大直径薄壁铝合金封头剪切旋压成形研究

应用ABAQUS/Explicit软件平台建立了大直径薄壁铝合金封头剪切旋压成形过程的有限元数值模型,通过数值模拟对大直径薄壁铝合金封头在剪切旋压过程中的应力应变分布进行了分析,获得了工艺参数对成形质量的影响规律为:随旋轮圆角半径R、旋轮进给比f及芯模转速n的增大,旋压件的不均匀变形度呈增大趋势;随旋轮圆角半径、旋轮进给比的增大,旋压件壁厚极小值逐渐减小;随芯模转速提高,壁厚极小值增大,旋压件壁厚极大值对工艺参数的变化不敏感。在此基础上确定了优化工艺参数为:R=12 mm,f=1 mm·r~(-1),n=40 r·min~(-1),并进行剪切旋压成形试验,获得了质量合格的Ф2600 mm大直径薄壁铝合金封头样件。     

2250mm薄壁封头外环约束无模旋压的壁厚精度

针对薄壁封头在传统中心约束旋压过程中出现的壁厚不均匀性问题,构建了2250mm大型薄壁封头外环约束无模旋压的1∶1三维有限元模型。研究了进给率和旋轮圆角半径对旋压件的壁厚精度影响规律。研究表明,在第一道次剪切旋压中,小的进给率和圆角半径对目标构件的壁厚精度有利,在后续扩径旋压中,进给率和圆角半径越大,壁厚均匀性越好。同时,采用通过模拟仿真得到的最优工艺参数,在外环约束无模旋压平台上成功旋制出了2250mm大型薄壁封头构件。采用超声波测厚仪测量成形件沿母线方向的壁厚,其壁厚波动规律与仿真结果基本一致,且壁厚均匀性良好。     

双相不锈钢大型封头成形多目标优化设计

基于正交试验法应用有限元数值模拟对双相不锈钢大型封头成形的工艺参数进行了系统性的多目标优化研究,利用直观分析法和排队评分法获取了凸凹模间隙、凹模入口圆角半径、拉延筋高度、拉延筋形状、拉延筋位置对成形质量、减薄率、回弹量的影响主次,得到了最优工艺参数组合,并对优化结果进行了生产验证。结果表明:采用凸凹模间隙11 mm,凹模入口圆角半径40 mm,位置在中间高度为20 mm的矩形拉延筋得到的封头无起皱、鼓包等成形缺陷,且封头最小壁厚为9.33 mm,最大壁厚为11.19 mm,回弹量较小。生产实际与模拟结果基本一致。采用该组工艺参数能提高双相不锈钢封头的成形质量。     

旋轮参数对大型变壁厚椭圆封头强力旋压成形的影响

旋轮是大型变壁厚椭圆封头强力旋压加工过程中的关键工艺装备之一,对封头零件的成形精度和成形质量起着至关重要的作用。研究旋轮参数对成形过程的影响,可为相关成形参数的确定和优化设计提供理论依据。文章基于ABAQUS/Explicit建立的三维有限元模型,获得了旋轮进给比、旋轮圆角半径和旋轮安装角对该成形过程中的不贴模度、圆度及壁厚的影响规律。结果表明,增大旋轮进给比、选择合适的旋轮圆角半径或旋轮安装角,有利于封头的不贴模度和圆度的改善;减小旋轮进给比、减小旋轮圆角半径、增加旋轮安装角,均可改善凸缘变形状态,甚至可以消除扩径及材料隆起等缺陷,从而使封头壁厚分布更加均匀。     

大型带法兰封头热成形方案的模拟优化

以大型带法兰封头热成形工艺的有限元模拟为研究对象,利用DEFORM-3D软件分析平台,通过正向模拟对影响封头成形质量起主要影响的几个关键尺寸:下模的R4和毛坯Jδ、、R1和R2进行优化选择,发现毛坯底部δ的减少可以有效减少封头下半球部位的壁厚差,最终确定成形质量最佳的大型带法兰封头成形工艺参数。     

