活性染料在木材染色中上染率的研究

选用三只活性染料对速生杨木进行染色。上染率最佳的染色条件：温度：70℃～80℃；染色时间：3小时：无机盐用量：40g／l；纯碱用量：20g／l。在染色条件中，当温度由40℃上升至80℃时，上染率由33．74％上升至56．31％：染色时闻由1小时延长至3小时，上染率由34．74％上升至54．92％继续延长时间，上染率变化不大；当无机盐由0变为50g/l时上染率达到55．61％，碱的用量在20g／l时上染率达到最高为55．15％。     

新型丝绸用活性染料的应用研究

含β-牛磺基乙基砜和一氯均三嗪双活性基活性染料，是一种新型丝绸用染料，这类染料在丝绸上有很好的染色性能．匀染性好，各项色牢度优异，且染色工艺简单，染色重现性好。在色度1％、浴比为1：40的标准染色条件下、温度为50℃时．放入真丝织物，以1℃／min的升温速度升温至95℃，保温40min，用含3g／1标准合成洗涤剂溶液沸煮15mm．清水漂洗干净，晾干。吸色率：95．6％～98．6％；固色率：88．5％～97．4％；当色度从0升至5％时，Integ值可达11～68.1;随电解质用量上升，Integ增加，以40g／l～60g／l为宜；在pH为6．5～7时，染色效果最好：而对温度、染色时间和浴比的变化不敏感。所有染料的色牢度均在4～5之间，有三个品种的耐光牢度达到了6～7级。     

活性染料SEFR值与中性固色工艺研究

根据活性染料染色特征值S．E．F．R．选择适用于中性固色工艺的活性染料，结果表明，S值高和低的活性染料对碱的浓度和温度敏感，对固色率的影响较为杂乱，但在温度为80℃时，这类染料的固色率均达到峰值：染色特征值在50-60范围内的活性染料适用于中性固色、以甲酸钠为中性固色剂对活性染料进行中性固色实验，其固色率均可达到60%左右．各项牢度均达到标准。最佳工艺条件为：甲酸钠：15g／L；尿素：20g／L；双氰胺10g／L，固色温度85℃：浴比：1：20。     

活性染料对染色工艺敏感性研究

染色工艺对活性染料的染色性能有较大影响，反映了活性染料的敏感性。研究结果表明：当温度达60℃-70℃时绝大部分染料的固色率高，有4支染料在70℃-80℃时固色率最高；盐的浓度增加，固色率提高，当达到60g/L时达到最高；有3支染料对盐浓度的变化不敏感；碱的用量在20g/L-25g/L时较为合理，染浴中染料的逍度在2%-4%时可获得满意效果，最佳的浴比为1：10-1：20。     

HN—型高固色率活性染料的低盐染色法

HN－型高固色率活性染料红HN－2B，金黄HN－R，深蓝HN－2G，其吸色率在95％以上，固色率在85％左右。以几种不同的染色,用HN－型高固色率活性染料对棉纱及棉布进行了染色，染色结果表明，在中温下，该活性染料可以采用低盐染色。当盐的加入量减少为30g/L (是标准加入量的1／2），其最适宜的染色条件:浴比1：20，染色深度3％，40℃上梁，60℃固色，氯化钾20g/L和柠檬酸三钠为10g/L，碱磷酸三钠的加入量为4＋10g/L时，其K／S值下降百分数：红HN－2B为10．16；金黄HN－4为5．57，深蓝HN－2G为8．57。     

HN-型高固色率活性染料的低盐染色法

HN-型高固色率活性染料红HN-2B、金黄HN-R、深蓝HN-2G,其吸色率在95％以上,固色率在85％左右。以几种不同的染色方法,用HN-型高固色率活性染料对棉纱及棉布进行了染色,染色结果表明,在中温下,该活性染料可以采用低盐染色。当盐的加入量减少为30g/L是标准加入量的1/2）,其最适宜的染色条件为:浴比1∶20,染色深度3％,40℃上染,60℃固色,氯化钾20g/L和柠檬酸三钠为10g/L,碱磷酸三钠的加入量为4+10g/L时,其K/S值下降百分数:红HN-2B为10.16;金黄HN-R为5.57;深蓝HN-2G为8.57。     

有机盐复配促进棉织物活性染色

采用环境友好的柠檬酸钾与甲酸钠复配有机盐替代无机盐,促进棉织物活性染料染色,通过上染率和固色率等指标,对棉织物的染色效果以及有机复配盐最佳配比进行了研究。研究结果表明：在相同浓度下,有机复配盐的促染效果优于无机盐,相互之间还具有协同作用,而且在不同浓度下有不同的最佳复配比例,30、60、90 g/L最佳复配比柠檬酸钾：甲酸钠为6:4,120 g/L时为8:2。最佳染色工艺条件为温度60℃、时间50 min、碱用量15 g/L、浴比1:20。     

Megafix BES活性染料在棉织物上的应用

通过正交试验确定三只Megafix BES活性染料的工艺参数，对其色牢度、鲜艳度、色深值、色差值进行了测试。实验结果表明，这三只Megafix BES染料染棉织物适合的工艺为：染浴浓度2％；元明粉30g/l：纯碱15g/l;初染温度60℃；染色时间30分钟，固色温度70℃；固色时间50分钟：浴比1：25。     

活性艳红HN-2B应用性能研究

对新型高固色率染料活性艳红ＨＮ－２Ｂ的染色条件进行了研究，发现该染料在室温到６０℃上染，６０℃固色为最佳染色温度。染料对碱不敏感。当磷酸钠的量从６ｇ／Ｌ增加到１２ｇ／Ｌ时，固色率变化在１％以内，以分两次加碱，每次４ｇ／Ｌ为最佳。当硫酸钠量从４０ｇ／Ｌ到６０ｇ／Ｌ时，其固色率变化在７％。最终得到染料固色率１％深度时为８８％以上，４％深度时为８１％以上。且染色织物非常鲜艳，是一种值得推广的新品种     

活性艳红HN—2B应用性能研究

对新型高固色率染料活性艳红ＨＮ－２Ｂ的染色条件进行了研究，发现该染料在室温到６０℃上染，６０℃固色为最佳染色温度。染料对碱不敏感。当磷酸钠的量从６ｇ／Ｌ增加到１２ｇ／Ｌ时，固色率变化在１％以内，以分两次加碱，每闪４ｇ／Ｌ为最佳。当硫酸欠量从４０ｇ／Ｌ到６０ｇ／Ｌ时，其固色率变化在７％。最终得到染料固色率１％深度时为８８％以上，４％深度时为８１％以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.