Nonradiative Energy Losses and Radiation Trapping in Neodymium-Doped Phosphate Laser Glasses

Fluorescence radiation trapping and nonradiative energy losses from the Nd³⁺⁴F_3/2 state are reported for two widely used commercial phosphate laser glasses (LHG-8 and LG-770). The effects of hydroxyl-group, transition-metal (Cu, Fe, V, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Pt), and rare-earth (Dy, Pr, Sm, and Ce) impurities on the ⁴F_3/2 nonradiative decay rate in these glasses are quantified. Nd concentration quenching effects are reported for doping levels ranging from about 0.5 × 10²⁰ to 8.0 × 10²⁰ ions/cm³. The results are analyzed using the Förster–Dexter theory for dipolar energy transfer. Quenching rates for transition-metal ions correlate with the magnitude of spectral overlap for Nd emission (donor) and the metal ion absorption (acceptor). The nonradiative decay rates due to hydroxyl groups follow Förster–Dexter theory except at low Nd-doping levels (≲2 × 10²⁰ ions/cm³) where the quenching rate becomes independent of the Nd concentration. The data suggest a possible correlation of OH sites with Nd ions in this doping region. The effects of radiation trapping on the fluorescence decay are reported as a function of sample size, shape, and doping level. The results agree well with the theory except for samples with small doping-length products; in these cases, multiple internal reflections from the sample surfaces enhance the trapping effect.     

Triplet EPR Dynamics of Randomly Oriented Dications and Dianions of Tetraoxaporphyrinoids

This paper deals with the photoexcited triplet state of several tetraoxaporphyrinoids studied by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The porphyrinoids studied are tetraoxa[18]porphyrin ( 1a ⁺⁺), octaethyl-tetraoxa[18]porphyrin ( 1b ⁺⁺), tetra-n-butyl tetraoxa[18]porphyrin ( 1c ⁺⁺), octaethyl-tetraoxa[26]porphyrin ( 2 ⁺⁺), and tetraoxa[18]porphycene ( 3 ⁺⁺), all of them as per-chlorate salts. To qualify as stable aromatic 18π- (or 26π-) electron systems, they must exist as dications. Analysis of the triplet EPR spectra is characterized by unique features not found in their parent porphyrins and porphycenes. While in the case of the axially-symmetric tetraphenylporphyrin, the triplet EPR spectra indicate deviation from axial symmetry, the tetraoxaporphyrin 1a ⁺⁺ exhibits, as expected, a vanishing E-term of the zero-field splitting (ZFS) tensor. A conspicuous difference is found between the triplet EPR spectra of the dications and the dianions of all tetraoxa compounds. The results are discussed in terms of the electronic structures of the porphyrinoids.     

淀粉基重金属捕集剂的表征及捕集效能

以天然高分子淀粉为原料,采用季铵型醚化剂、三聚磷酸钠及尿素对其多元修饰的方法,最终获得多种电荷分布的以淀粉为基础的重金属捕集剂。通过FTIR、固体核磁共振波谱、TGA、SEM及捕集效能评价研究了淀粉基捕集剂的微观结构、特性及捕集机理。结果表明:淀粉分子成功引入阳离子季铵基团、阴离子磷酸基团及非离子酰胺基团;相对于原淀粉,所获得的中间体及终产物比表面积不断增大,分子量依次增加,有利于对重金属离子进行捕集;0.06 g淀粉基捕集剂对质量浓度为30 mg/L混合溶液中Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)的去除率分别为97.93%、99.83%、99.80%、99.53%,均达到国家排放标准;其捕集吸附过程符合伪二级吸附模型,且由电性中和反应和微孔吸附联合共同控制。     

淀粉基重金属捕集材料的微观结构及捕集效能

天然淀粉具有低毒、易降解、可循环利用等优点,经多元修饰后,具备捕集重金属的能力。使用季铵型醚化剂,磷酸盐及尿素对淀粉分子进行多元修饰,最终获得了多种电荷分布的淀粉分子修饰产品。通过红外光谱、固体核磁共振、扫描电镜及捕集效能评价等手段研究了淀粉基捕集剂的微观结构、特性及捕集机理。结果表明：淀粉分子成功引入阳离子季铵基团、阴离子磷酸基团及非离子的酰胺基团;比表面积增大,分子量增大,有利于对重金属离子进行捕集;0.06g淀粉基捕集剂对30mg/L混合溶液中铜、铅、镉、镍离子的去除率分别为97.80%、99.83%、99.23%、99.53%,均优于国家排放标准;其捕集吸附过程符合伪二级吸附模型,且由电性中和反应和微孔吸附联合共同控制。     

Strained Mono- and Dications. On the Structures of [(CCH2)7H]2⊕ and [(CCH3)7CH3]2⊕ Dications

The reactions of alcohol 1 with HF-SbF₅ and of alcohol 8 with FSO₃H-SbF₅ at low temperatures afforded dications [(CCH₃)₇H]^2⊕ and [(CCH₃)₇CH₃]^2⊕, respectively. Both NMR (¹H and ¹³C) data and analysis of the products, obtained upon quenching of the cations, were used to discuss the possible structures of these cations. Both ions showed a remarkable NMR behaviour, viz. an equivalency of all methylgroups on the one hand and all skeleton carbon atoms on the other hand, indicating a high symmetry or a rapid (on the NMR time scale) process. Using model compounds the weighted average ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts of reasonable structures for the ions were calculated and compared with the experimentally obtained values. The conclusion is drawn that the former reaction presumably leads to dications 34 and 36 and the latter reaction to dication 51 .     

