Research on the location characters of urban color plan in China

“Urban color” has gradually become one of the hot topics in the field of urban planning in China, and many cities have done research and developed planning practices. On the basis of the comparisons of those cities, numbers and figures show that most of them locate in the eastern part of China. Through the introduction of the Chinese urban planning system and implementation procedure, the authors indicate the status of the urban color plan and analyze the maneuverability of items on color in related laws and regulations. Next, we discuss the reasons of the distribution character with the examples of urban color plan of Yiyuan and architectural façade rebuilt of Guidu Holiday Inn in Suzhou. Finally, the authors point out that under the present Chinese system, urban color planning is the result of the game between urban planners and architects who come out from the rapid boom of urban construction and economy development. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 68–76, 2008     

Use of gray system theory in product‐color planning

A quantitative evaluation method for the CIE color‐planning activity within the product design cycle is proposed in this article. The questionnaire‐based process that is traditionally employed to obtain objective color psychology tends to be time‐consuming. Accordingly, this study proposes the use of gray system theory to overcome this problem. In the CIE color system, colors are defined by three primary colors, R (red), G (green), and B (blue). Using these three principal hues with fixed equigap sequences to simulate specific basic color samples is an efficient means of investigating unicolor images on a personal computer. However, a gray relational generating operation can be used to simulate colors beyond these basic samples and to predict the corresponding membership values for semantic words. In addition, the gray clustering operation is introduced to predict the overall color image evaluation of multicolored products. The predicted evaluation results of the gray system theory and a back‐propagation neural network are both compared with experimentally verified results. The results indicate that the gray forecasting model is the more effective means of predicting the image evaluation, and therefore, the method is adopted within the color‐planning activity. Although this study takes the example of the Internet‐aided color planning of a baby walker as a case study, the proposed method can also be used on other products. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 222–231, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20009     

Preference for accent and background colors in interior architecture in terms of similarity/contrast of natural color system attributes

Color combination criteria are said to entail an affective response in interior design. We investigated the color combination criteria that orient the preference of current observers, after Le Corbusier's 1931 Salubra keyboards. We explored the similarity/contrast in Natural Color System (NCS) hue, blackness, and chromaticness in 312 combinations with four colors, two backgrounds and two accent colors, coming from 43 individual colors, on the walls of a simulated interior of a bedroom from the Swiss Pavilion (Le Corbusier, 1930-1931). Participants were 644 students of architecture and interior design in Western Europe and Near East, who evaluated with a Likert scale their preference for virtual images via an online survey. Results indicate that the most preferred color combinations are those with hues closer in the color wheel, being the similarity between hues in the backgrounds more important than in the accent colors, and with NCS B30G to G as the most preferred hues. Observers preferred color compositions with blackness under 10% and similar blackness between the two background colors, together with a certain blackness contrast between these background colors and the two color accents. Similarly, observers liked color compositions with low chromaticness and low chromaticness difference among the four colors of the composition.     

基于PHA的水泥厂电气系统安全评价

本文采用预先危险性分析方法(PHA),对某5000t/d熟料水泥生产线项目的电气系统进行安全评价。通过分析评价,确定了电气系统的火灾、爆炸潜在危险因素和危险性等级,提出了相应的安全对策措施。基于电气系统PHA评价,水泥厂可将潜在的火灾、爆炸危险性降低到可接受水平,并将其有效纳入安全管理。     

Color effect of light sources on peridot based on CIE1976 L*a*b* color system and round RGB diagram system

Previous research indicated that the peridot's color is dominated by the selective absorption of visible light caused by ferrous ion, the hue angle of which is in an inverse ratio of the concentration of Fe²⁺. This article focuses on the color effect of peridot under different standard light sources based on the CIE1976 L*a*b* color space system and round RGB diagram system and tries to find the best one for its grading and display. Based on the results of a series of experiments, including electron microprobe analysis, spectrophotometer, UV‐Vis spectrum, standard illumination box, and Munsell neutral color chips, it was suggested that the spectral power distribution and color temperature of a standard light source significantly influence the color of peridot in terms of lightness and chroma, particularly in the hue of peridot. As for color grading and displaying of peridot, standard light source A fails to fit in, and the color of peridot under a fluorescent light source has a higher chroma but a lower hue angle than that under daylight light source. The best choice for grading and displaying peridot is the standard light source D₆₅. It is better to distinguish the hue of peridot when it is calculated by the round RGB diagram system.     

