食品级再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯中非有意添加物的风险

目的 综述食品接触用再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate,rPET)的法规及rPET中典型的非有意添加物(Non-Intentionally Added Substances,NIAS),为我国食品接触用rPET法规和标准的建立提供参考。方法 对国内外食品接触用rPET法规的发展历程进行梳理;对rPET中挥发性有机物、非挥发性有机物、重金属等NIAS的来源、残留及迁移情况进行分析和总结。结果 众多国家已经建立了食品接触用rPET法规和监管体系;rPET中的NIAS来源广泛、毒性各异,典型的NIAS迁移量、残留量均较小。结论 rPET已具备成为食品接触材料的可能,食品接触用rPET制品是全球的发展趋势,国家应早日明确rPET的法律地位和制定相关rPET安全标准。     

聚酯塑料包装发展动向

近几年热塑性新型聚酯材料异军突起,论述了聚对苯二甲酸乙二（醇）酯（PET）,聚对苯二甲酸丁二（醇）酯（PBT）,聚对苯二甲酸丙二（醇）酯（PTT）,聚萘二甲酸乙二（醇）酯（PEN）和聚萘二甲酸丁二（醇）酯的新进展及其特点和应用。     

高性能聚合物的开发现状与课题

高性能聚合物的开发现状与课题近年来，在通用工程塑料尼龙６６（ＰＡ６６）及聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（ＰＢＴ）的高性能化（高耐热化）方面，已开发出尼龙４６（ＰＡ４６）、半芳香族尼龙、聚环己烷二亚甲基对苯二甲酸酯（ＰＣＴ）、聚素二甲酸丁二酯（ＰＢＮ）；在超级工...     

在线衍生化-气质联用法测定聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）树脂及其成型品中残留对苯二甲酸

建立了气相色谱—质谱（GC-MS）法测定聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯中对苯二甲酸残留量的方法。通过在线衍生化前处理将残留的对苯二甲酸转化成对苯二甲酸二乙酯,用气质联用仪进行测定,内标法进行定量。选定条件下,测定低限为10mg/kg,加标回收率86.3%～104.6%。该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）树脂及其成型品中残留对苯二甲酸定性和定量测定,该方法也可应用于其它高沸点有机酸的测定。     

日本研制出不吸收香味和酸味的包装材料

饮料包装纸的内层树脂一般使用热封性聚乙烯（PE）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET），但聚乙烯容易吸收果汁的香味，聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯虽然能很好地保留果汁的香味，但由于它本身的结晶性，加热变脆，热封性差。     

日本研制出不吸收香味和酸味的包装材料

饮料包装纸的内层树脂一般使用热封性聚乙烯（PE）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET），但聚乙烯容易吸收果汁的香味，聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯虽然能很好地保留果汁的香味，但由于它本身的结晶性，加热变脆，热封性差。     

超临界甲醇解聚聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯产物的分析

利用凝胶渗透色谱法对聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯的超临界甲醇解聚产物进行了分析测定,并运用保留值定性法、多波长定性法和色谱曲线内插定性法进行定性分析。色谱柱为Sh im pack GPC-801柱,流动相为四氢呋喃。实验结果表明,固体产物主要由对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸甲基-羟丙基酯、对苯二甲酸二丙二醇酯等组成。反应的主要产物单体对苯二甲酸二甲酯的产率随反应时间的延长而增加。     

新型聚酯PMT等温结晶动力学研究

聚对苯二甲酸甲二酯 (PMT)是一种新型芳香族聚酯 ,本文以DSC差示扫描量热计对PMT的等温结晶动力学进行了研究 ,用Avrami方程对实验数据进行了分析 ,结果发现 :PMT的Avrami指数n在 2 4～ 2 6之间 ,为非整数且接近于 3,说明PMT结晶时倾向于异相成核 ;在实验温度范围内 ,随着等温结晶温度Tc的升高 ,PMT的结晶速率常数K减小 ,半结晶时间t1/ 2 增加。PMT的熔点与聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET)接近 ,但高于聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯 (PTT)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯 (PBT) ,与结构分析得到的结论一致     

PET聚合反应工程计算机辅助设计的发展

综述了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（ＰＥＴ）聚合反应工程计算机辅助设计领域的理论和实际应用方面的发展。     

PET-PEE/ATO纳米复合材料的非等温结晶动力学

采用无机纳米锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)和有机聚醚酯(PEE)协同提高聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)的抗静电性能,合成了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯-聚醚酯/锑掺杂二氧化锡纳米复合材料(PET-PEE/ATO)。使用Ozawa方程和Liu-Mo方程研究了PET-PEE/ATO纳米复合材料的非等温结晶过程。Ozawa方程研究发现,在非等温结晶过程中,PET、PET-PEE、PET/ATO、PET-PEE/ATO的成核性能依次提高。Liu-Mo方程发现,ATO和PEE的加入分别促进了异相成核作用和加快了结晶生长,PET-PEE/ATO结晶成核性能最好,结晶速率最快。     