Trapping levels in pulse-counting synthetic diamond detectors

Type Ib synthetic diamonds were used as pulse-counting radiation detectors. Special ion-implanted contacts to the diamond were used. These contacts were shown to suppress the development of space charge within the diamond, and to cause no significant voltage drop across the contacts. An initial large γ-ray pre-irradiation dose markedly improved the pulse counting response of the diamond. It is suggested that this improvement is due to relevent and involved traps being filled to saturation by charge carriers whereas the same traps in an under-populated state actively inhibit the charge collection for pulse formation. The traps are depopulated by exposure to ambient light and, using this depopulation effect, the effective energy level of these involved traps was measured to be 2.2 eV. Shallow trapping levels are postulated and are believed to be responsible for the trapping of the carriers which gives rise to space charge effects.     

Trapping two-particle arrays in a double-ring electrodynamic balance

A new technique has been developed to explore the characteristics and dynamics of the electrodynamic balance (EDB). It is demonstrated that by trapping a pair of microparticles, the electric field of and EDB can be characterized and particle stability can be investigated. The electric field in the neighborhood of the null-point was examined by comparing the oscillatory motion of the two-particle system with a theoretical analysis. In addition, the relevant balance constants were evaluated by five methods: (i) determination of the stabilization strength constant, C₁, using measurements on two-particle arrays, (ii) determination of the levitation strength constant, C₀, using measurements on single particles of known mass and charge, (iii) computation of C₁ and C₀ by solving the three-dimensional Laplace equation for the non-axisymmetric electrode system, (iv) computation of C₀ using a ring charge simulation technique, and (v) determination of the ratio C₁/C₀ by measurements of the marginal stability limit. The results of the different methods are compared and shown to be consistent.     

On the Trapping of Vinylgold Intermediates

An internal aryl‐substituted ortho‐alkynylphenol and a similar aniline with stoichiometric amounts of N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene‐gold tosylate [(IPr)AuOTs] and triethylamine gave the aurated heterocycles as stable intermediates of the corresponding gold(I)‐catalysed hydrooxylation and hydroamination reactions. X‐ray crystal structure analyses of both products could be obtained. A similar internal alkyl‐substituted ortho‐alkynylphenol gave only the cycloisomerised product, no aurated intermediate could be detected.     

Observation of Vacancies by Positron Trapping in Cerium-Doped Zirconolites

Positron annihilation lifetime measurements on cerium-doped zirconolites have given strong indications of positron trapping in samples that have previously been deduced to contain cation vacancies, mainly from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and microanalysis. The increases in lifetime of the majority lifetime component are ∼20% for samples deduced to contain a few percent of vacant cation sites. Lanthanum-doped SrTiO₃ samples, in which it is generally agreed that A-site vacancies are produced via the lanthanum doping, have been used as a model system and similar increases in lifetime have been observed for samples that contain more than ∼0.1 formula units of lanthanum.     

Trapping region of impinging jets in a cross-shaped channel

This study follows our previous report (Zhang et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 31, 2019, 034105) by describing the formation and evolution of the engulfment flow in the cross-shaped channel. First, the flow regimes were studied by planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). Results show the formation of a spiral vortex in the center of the chamber and the appearance of a well-mixed zone inside the spiral vortex. Second, we proposed a novel experimental method to analyze the residence time of the fluid in the chamber, and discover an unexpected trapping region inside the well-mixed zone. There is almost no fluid transport into or out of this region. Furthermore, three-dimensional numerical simulation is used to reveal the origination of this trapping region. Simulation results reveal that the fluid recirculates in the trapping region and the flow feature is caused by the bubble-type vortex breakdown.     

Trapping Iron Oxide into Hollow Gold Nanoparticles

Synthesis of the core/shell-structured Fe₃O₄/Au nanoparticles by trapping Fe₃O₄ inside hollow Au nanoparticles is described. The produced composite nanoparticles are strongly magnetic with their surface plasmon resonance peaks in the near infrared region (wavelength from 700 to 800 nm), combining desirable magnetic and plasmonic properties into one nanoparticle. They are particularly suitable for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The intact Au surface provides convenient anchorage sites for attachment of targeting molecules, and the particles can be activated by both near infrared lights and magnetic fields. As more and more hollow nanoparticles become available, this synthetic method would find general applications in the fabrication of core–shell multifunctional nanostructures.     

