The dynamic flammability and toxicity of magnesium hydroxide filled intumescent fire retardant polypropylene

The flammability properties of an intumescent fire retardant polypropylene added with magnesium hydroxide was discussed in this study. To evaluate the flammability of the material, limit oxygen index, smoke emission, tensile strength, and our exploitation dynamic flammability evaluation system, tests were assessed in experiments. The results showed that the intumescent flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate-filled polypropylene has superior flammability properties but higher carbon oxide (CO) concentration and smoke density. By adding some magnesium hydroxide additives in intumescent fire retarded polypropylene, the smoke density and CO concentration decrease; and the compound also has superior fire properties. It is concluded that intumescent system and magnesium hydroxide additives are effective on improving combustion properties for polypropylene. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:989–995, 1998     

Ignition,combustion, toxicity,and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review

This review provides insight into the ignition, combustion, smoke, toxicity, and fire‐retardant performance of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams. This review also covers various additive and reactive fire‐retardant approaches adopted to render polyurethane foams fire‐retardant. Literature sources are mostly technical publications, patents, and books published since 1961. It has been found by different workers that polyurethane foams are easily ignitable and highly flammable, support combustion, and burn quite rapidly. They are therefore required to be fire‐retardant for different applications. Polyurethane foams during combustion produce a large quantity of vision‐obscuring smoke. The toxicity of the combustion products is much higher than that of many other manmade polymers because of the high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. Polyurethane foams have been rendered fire‐retardant by the incorporation of phosphorus‐containing compounds, halogen‐containing compounds, nitrogen‐containing additives, silicone‐containing products, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic additives. Some heat‐resistant groups such as carbodiimide‐, isocyanurate‐, and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles formed with polyurethane foams also render urethane foams fire‐retardant. Fire‐retardant additives reduce the flammability, smoke level, and toxicity of polyurethane foams with some degradation in other characteristics. It can be concluded that despite many significant attempts, no commercial solution to the fire retardancy of polyurethane foams without some loss of physical and mechanical properties is available. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

无卤阻燃聚丙烯材料的研究

用自制的膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)与成炭剂、无机填料复配和聚丙烯(PP)共混,进行燃烧性能测试,考察了共混体系的燃烧行为;利用锥形量热仪研究了表面处理剂对膨胀阻燃体系的影响;用氧指数(OI)分析了阻燃剂及其他助剂在PP中的阻燃作用。结果表明,该阻燃体系既有较好的阻燃效果,又有抑烟作用。     

Zinc compounds as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for rigid PVC

Abstract

The effect of the concentration of zinc hydroxy-stannate and zinc borate on the fire performance of rigid PVC formulations has been investigated. Fire testing was carried out using cone calorimetry as well as the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. In addition, further testing was done to check that incorporation of the fire retardant additives did not have any detrimental effects on other properties of the formulated PVC, such as heat stability, colour or impact strength. The results demonstrated that zinc hydroxy-stannate is an excellent fire retardant and smoke suppressant at additions levels of 3 parts per hundred parts of PVC. Zinc borate did not have the excellent fire retardant properties of zinc hydroxy-stannate, but was found to be an efficient and cost-effective smoke suppressant, although the presence of free zinc oxide in the sample affected the thermal stability of the formulation.     

FeOOH/Sb2O3对PVC共混物的阻燃消烟作用

分析了铁化物／锑化物的阻燃消烟作用。实验结果表明,锑化物和铁化物在ABS／PVC共混物中,可以增加共混物的阻燃能力,同时发现两种金属氧化物在减少高分子燃烧时的发烟量方面有协同作用。在共混物燃烧过程中,对增加烧焦物的形成有促进作用。     

Fire‐retardant hybrid thermosetting resins from unsaturated polyesters and polysilazanes

This introduces an organic–inorganic thermosetting hybrid resin system based on unsaturated polyester and polysilazanes. It shows the chemical modification of unsaturated polyester structures by end capping to enable the combination of both components. In general, halogen‐free unsaturated polyesters are not fire‐retardant and have to be equipped with additives. Fillers and intumescent additives are preponderantly used in today's fire‐retardant formulations. In contrast to these fire‐retardants, polysilazanes act as ceramizing agents. Polysilazanes are suitable fire‐retardants for resin transfer molding due to their low viscosity. Both burning behavior and glass transition temperature (T_g) are investigated as important application properties. In contrast to state‐of‐the‐art fire‐retardant formulations polysilazane‐based thermosetting hybrid resins burn with high intensity and fast extinction. Therefore, total heat and smoke emission is decreased. The formation of ceramic structures during burning results in high residual mechanical properties and a low mass loss. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40375.     