椭球封头冷拉深缺陷分析

起皱、局部壁厚过度减薄是封头冷拉深常见的缺陷,严重制约着拉深封头质量、成形极限的提高以及生产过程的正常进行。文章采用ABAQUS软件建立椭球封头拉深成形的三维有限元模型,并验证该模型的可靠性;发现了椭球封头拉深过程中易于出现的悬空区起皱和过度减薄两种缺陷,并分析了其形成机理,同时研究了工艺参数对缺陷产生的影响规律。研究发现,悬空区承受双向压应力区域的范围与周向压应力的大小对起皱影响明显,而切向拉应力对壁厚的减薄影响显著。增大压边力、摩擦系数和减小凹模圆角半径,可减小悬空区承受双向压应力区域的面积和周向压应力值,进而减小起皱的倾向,而过大的压边力、摩擦系数和过小的凹模圆角半径,则导致悬空区切向拉应力过大,可加剧壁厚的减薄。     

薄壁封头电磁感应加热旋压工艺

火箭燃料贮箱薄壁球面封头,由于其具有大径厚比、弱刚性的特点,利用传统旋压加工方法容易出现封头结构失稳现象。提出薄壁封头电磁感应加热旋压成形的工艺方法,采用MSC.Marc有限元软件建立了薄壁封头加热旋压三维有限元仿真模型。研究了主要工艺参数——旋压温度T、进给率f和旋轮圆角半径r对封头壁厚均匀性的影响,以及温度场对法兰稳定性的作用。结果表明:在合理范围内,提高旋压温度、增大旋轮圆角半径和减小进给率可以提高成形件质量。最终确定优化工艺参数为:r=4 mm,f=1.35 mm·r-1,T=250~300℃。通过开展封头电磁感应加热旋压实验,验证了电磁感应加热旋压工艺方案能有效抑制法兰起皱并提高工件壁厚均匀性。     

厚壁封头接管热成形的有限元分析与试验研究

针对核电容器上的接管采用焊接连接存在的隐患,研究了厚壁封头接管整锻成形技术。采用DEFORM3D软件对壁厚为325mm的大型厚壁封头接管成形过程进行了模拟研究。获得了变形区金属应力变化规律,并对预加工孔径、凹模中心孔等工艺参数进行了分析,研究了其对成形质量的影响并得出相应的优化数据。通过缩比试验验证了有限元分析计算的正确性,为该工艺的工程应用奠定了科学基础。     

大型厚壁椭圆封头多次热冲压成形分析

采用有限元法对大型厚壁椭圆封头的一次和多次热冲压成形工艺进行数值模拟。对比分析厚壁封头在两种成形工艺下的压机成形载荷和封头成形壁厚的差异,并研究不同凹模直径对封头多次成形载荷和壁厚的影响。研究结果表明,多次热冲压可以有效地降低封头的成形载荷60%左右。多次热冲压封头壁厚比一次成形稍有减薄,但最大减薄率为5.9%,在合理要求范围内。通过与相近规格封头进行实验对比,壁厚分布规律相一致,因此能够达到较好地预测成形的目的。     

工艺参数对方形盒拉深成形性能的影响

通过正交试验和Dynaform有限元模拟,研究了拉深工艺参数对方形盒成形性能的影响。正交试验设置了凸凹模间隙、凹模圆角半径及摩擦因子三个因素。通过方差分析和模拟可知:摩擦因子对成形力的影响最大;凸凹模间隙值对拉深高度的影响最大;凹模半径对壁厚的影响最大。结果表明:减小摩擦因子可以降低成形力;减小间隙值可大幅提高拉深高度;工艺参数对壁厚无明显影响。将优化的工艺参数应用到实际方形盒拉深成形中后,得到了合格的杯形件,验证了有限元模拟的正确性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。