石化装置改扩建对火炬系统负荷影响的量化分析

火炬是大型石油化工联合装置必备的辅助生产设施,同时也是重要的安全环保措施。但目前火炬的设计标准《石油化工可燃性气体排放系统设计规范》（SH 3009—2013）或者国际标准《泄压和减压系统》（API 521）主要还是基于行业惯例和工程经验。新增装置或扩建装置会对火炬系统造成较大的风险影响,尤其是在火炬系统管网管径及管网布置不改变或无法改变的情况下。本文提出了一种针对石化联合装置进行改扩建对火炬系统风险评估的通用方法,采用改扩建前后发生多泄放源同时泄放的叠加方法流程来获得火炬系统关键参数。采用Aspen Flare-net软件进行数值模拟和案例研究,获得了厂区新增装置导致的火炬系统安全阀背压、噪声等数值结果及对应的安全隐患,并得到了全部可能导致火炬系统安全隐患的泄放组合,为泄放负荷管理提供了量化决策依据,同时说明了所提方法的应用效果和有效性。     

普光天然气净化厂脱硫系统腐蚀及其防护措施

根据普光天然气净化厂脱硫系统原料气含硫量高、处理压力高、温度高的实际操作情况,通过对腐蚀类型、机理以及因素的分析,结合外部操作环境,找出针对高含硫天然气对管线和设备腐蚀的主要原因,并对普光天然气净化厂脱硫装置提出相应的腐蚀防护措施。     

Correlation and modeling between color variation and quality of the surface between accelerated and natural tropical weathering in Acacia mangium,Cedrela odorata and Tectona grandis wood with two coating

To prevent the photodegradation process, a wide range of coatings have been developed. This study evaluated wood color change (ΔE*) and the surface quality index (SQI) generated by ASTM D‐660 standards in wood protected with polyurethane and varnish finishes of three tropical species (Acacia mangium, Cedrela odorata and Tectona grandis) in two weathering conditions (natural and accelerated condition). In addition, a model was developed to predict ΔE* and SQI in natural weathering based on ΔE* and SQI from accelerated weathering. The results showed that the application of these finishes generated variations in the color parameters of wood before being exposed to the elements. Additionally, it was found that finishes generated increases in ΔE*, especially the varnish type finish, and decreasing of SQI. Finally, models were found to predict color changes or surface quality in natural weathering based on color changes or surface quality in accelerated weathering. The model algorithm was expressed by ΔE* or SQI measured (X) and time exposure (t) in accelerated weathering by equation . With these models, it is possible to predict the equivalence of exposure times in natural weathering in tropical conditions for different kinds of finishes in three tropical species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 519–529, 2014     

Proposal of an opponent‐colors system based on color‐appearance and color‐vision studies

A new theoretical color order system is proposed on the basis of various studies on color appearance and color vision. It has three orthogonal opponent‐colors axes and an improved chromatic strength of each hue. The system has color attributes whiteness w, blackness bk, grayness gr, chroma C, and hue H. A method is given for determining Munsell notations of any colors on any equi‐hue planes in the system. A method is also given for determining grayness regions and grayness values on hue‐chroma planes in the system. It is concluded that colors with the same color attributes [w, gr, bk, C] but with different hues in the theoretical space have approximately the same perceived lightness, the same degree of vividness (“azayakasa” in Japanese), and also the same color tone. The tone concept, for example used in the Practical Color Coordinate System (PCCS), is clarified perceptually. The proposed system is a basic and latent color‐order system to PCCS. In addition, the concept of veiling grayness by a pure color with any hue is introduced. Further, relationships are clarified between generalized chroma c(gen) and grayness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 135–150, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10234     

基于ASP.NET的选煤厂网络报表系统设计与应用

根据选煤厂的业务流程及计算机、计算机网络在选煤厂的应用现状,以选煤厂的实际数据需求为基础,采用.NET技术构建了B/S架构的Web应用程序,实现了选煤厂网络报表系统的报表管理功能。主要介绍了该系统的特性,功能设计,各功能模块以及用户界面的实现方法。选煤厂网络报表系统完全基于浏览器界面,客户端零管理,细分了权限管理,可满足用户不同的权限管理要求,具有运行可靠、高效、查询方便、可扩展和易维护等特点。系统界面友好,易于操作和维护。运行结果表明,系统具有一定的实用性和通用性,大大降低了人为操作,提高了工作效率且运行稳定,有较高的实用价值。     

基于自回热理论的甲醇精馏系统设计及能耗分析

为解决甲醇精馏系统能耗过大的问题,应用自回热理论设计了一种新的甲醇-水精馏系统,并对传统系统及新系统进行了能耗分析对比。结果表明:自回热系统的净能耗比传统系统降低了86.43%,标煤年耗量降低75.18%。同时,对回流比R特性的分析表明:R越小,两系统净能耗及标煤耗量越小;随着R增大,新系统节能效果越明显。此结果可为系统进一步优化及其经济性的研究提供依据。     

制定合理的价格政策促进天然气化工的发展--西气东输工程的天然气利用问题

分析了天然气化工用户对低气价承受能力的原因,指出要真正实现天然气在化工领域的应用首先要靠国家政策鼓励,其次要靠本身取得更多的技术突破.提出了对我国天然气定价机制的改革意见,呼吁我国各方面的技术力量要优先重视3种新工艺的开发研究,即天然气制合成气、天然气制乙烯和天然气制液体燃料及芳烃.     

