32 kb/s嵌入式编码.实验结果表明,该嵌入式语音编码方法的质量在纯净语音、办公室噪声和层间转换方面接近于ITU-T G.VBR的TOR要求.     

基于VC5409的双速率语音编译码器的实现

ITU-T.G.723.1为国际电信联盟(ITU)制定的5·3bit/s和6.3kbit/s双速率语音编码建议,分别采用代数码激励线性预测(ACELP)算法和多脉冲最大似然量化(MP-MLQ)算法。在阐述G.723.1建议编译码算法的原理和实现的基础上,重点介绍了在开发基于TMS320VC5409实时实现该建议的全双工编译器过程中所做的工作。该语音编译码器通过了G.723.1所有测试矢量的验证。     

Strategies to improve the performance of very low bit rate speech coders and application to a variable rate 1.2 kb/s codec

This paper presents several strategies to improve the performance of very low bit rate speech coders and describes a speech codec that incorporates these strategies and operates at an average bit rate of 1.2 kb/s. The encoding algorithm is based on several improvements in a mixed multiband excitation (MMBE) linear predictive coding (LPC) structure. A switched-predictive vector quantiser technique that outperforms previously reported schemes is adopted to encode the LSF parameters. Spectral and sound specific low rate models are used in order to achieve high quality speech at low rates. An MMBE approach with three sub-bands is employed to encode voiced frames, while fricatives and stops modelling and synthesis techniques are used for unvoiced frames. This strategy is shown to provide good quality synthesised speech, at a bit rate of only 0.4 kb/s for unvoiced frames. To reduce coding noise and improve decoded speech, spectral envelope restoration combined with noise reduction (SERNR) postfilter is used. The contributions of the techniques described in this paper are separately assessed and then combined in the design of a low bit rate codec that is evaluated against the North American Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP) coder. The performance assessment is carried out in terms of the spectral distortion of LSF quantisation, mean opinion score (MOS), A/B comparison tests and the ITU-T P.862 perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) standard. Assessment results show that the improved methods for LSF quantisation, sound specific modelling and synthesis and the new postfiltering approach can significantly outperform previously reported techniques. Further results also indicate that a system combining the proposed improvements and operating at 1.2 kb/s, is comparable (slightly outperforming) a MELP coder operating at 2.4 kb/s. For tandem connection situations, the proposed system is clearly superior to the MELP coder.     

APC-AB codec modules operating at 16 and 8 kbit/s

High-quality speech codec modules operating at 16 and 8 kb/s have been developed using an adaptive predictive coding with adaptive bit allocation (APC-AB) scheme. An optimized APC-AB algorithm is studied that reduces processing complexity while maintaining speech quality. The coding algorithm is implemented in two digital signal processors (DSPs). The DSP chips, a framing LSI circuit, a PCM codec, and some peripheral ICs are integrated in each of two compact packages, i.e. codec modules, operating at 16 or 8 kb/s. The codec module size is as small as 80 mm×50 mm×12 mm, and its typical power consumption is 500 mW using 2-μm CMOS LSI technology. At 16 kb/s this APC-AB codec achieves high speech quality, close to that of a 7-bit μ-law PCM. The codec modules are expected to be used for various applications such as customer premises multiplexers for digital leased lines, digital mobile radio, and stored-and-forward-message systems (voice-mail systems)     

The adaptive multirate wideband speech codec: system characteristics, quality advances, and deployment strategies

Wideband speech is the major differentiation and attraction of third-generation network services in both the circuit and packet switched domain. Increased audio bandwidth introduces a significant leap in perceived quality of service compared to currently utilized narrowband telephony in second-generation mobile communications and the PSTN. The adaptive multirate wideband (AMR-WB) speech codec is the service enabler for improved user experience. It is an established 3GPP and ITU-T wideband speech codec standard and represents the state-of-the-art in speech quality as well as robustness in error prone radio channels. It is also the first codec algorithm standardized for wideband speech for mobile communications.     

基于信号规整和稀疏变换的语音与音频分层编码方法

基于语音和音频信号的固有周期性特征,本文构建了一种适合语音和音频信号的统一分析/合成模型,并分别在24kbps和32kbps码率下,实现了对宽带语音和音频信号的高质量分层编码.首先,本文将具有时变周期的输入信号规整为具有固定周期的信号,并对规整后的周期信号构建规整矩阵;其次,对规整矩阵的行和列分别进行调制叠接变换(MLT)和离散余弦变换(DCT),完成规整矩阵的稀疏化;最后,利用分带量化和矢量哈夫曼编码完成稀疏矩阵元素的量化和编码.主客观测试结果表明,本文所提方法的语音、音频及其混合信号的编码质量均优于同等速率下的ITU-T G.722.1和AMR-WB编码器.     