中日韩食品接触用rPET政策法规与管理分析

目的 为我国食品接触用rPET回收体系建设、安全评估、法规政策制定提供参考和建议。方法 全面研究日本、韩国有关回收塑料的宏观政策和战略,针对rPET的法规政策及管理要求,深入分析欧美日韩管理的优缺点,结合我国国情及研究进展,提出相关意见和建议。结果 日本、韩国针对食品接触用rPET不仅制定了完善的法规标准,还拥有完整的回收体系,并通过政治和经济手段建立了从管理对象、管理机构到评估方法的全体系监管机制。但这些国家对食品接触用rPET的再生利用率仍旧不高,法规与监管体系上还存在较多需完善的地方。结论 在循环可持续发展势在大背景下,rPET食品接触的同级回收利用势在必行,我国应在研究国外管理经验的基础上,尽快建立适合我国国情的回收体系,发布评估技术指南,出台相关管理政策法规,以促进行业规范高质量发展。     

地域文化与旅游纪念品的融合设计

目的 探索旅游纪念品设计中对地域文化的全新解析与融合应用。方法 由旅游这一文化交流活动方式出发,探索旅游纪念品的突出特点和实际价值,并结合当前旅游纪念品市场现状总结其中存在的类型单一、开发力度不够、缺乏创新和品牌意识不足的问题,由此引申出地域文化元素在旅游纪念品设计中的重要作用及价值方向,接着从视觉语言、文化体验、情感传达、品牌创建等方面探究地域文化与旅游纪念品的融合策略,最后探寻融合创新的关键点。结论 旅游纪念品设计在保留原有地域特征的基础上,借助文化、工艺、情感等方面的元素融入,能够使纪念品真正具有纪念价值,进一步加深旅游者对于一个地区或是一个民族独特地域文化的了解与喜爱,使旅游活动的体验和情感得以延伸。     

Regional Cultural Differences Within European Countries: Evidence from Multi-Country Surveys

The purpose of this study is to investigate the patterns of regional cultural differences within European countries. This study extends our previous work (Kaasa et al. 2013) that used data from the European Social Survey (ESS), by using more recent data and combining the ESS and the European Values Study (EVS) as data sources. We aim to study how much attention should be paid to within-country differences and how they differ across countries. The indicators of cultural dimensions were created using confirmatory factor analysis based on the initial indicators selected relying on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The extent and character of within-country cultural differences were examined. Our results reveal a wide diversity of regional cultural variability among the observed countries. We identified countries where within-country cultural variability is larger (Spain, Portugal, France) and smaller (Finland, Sweden, Norway) than cross-national variability. Also, in many countries a more detailed regional division (more and smaller regions) brought out larger differences, although this cannot be taken as a rule. Patterns along regions differ across cultural dimensions, making grouping regions difficult. Studying regional cultural differences within countries is important. The extent of the optimal depth of regional division applied depends on the particular country, its regional cultural variability, and the needs and aims of the researcher.     

基于公众参与的社区可持续设计研究与实践——以rPET再生品设计为例

目的 在可持续视域下,进行以公众参与为导向的社区可持续设计策略及设计实践研究。方法 通过对人民意识、社会创新要求和社区可持续发展需求分析,表明公众参与融入社区可持续设计的必要性,并结合文献研究围绕公众参与在社区实践中的参与主体、参与目标、参与阶段和参与方式进行核心特征分析,归纳出参与过程的三个阶段:共同体验、共同设计、共同反思。结果 针对公众参与的三个阶段分别从多元参与、协同创新、价值塑造三个方面提出三个目标路径,总结公众参与理念下的社区可持续设计策略,并以rPET再生品为例在社区进行可持续设计共创活动。结论 融合参与特征的社区可持续设计实践,提升了居民可持续行为的意愿,验证了公众参与在社区可持续设计上的可行性,赋予社区在“人”的可持续建设机制上更多的可能性。     

卷烟包装材料中VOCs和SVOCs一致性评价技术研究

目的 研究卷烟商标纸和印刷材料中挥发及半挥发性有机化合物(VOCs和SVOCs)的波动性和一致性的监测及评价方法。方法 利用顶空气相色谱/质谱(HS–GC/MS)采集卷烟包装印刷品及原料中VOCs和SVOCs的色谱图,以氘代苯及氘代萘双内标方法在不同信号采集时间段对分析物保留时间进行校正,依据校正色谱图间相关系数,构建卷烟包装材料中VOCs和SVOCs的质量控制图。结果 该方法操作简单、重现性好,有效校正由于更换色谱柱、仪器开关机及仪器性能波动导致的保留时间偏移,谱图间相关系数最小值由0.407 6提升至0.962 9;该方法能高效地识别不同厂商及不同牌号卷烟商标纸中该类物质的整体差异,差异显著(P＜0.05),相关系数均值差异率分别为12.5%和38.6%。结论 本研究提供了一种卷烟包装材料中VOCs及SVOCs信号采集、谱图校正和质量控制方法,为卷烟包装材料的质量稳定性评价提供技术手段和支撑方法。     

Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in the fertilizers, China

The use of large quantities of chemical fertilizers is usually associated with environmental problems. A lot of work has been done on the concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides in chemical fertilizers, but little work has focused on the occurrence of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). In this study the occurrence of 43 SVOCs listed as priority pollutants in 22 widely used-fertilizers of China was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Twenty-six SVOCs were detected with different detection frequencies and concentrations. The most abundant compounds were phthalic acid esters (PAEs; ranging from 1.17 to 2795 microg kg(-1) dry weight, d.w.) and nitroaromatics (up to 9765 microg kg(-1) d.w.), followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; <140 microg kg(-1) d.w.) and halogenated hydrocarbons (<900 microg kg(-1) d.w.). Chlorobenzenes and haloethers occurred generally at low concentrations. There are large variations in concentrations of various compounds in different fertilizers, and the total concentrations of each class of contaminants varied widely, too. The highest levels of sum concentration for 16 PAHs, for 6 PAEs and for nitroaromatics were found in organic fertilizer containing pesticide and soil amendments. Concentrations of SVOCs in coated fertilizers (the controlled release fertilizer with coating) were considerably higher than those in the corresponding fertilizers without coating. The occurrence frequencies of SVOCs in the straight fertilizers (containing only one of the major plant nutrients) were lower than in the other fertilizers.     

Effect of recycled content and rPET quality on the properties of PET bottles,part II: Migration

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were produced from three types of recycled PET (rPET) with four levels of recycled content. The migration of substances from these bottles to water was studied. Several migrated substances were detected. The migrated amounts of acetaldehyde and ethylene glycol complied with the limits given in the food contact material (FCM) legislation. Migration of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was below the limit of 10 μg·L⁻¹, which is conventionally applied for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) not classified as ‘carcinogenic’, ‘mutagenic’ or ‘toxic to reproduction’ (CMR). Limonene, acetone, butanone and furan were also detected as migrants, of which limonene is a natural fragrant, and the other three are probably residues from solvents used to clean and protect the mould at the small-scale production facility. Finally, benzene and styrene were also found as migrants from rPET. These migrants appear to originate from heat-induced reactions within the PET matrix, which involve contaminants. The formation of benzene in rPET is attributed to polyvinylchloride as contaminant. The migrated amounts of benzene from the PET bottles with recycled content to the water simulant are relatively small (0.03–0.44 μg·L⁻¹) after 10 days at 40°C. Consequently, the margin of exposure is 3.10⁵–8.10⁶. Hence, the level of concern for the public health is low, and the migrated amount represents a low priority for risk management. The FCM legislation demands a risk assessment for migrating NIAS. Depending on the underlying data and exposure scenario, different threshold limits in the food can be derived which can still be considered as safe.     

Measuring and modelling the reflectance spectra of male Swinhoe's pheasant feather barbules

A range of iridescent colour appearances are presented by male Swinhoe''s pheasants'' (Lophura swinhoii) mantle feathers. Two distinct regions of the open pennaceous portion of its feathers display particularly conspicuous angle-dependent reflection. A bright blue band appears in one region at normal incidence that spatially shifts to another at higher illumination angles. The two-dimensional photonic crystal-like nanostructures inside the barbules of these two regions are similar. However, this study found that the spatial variation in their colour appearance results from a continuously changing orientation of barbules with respect to the alignment of their associated barb. A multi-layered rigorous coupled-wave analysis approach was used to model the reflections from the identified intra-barbule structures. Well-matched simulated and measured reflectance spectra, at both normal and oblique incidence, support our elucidation of the origin of the bird''s distinctive feather colour appearance.     

基于人物角色的中原地域文化产品设计需求获取研究与实践

目的 挖掘用户需求进行中原地域文化产品设计研究,增强文化产品的区域认同感,提高我国人民的民族文化自信心。方法 通过产品用户研究方法,以Likert量表(李克特量表)对地域文化产品设计进行用户需求获取,将用户需求明确为文化创意产品设计目标,并以此建立人物角色模型进而指导文化产品设计实施过程。结果 能帮助设计师快速把握用户需求,抓住设计要点,创造出符合用户期待的产品。使文化产品的人群定位更加精准、销售渠道更加通畅。结论 通过人物角色分析能够获取消费者的真实需求,激发个性化的产品设计方案,让地域文化产品更具记忆性、易用性和便携性,增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感,进而体会到不同历史文化、地理特征所展现出的独特文化魅力。