防火铝塑板用无卤阻燃聚乙烯芯材的研制

以聚乙烯为基础树脂，通过选择合适的无卤阻燃剂，并对其表面进行精细化复合偶联处理，同时添加接枝改性粘合树脂和阻燃增效剂及其他助剂，研制成功具有较强市场实用价值的无卤阻燃聚乙烯防火铝塑板专用芯材。其氧指数高达36％，烟密度等级14。该材料既具优异的阻燃抑烟性和成炭阻滴性，又有良好的力学性能和挤出加工性能。     

An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry,past—present—future

An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, nonhalogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire, retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.     

The effect of 3D structure design on fire behavior of polyethylene terephthalate glycol containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate

Effect of the shape of 3D printed samples on fire behavior of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) and PET-G additivated with a mix of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant, was investigated. The additives improved fire performance (e.g., maximum average rate of heat emission, total oxygen consumption, heat release rate indices) irrespective of structural complexity, favoring carbonaceous char formation. However, at increasing structural complexity, they promoted higher release of smoke, compared to neat PET-G, because of a change in the prevalent retardation mechanism, which became dominated by the flame inhibition action of AHP. Consequently, the synergistic effect obtained combining the two additives, was hindered. Impact of product design on mechanisms of fire retardation helps in devising engineering solutions aimed at meeting required level of fire-safety performance, which should be tailored to the specific product.     

Fire and flame retardants for PVC

The flammability performance of PVC plays a significant role in its selection for many applications. Its relatively high chlorine content (56.8%) makes it more resistant to ignition and burning than most organic polymers. In the case of flexible PVC, the plasticizers that contribute flexibility in most instances detract from its resistance to fire. To meet specifications such as oxygen index, heat release, smoke evolution, or extent of burning in cable tests, flame‐retardant (FR) and smoke‐suppressant (SS) additives are often incorporated. Synergistic combinations of FR and SS additives help PVC formulations meet many stringent FR specifications cost effectively.     

Fire behavior and smoke emission of phosphate–based inorganic fire‐retarded polyester resin

The fire behavior and the smoke emission of an unsaturated polyester resin modified by the addition of three phosphorus‐based fire‐retardant materials (ammonium polyphosphate (APP), silane‐coated APP, and melamine pyrophosphate) at two concentration levels (20% w/w, 35% w/w) have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy analysis have been performed to verify the dispersion and the action mechanism of additives within the resin. Results from cone calorimetric tests demonstrated that the incorporation of the fire retardants at 35% w/w has a strong effect on flammability and smoke suppressant properties with respect to both the neat resin and the loaded systems at 20% (w/w). In particular, the smoke formation and smoke parameters are reduced by 50% and 80%, respectively, leading to the conclusion that APP can be used single‐handedly without combination with specific smoke suppressors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阻燃型硝基清漆的研制

采用复合阻燃剂,以硝酸纤维素作为基料,同时加入氨基树脂和多种助剂,得到一种阻燃效果好的硝基清漆,研究了阻燃剂的种类及添加量、涂层厚度、涂刷次数等因素对阻燃效果和涂料理化性能的影响。实验结果表明:采用复合阻燃剂、阻燃剂的添加量为7%~10%,多次刷涂时,阻燃清漆有较好的综合性能。分析了阻燃剂的作用机理。     

Third International Conference on Environmentally Friendly Fire-Retardant Systems

The Third International Conference on Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials was held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, on December 7–8, 1993. The conference focused upon the latest developments in zero- and lowhalogen additives and polymers used to minimize flammability, smoke, fume, and toxicity problems. This was an intensive and executive-level meeting for compounders and technical specialists using fire retardants (FR) in plastics, textiles, wire and cable, and furniture applications; business development managers who follow specialty chemical and additive markets; health, safety, insurance, and regulatory affairs managers; and materials, equipment, and testing/measurement specialists in the fire safety industry. An exhibition of fire retardant additives and instruments was arranged within the framework of the conference. The participants took this opportunity to discuss their needs with the exhibitors and to discover new sources of equipment, materials, and services.     

玻璃钢的阻燃机理与途径

本文介绍了玻璃钢的可燃性以及不同类型阻燃添加剂的阻燃机理,最后提出了提高聚酯玻璃钢和环氧玻璃钢阻燃性的途径。     

聚烯烃无卤阻燃剂概况与发展方向

高分子材料用途广泛,但高分子材料大多数易燃烧,有些高分子材料燃烧时会产生大量的有害气体和烟雾,由此产生的火灾隐患成为全球关注的问题。添加有效的阻燃剂,使高分子材料具有难燃性、自熄性和消烟性,是目前阻燃技术中较普遍的方法。阻燃剂可分为含卤阻燃剂、无卤阻燃剂。目前,含卤阻燃剂仍占主导地位,但其发烟量大,燃烧时放出卤化氢气体,造成二次公害,所以高分子材料阻燃已趋向于无卤化。无卤阻燃剂有阻燃效果好、低烟、无毒等优点,因此,越来越受到重视。综述了目前常用的聚乙烯、聚丙烯塑料无卤阻燃剂的种类,相关产品及阻燃剂的发展方向。     

Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of pet‐based composites containing phosphorus and boron‐based additives

Flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, was improved using different flame retardant additives such as triphenylphosphate, triphenylphosphine oxide, zinc borate, and boron phosphate (BP). Composites were prepared using a twin screw extruder and subsequently injection molded for characterization purposes. The flame retardancy of the composites was determined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Smoke emission during fire was also evaluated in terms of percent light transmittance. Thermal stability and tensile properties of PET‐based composites were compared with PET through TGA and tensile test, respectively. The LOI of the flame retardant composites increased from 21% of neat PET, up to 36% with the addition of 5% BP and 5% triphenyl phosphate to the matrix. Regarding the smoke density analysis, BP was determined as an effective smoke suppressant for PET. Enhanced tensile properties were obtained for the flame retardant PET‐based composites with respect to PET. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42016.     

有机磷阻燃剂的研究进展

由于有机磷阻燃剂具有高效、低毒、无污染及无烟等特点,该领域的研究在国内外得到极大的关注。综述了磷酸酯类阻燃剂、膦酸酯类阻燃剂和磷杂环类阻燃剂的研究进展,并提出了有机磷阻燃剂今后的发展方向。     

Effect of nitrogen–phosphorus fire retardant blended with Mg(OH)2/Al(OH)3 and nano‐SiO2 on fire‐retardant behavior and hygroscopicity of poplar

The aim of the study was to screen any possible synergistic effects related to the combination of nitrogen–phosphorus fire retardant and Mg(OH)₂/Al(OH)_3. This combination is used to improve fire performance, especially smoke suppression of poplar through ultrasonic wave impregnation after microwave treatment. In this study, nano‐SiO₂ was used to impregnate poplar treated with nitrogen–phosphorus fire retardant and form a hydrophobic layer on wood cells in order to improve hygroscopicity and reduce water uptake. Cone tests and thermal analysis showed that poplar treated with blended fire retardant had improved behavior. Results show that a 20% and 25% nitrogen–phosphorus fire‐retardant solution (blended by adding 10% Mg(OH)₂/Al(OH)₃ based on the dry weight of nitrogen–phosphorus fire retardant) was more effective for smoke suppression. The heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of a 25% nitrogen–phosphorus fire‐retardant solution blended by adding 10% Mg(OH)₂/Al(OH)₃ showed significant reduction. The char residual yield showed a marked increase to 35.5%. Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested a –CH₂–Si–CH₂– and Si–O–C stretching vibration in nano‐SiO₂ treated poplar, which greatly decreased the hygroscopicity of fire‐retardant‐treated poplar. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of fire‐retardant additives and a surface insulative fabric on fire performance and mechanical property retention of polyester composites

This study investigates the simultaneous use of conventional fire‐retardant additives and an insulative intumescent thermal barrier/mat to improve the fire performance and mechanical property retention of glass‐fibre‐reinforced polyester (GRP) composites. Significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were observed from measured cone calorimetric data following the addition of nitrogen, phosphorous, halogen containing and hydroxylated fire‐retardant additives. Some fire‐retarded glass‐fibre‐reinforced composites further protected by an intumescent mat containing silicate fibres, expandable graphite and borosilicate glass bound together by an organic matrix show further reductions in PHRR. Despite improving the fire retardancy of the composites, the presence of fire‐retardant additives alone does not improve flexural modulus retention following exposure to a heat source. However, the introduction of a ‘passive’ fire proofing insulative fabric enhances fire performance while preserving the mechanical properties of composites exposed to high heat fluxes or fires. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient approach to improving fire retardancy and smoke suppression for intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites via incorporating organo‐modified sepiolite

In this work, an efficient approach to improving the fire retardancy and smoke suppression for intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites is developed via incorporating functionalized sepiolite (organo‐modified sepiolite [ONSep]). The PP composites with different amounts of intumescent flame retardants and ONSep were prepared by melt compounding. The morphology, thermal behavior, fire retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical property of flame‐retardant PP composites were studied. The results indicate an appropriate amount of ONSep in the flame‐retardant PP composites can increase thermal degradation temperature and char formation as well as a reduction of the peak heat release rate and total heat release; moreover, the addition of ONSep significantly decreases the CO production, total smoke production, smoke production rate, and smoke temperature. Simultaneously, the impact strength of intumescent flame‐retardant PP composite is also maintained by introducing an appropriate amount of ONSep as compared with that without ONSep.