The Trapping Concept in Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Amorphous Glassy Polymers

Abstract

Nonlinear stress - strain relations are derived for the viscoelastic behavior of glassy polymers. An amorphous medium is treated as an ensemble of cooperatively rearranging regions (flow units). Any unit is thought of as a point in the phase space which hops (being thermally activated) to higher energy levels in its potential well on the energy landscape. The viscoelastic behavior of a polymer is modeled as a sequence of rearrangement events occurring at random times when relaxing regions reach (in hops) some liquid-like level. We assume that external loads affect the position of the liquid-like state with respect to the energy landscape, and the descent of the reference energy level is proportional to the average mechanical energy of a flow unit. This hypothesis is verified by comparison of observations for polycarbonate in tensile relaxation tests with results of numerical simulation. Fair agreement is demonstrated between experimental data and their predictions.     

External Trapping of Halomethyllithium Enabled by Flow Microreactors

This work demonstrates that the accurate control of the reaction parameters realized within microreactor systems allowed for a taming of the reactivity of thermally unstable intermediates such as haloalkyllithiums. The first example of effective external trapping of a reactive carbenoid such as the chloromethyllithium is described. By using microreactor systems, a continuous flow synthesis of chloro alcohols and chloro amines could be achieved with high yields. By controlling the residence time the highly reactive chloromethyllithium could be generated and reacted with electrophiles at temperatures much higher than in batch‐mode and without internal quenching. The developed continuous‐flow process matches the requirements for sustainability.

     

Probability of Trapping Solid Particles during Zone Melting

Abstract

The probability P of trapping of glass beads was measured for tilt rotating zone melting of camphor. P increased with increasing zone travel rate, increasing tilt angle, decreasing tube rotation, and increasing mass of beads. P also decreased dramatically with distance down the tube. This is attributed to increasing impurity content as the zone moves down the tube and by the changing shape of the freezing interface due to the diminished content of glass beads. Trapping was predominantly by periodic bands, indicating one or more catastrophic trapping mechanisms.     

Trapping of Phyllophaga elenans with a female-produced pheromone

Attraction of Phyllophaga elenas to vaned bucket traps baited with the recently identified female-produced pheromone, L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME), is efficient. Pheromone-baited vaned buckets with water to retain insects were more effective than buckets without vanes or plastic containers with the sides cut out. Pheromone-baited vaned bucket traps from which water was omitted required the addition of a funnel below the vanes to retain insects. Normally used light traps were about 10 times more effective than pheromone-baited vane bucket traps in capturing P. elenans. Over 95% of P. elenans were captured between 6:00 and 9:00 PM. The male–female ratio was 3–4:1 in both light and pheromone traps, and the ratio was relatively unchanged throughout the capture period. Most P. elenans were captured in the treed areas surrounding sugarcane fields. More P. elenans were captured in treed borders than in grassy borders of sugarcane fields. The effective radius of the pheromone-baited vaned bucket trap is between 5 and 15 m.     

Trapping characteristics of cesium in off-gas stream using fly ash filter

The cesium trapping characteristics with changing reaction temperature, carrier gas and gas velocity by the fly ash filter were analyzed. The SEM (Scanning electron microscope) on the pore structure of the fly ash filter showed that pores up to 0.1 mm in diameter were widely interconnected with each other throughout the whole structure of the filter. According to the XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis for the cesium compound trapped on the fly ash filter, the thermally stable pollucite phase was formed. The cesium trapping quantity of the fly ash filter was increased with increasing reaction temperature, whereas it was decreased with increasing gas velocity. SEM showed that the fly ash filter after trapping gaseous cesium had mullite phase of needle-like crystals and pollucite phase of bulky crystals with rough surface. Presented at the Int’l Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8-10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Trapping Transient Protein Species by Genetic Code Expansion

Nature employs a limited number of genetically encoded amino acids for the construction of functional proteins. By engineering components of the cellular translation machinery, however, it is now possible to genetically encode noncanonical building blocks with tailored electronic and structural properties. The ability to incorporate unique chemical functionality into proteins provides a powerful tool to probe mechanism and create novel function. In this minireview, we highlight several recent studies that illustrate how noncanonical amino acids have been used to capture and characterize reactive intermediates, fine-tune the catalytic properties of enzymes, and stabilize short-lived protein–protein complexes.     

化工业减排和CO_2捕集的开发进展

介绍了世界化工行业减排和CO2捕集的开发进展情况。     

Influence of Sintering Temperature on Intrinsic Trapping in Zinc Oxide-Based Varistors

The ac electrical data of the ZnO-Bi₂O₃ varistor system, in the frequency range 5 Hz to 13 MHz, when analyzed in the complex capacitance ( C *) plane, yields a distinct depressed semicircular relaxation having an average time constant on the order of 10⁻⁶ s. This trapping is attributed to the possible formation of ionized intrinsic/native defects. The decrease in the depression angle and average relaxation time, monitored as a function of the increasing sintering temperature (≥1100°C), indicated an improvement in the degree of uniformity in the loss-conductance and rapidity of response of the intrinsic trapping. The dependence of the ac parameters related to this trapping response obtained from the C * plane on the sintering temperature has been presented.