Low bit-rate speech coders for multimedia communication

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has standardized three speech coders which are applicable to low-bit-rate multimedia communications. ITU Rec. G.729 8 kb/s CS-ACELP has a 15 ms algorithmic codec delay and provides network-quality speech. It was originally designed for wireless applications, but is applicable to multimedia communications as well. Annex A of Rec. G.729 is a reduced-complexity version of the CS-ACELP coder. It was designed explicitly for simultaneous voice and data applications that are prevalent in low-bit-rate multimedia communications. These two coders use the same bitstream format and can interoperate. The ITU Rec. G.723.1 6.3 and 5.3 kb/s speech coder for multimedia communications was designed originally for low-bit-rate videophones. Its frame size of 30 ms and one-way algorithmic codec delay of 37.5 ms allow for a further reduction in bit rate compared to the G.729 coder. In applications where low delay is important, the delay of G.723.1 may be too large. However, if the delay is acceptable, G.723.1 provides a lower-complexity alternative to G.729 at the expense of a slight degradation in quality. This article describes the attributes of speech coders such as bit rate, complexity, delay, and quality. Then it discusses the basic concepts of the three new ITU coders by comparing their specific attributes. The second part of this article describes the standardization process for each of these coders     

Advances in speech and audio compression

Speech and audio compression has advanced rapidly in recent years spurred on by cost-effective digital technology and diverse commercial applications. Recent activity in speech compression is dominated by research and development of a family of techniques commonly described as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding. These algorithms exploit models of speech production and auditory perception and offer a quality versus bit rate tradeoff that significantly exceeds most prior compression techniques for rates in the range of 4 to 16 kb/s. Techniques have also been emerging in recent years that offer enhanced quality in the neighborhood of 2.4 kb/s over traditional vocoder methods. Wideband audio compression is generally aimed at a quality that is nearly indistinguishable from consumer compact-disc audio. Subband and transform coding methods combined with sophisticated perceptual coding techniques dominate in this arena with nearly transparent quality achieved at bit rates in the neighborhood of 128 kb/s per channel     

Subband-multipulse digital audio broadcasting for mobile receivers

The audio quality, robustness and implementational complexity of a novel mobile digital audio broadcast scheme are addressed. The audio codec proposed is based on an efficient combination of subband coding (SBC) and multipulse excited linear prediction coding (MPLPC). The bit allocation is dynamically adapted according to both the signal power in different subbands and a perceptual hearing model. Typically a segmental signal to noise ratio (SEGSNR) in excess of 30 dB associated with high fidelity subjective quality was achieved for 2.67-b/sample transmissions at a bit rate of 86 kb/s. Perceptually unimpaired audio quality was achieved for a bit error rate (BER) of about 10^-4, when injecting random errors, which was degraded for increased BERs. In order to provide robust error protection, the audio codec was also subjected to a rigorous bit sensitivity analysis. Four different forward error correction schemes were investigated in order to explore the complexity, bit rate, and robustness tradeoffs     

基于预搜索策略的ACELP语音编码算法

基于预搜索策略的ACELP语音编码算法     

采用经验模态分解的语音与音频通用编码方法

为有效解决现有单一模型编码器无法在中低速率对语音和音频信号进行高质量通用编码的问题,本文借助语音与音频信号的谐波特性,建立了一种对语音和音频信号统一编码的方法。首先,本文利用经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD)提取输入信号的谐波成分;其次,利用感知匹配追踪算法,并结合正弦参数建模对谐波成分进行参数提取与量化;第三,对于量化谐波后的残差进行抖动格型矢量量化,以提升重建音频的主观听觉质量,并最终实现一套包含24kbps和32kbps码率的宽带语音与音频通用编码器;最后,对所提算法进行了客观PESQ/PEAQ和主观A/B测试,并与ITU-T G.722.1和G.722.2编码器进行了比较,实验结果表明,所提编码器对语音和音频信号的编码质量均优于参考编码器。      

基于非线性音频特征分类的频带扩展方法

提出了一种基于非线性音频分类的频带扩展方法,即利用递归图和定量递归分析将音频信号的时间序列分成4类,并分别采用4种方法恢复高频频谱细节,最终利用高斯混合模型和基于软判决的码书映射调整频谱包络和能量增益。主客观测试表明,该方法优于传统的盲目式频带扩展方法,且应用到ITU-T G.722.1编解码器时,音频质量优于同码率下的G.722.1C编解码器。     

低速率扩展编码标准G.729D

１９９８年 ９月,ＩＴＵ－Ｔ在 Ｇ．７２９的基础上制定了 Ｇ．７２９Ｄ。 Ｇ．７２９Ｄ是 Ｇ．７２９的低速率扩展标准,当速率为 ６．４ｋｂ／ Ｓ时仍能保持很好的话音质量。文章介绍了 Ｇ．７２９Ｄ基本原理,对Ｇ．７２９Ｄ与Ｇ．７２９进行了比较和分析,并给出了主观测试结果。     

Entropy coding of ITU G.728 speech parameters for low bit rateaudiovisual communications

Entropy coding principles are applied to the 16 kbit/s ITU G.728 speech codec. It is shown that the average bit rate can be reduced to 14.5 kbit/s without a significant increase in the codec complexity. In very low bit rate audiovisual communication applications such as the videophone, the saved bits can be used to improve the output video quality     

AMR-WB+技术性能分析和测试

第三代移动通信系统提供的语音短信、流媒体和数字广播服务有着广阔的商业空间和发展潜力,所以一种高效低码率的音频编码方法对移动通信就有着极其重要的意义.3GPP已经把AHR-WB 格式作为其3G流媒体音频部分的编码标准.在低编码速率范围内(JA10Kbps到24Kbps),AHR-WB 编解码格式对音频的处理表现出独特的性能.本文对AMR-WB 进行较深入的研究,并分析和测试AHR-WB 算法的改进带来的音质改善.     

G.719: The First ITU-T Standard for High-Quality Conversational Fullband Audio Coding

This article presents an overview of the recently standardized ITU-T G.719 codec, its key technologies, and their impact on audio quality. These technologies, while leading to exceptionally low complexity and small memory footprint, result in high fullband audio quality, making the codec a great choice for any kind of communication devices, from large telepresence systems to small low-power devices for mobile communication.