国外水泥厂纸袋库自动喷水灭火系统的设计

结合阿曼某5 000 t/d水泥生产线的工程设计实例,介绍了NFPA标准和中国消防标准对纸袋库自动喷水灭火系统的相关规定,分析比较了自动喷水灭火系统设计参数及自动喷水灭火系统组件的选择、布置等方面的差异,阐述了存在差异的理由,最后给出如何选择设计参数的建议。     

Comparative study of coal,natural gas,and coke-oven gas based methanol to olefins processes in China

Traditional olefins production mainly depends on oil. In view of the short supply of oil, feedstocks are expanded to coal, natural gas, coke-oven gas, and methanol in China. In this paper, a comparative study of alternative olefins production is conducted from aspects of techno-economic feasibility and environmental friendliness. Results show that coal-to-olefins has a significant cost advantage. However, it suffers from low energy efficiency and serious CO₂ emissions. To address these problems, this study proposes and analyses coal-to-olefins with CO₂ capture, coal and natural gas-to-olefins, and coal and coke-oven gas-to-olefins. The two co-feed systems ensure great reduction of CO₂ emissions and significant improving energy efficiency. They should be actively developed in regions with rich coal and gas. While in regions with rich coal and lean gas, coal-to-olefins with CO₂ capture should be developed in large scale. This paper also provides several suggestions on planning these olefins production routes in China.     

Investigation on vermilion,gingiva, and tooth color of young Uygur and Han populations in Xinjiang,China

This study examines oral tissue color in Uygur and Han Chinese populations. The color of oral tissues is of great significance in dental field. It remains uncertain whether there is any difference in the color of oral tissues between different nationalities or ethnicities. Little is known about the color of oral tissues in different Chinese populations. The study included 263 Uygur and Han students aged 18–22 years. The color of anterior teeth, vermilion, and attached gingiva in the subjects was measured by spectrophotometry and expressed through the CIELCh system. The t test and ANOVA was used to analyze color difference between groups. Distribution ranges for L (lightness), C (chroma) and h (hue angle) of anterior teeth, vermilion, and attached gingiva in these two ethnicities were obtained. Significant differences in color of oral tissues between Uygur and Han Ethnicities were found out. The Uygur and Han populations have similar spatial distribution ranges for the color of oral tissues, with slight differences that displayed strong regularities, suggesting that the color of oral tissues was associated with race. In addition, there was a trend of decreasing lightness (especially for maxillary anterior teeth), increasing chroma and redder hue from the center of teeth toward the sides in both ethnicities. There were differences in the color of teeth and attached gingiva between sexes in the Uygur and Han populations. The color of the upper vermilion differed significantly from that of the lower vermilion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010     

A numerical study on the effects of naturally ventilated shaft and fire locations in urban tunnels

In more and more tunnels, natural ventilation mode with vertical shafts has been gradually employed. However, there are few studies investigating the influences of fire and shaft positions on natural ventilation performance currently. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the transverse distance from fire source to tunnel sidewall, the longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft, and the transverse distance from shaft to sidewall on natural ventilation effectiveness in a tunnel fire by using Fire Dynamics Simulator. The typical characteristic parameters of smoke, such as mass flow rate, temperature distribution, and velocity vector were analyzed; besides, the phenomenon of plug‐holing was discussed. The results have shown that the mass flow rate of gas exhausted by the shaft decreases slightly with the increase of longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft. When the longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft is constant, changing the transverse distance from shaft to sidewall will have a more obvious effect on the effectiveness of exhausting smoke than changing the transverse distance from fire source to sidewall; in addition, the phenomenon of plug‐holing is more serious when the shaft is close to the sidewall.     

Effects of hue,saturation, and brightness on color preference in social networks: Gender‐based color preference on the social networking site Twitter

Account information for over 1 million Twitter users was downloaded and analyzed to determine color preference. Blues were found to be the most preferred color, whereas greens were least preferred. Distinct gender‐specific differences were found. Males preferred blues to a greater extent than females, whereas females preferred magentas to a much greater extent than males. Males preferred darker colors to a greater extent than women. Density plots within hue, saturation, and brightness space summarize the distribution of color choices and illustrate color preferences for both males and females. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 196–202, 2013.     

A study of color differences in women's ready‐to‐wear collections from world fashion cities: Intensive study of the Fall/Winter 2010 collections from New York,London, Milan,and Paris

The purpose of this study is to analyze the color differences in the four fashion collections from New York, London, Milan, and Paris while focusing on 2010 Fall and Winter women's ready‐to‐wear collections. The colors of the fashion collections were collected from American Vogue's website www.style.com and analyzed by using the ISCC –NBS color system which is made up of 10 basic hues of pink, red, orange, brown, yellow, olive, yellow green, green, blue, and purple, and three neutral categories of white, gray, and black. In addition to these 13 categories, yellowish pink, gold, and silver categories were classified. For analysis, one‐way ANOVA, the Scheffe test and the t‐test were adopted. The result of analysis showed that there was a statistical difference in purple compared with the other colors examined. The London collection showed the highest ratio of use in purple, whereas the Milan collection contrarily showed the lowest ratio of use in purple. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 463–468, 2013