Synthesis and characterization of the biomaterial poly(lactic acid‐co‐Nε‐carbobenzoyloxy‐L‐lysine) via direct melt copolymerization

With D,L ‐lactic acid and N^ϵ‐carbobenzoyloxy‐L ‐lysine [Lys(Z)] as the starting monomer material and tin dichloride as the catalyst, the drug carrier material poly(lactic acid‐co‐N^ϵ‐carbobenzoyloxy‐L ‐lysine) was synthesized via direct melt polycondensation. The copolymer was systematically characterized with intrinsic viscosity testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The influences of different feed molar ratios were examined. With increasing molar feed content of Lys(Z), the intrinsic viscosity, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight) gradually decreased. Because of the introduction of Lys(Z) with a big aromatic ring into the copolymer, the glass‐transition temperature gradually increased with increasing feed charge of Lys(Z), and all of the copolymers were amorphous. The copolymers, with weight‐average molecular weights from 10,500 to 6900 Da, were obtained and could reach the molecular weight level of poly(lactic acid) modified by Lys(Z) via the ring‐opening polymerization of the cyclic intermediates, such as lactide and morpholine‐2,5‐dione. However, a few terminal carboxyl groups might have been deprotected during the polymerization reaction under high temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Efficient, “one-pot” synthesis of suspension crosslinked sulfonated polystyrene via a Friedel–Crafts reaction

A suspension technique leading to macronet ionic resins is described based on a single reactor process. The procedures demonstrate sulfuric acid as a polar suspending medium that can act as a sulfonating agent, a Friedel–Crafts catalyst, and a crosslinking agent. The sulfonation reaction was finally completed using sulfuric acid excess, or oleum 65%. High yields were obtained for the crosslinking and the sulfonation reaction, while the final products were characterized by using ion-exchange capacity measurements, U.V. spectra, and determination of the degree of crosslinking. The number average molecular weight between crosslinks and the ion-exchange capacity H⁺→Na⁺ of the resins was decreasing by increasing the nominal crosslinking ratio. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

马来海松酸类环氧树脂化学结构研究

本文利用FT—IR、~(13)C-NMR光谱法和化学分析法分析了三种马来海松酸类环氧树脂的存在基团及质量指标;并通过VPO法测定了此类环氧树脂的数均分子量和聚合度;探讨了合成反应条件对环氧树脂化学结构的影响。     

低分子量聚N-乙烯基甲酰胺-co-乙烯胺的合成

以N-乙烯基甲酰胺为单体,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙酸乙酯为混合溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,十二硫醇为链转移剂,通过沉淀聚合法制备了低分子量的聚N-乙烯基甲酰胺。详细研究了单体质量分数、混合溶剂配比、引发剂用量、链转移剂用量、反应温度及反应时间对聚合反应的影响。在最佳聚合条件下,聚合物收率可达93.1%、聚合物的数均分子量(Mn)为2 975.2,PDI=2.64,且聚合残液可循环利用。然后将所得聚合物在酸性条件下水解,制备了不同胺化度的聚N-乙烯基甲酰胺-co-乙烯胺,产品的数均分子量为1 000~1 400,PDI为1.34~1.40。     

Synthesis and microstructural characterization of low to high molecular weight poly(vinylphosphonic acid)s: effect of molecular weight and temperature on acidity and polyelectrolyte behavior

Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) in different solvents. Bromotrichloromethane as a chain transfer agent (CTA) was used in some experiments to control molecular weight of the PVPA. The effects of solvent type and initiator and CTA concentrations on the microstructure, molecular weight and stereoregularity of the resulting PVPA was extensively investigated by FTIR, ¹HNMR, ³¹PNMR and elemental analysis. Polymers with a number-average molecular weight (M_n) in the range of 1550 to 42,190 gmol^?1 were prepared. High molecular weight PVPA with M_n of 42,190 gmol^?1 was obtained from aqueous solution polymerization of VPA with initiator/monomer molar ratio of 0.16/100 at 80°C. Molecular weight decreased with increasing the concentration of initiator and CTA. ¹HNMR spectra were used to investigate tetrad sequences for the methylene protons of PVPA, from which stereochemical information of the polymer chain was obtained. Tetrad sequences were also calculated by Bernoullian probabilities. Moreover, the percent of head-to-head and tail-to-tail irregularities of the resulting PVPA were obtained to be in the range of 16.6–58% depending on the reaction conditions. The PVPA synthesized in acetic anhydride as a solvent had highest amount of the irregularities due to the high reaction rate, which does not allow controlling the structure. Furthermore, due to the importance of PVPA in the proton exchange membranes (PEMs), the effects of molecular weight and temperature on the acidity and titration behavior of PVPA polyelectrolyte were investigated. It was found that molecular weight has no significant effect on the acidity and dissociation of protons at operational conditions of degree of dissociation lower than 0.5. It was also found that by increasing the temperature, pH values were decreased, meaning that dissociation of protons and consequently the proton conductivity of PVPA membranes can be affected by temperature. Titration behavior of PVPA also showed that the PVPA has a behavior similar to a monoprotic acid.     

Synthesis of Ultra-high Weight Average Molecular Mass of Poly-L-lactide

High purity in high yield L-lactide was prepared using a new purification method, and poly-L-lactide (PLLA) with ultra-high weight average molecular mass and narrow polydispersity index was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization. The effects of the purification method on the purity and yield of L-lactide were investigated, and the influences of initiator concentration, polymerization temperature and polymerization time on the weight average molecular mass of PLLA were also studied. A synthetic purification method involving a water bath and two times recrystallization could improve the purity of L-lactide to 100%. The yield of L-lactide reached 40.6% and increased 12.1% compared with the recrystallization method. Poly-L-lactide with a weight average molecular mass of about 102.4 × 10⁴ and a polydispersity index of 1.16 was obtained when polymerization was conducted with molar ratio of monomer to initiator ([M]/[I]) of 12000 for 24 h at 140°C.     

以聚C_(9-13)二元酸乙二醇酯为基础的粘接型聚氨酯树脂的合成与研究

:采用菜油脂肪酸氧化裂解所得 C9 13混合二元酸与乙二醇缩聚 ,制备了线型聚酯 ,以此为基础合成了全热塑的端羟基聚氨酯树脂。聚酯的分子量、聚酯与扩链剂、二异氰酸酯的配比对聚氨酯的溶解性、粘接强度均有显著影响。用分子量 30 0 0的聚C9 13二元酸乙二醇酯 ,按聚酯∶扩链剂∶二异氰酸酯 =1∶ 1∶ 2 ( mol比 )的投料 ,制得的聚氨酯树脂具有最佳的综合性能 ,适于多种鞋材的粘合。     

Dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering studies on phenolic resin solutions

Solution properties of unfractionated phenolic resins prepared by polycondensation of phenol and formaldehyde using oxalic acid as a catalyst were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The hydrodynamic radius, obtained by DLS experiments with 1 vol % solution in acetone, and the correlation length, ξ, of the Ornstein-Zernike equation, obtained by SANS experiments with 10 vol % solution in tetrahydrofuran, obey a power-law relation as a function of z-average molecular weight estimated by gel permeation chromatography, with scaling exponents of 0.57 and 0.27, respectively. These behaviors are unaffected by polymerization conditions, such as initial phenol-to-formaldehyde molar ratio in the range from 0.9 to 1.5, catalyst concentration with oxalic acid-to-phenol molar ratio from 0.01 to 0.1, and reaction time within the period in which the polymer remains soluble. SANS curves for polymers prepared under different conditions are sufficiently superimposed onto a single curve with the reduced variables, ξ⁻²I(q) and ξq. These results indicate that unfractionated phenolic resins have a self-similar structure with respect to the molecular weight.     

偏氯乙烯-氯乙烯悬浮共聚树脂的分子质量及分布

在5L聚合釜中合成了偏氯乙烯(VDC)-氯乙烯(VC)悬浮共聚树脂,研究了聚合温度、转化率、单体配比和助剂对分子质量及分布的影响．结果表明,共聚树脂的分子质量与聚合温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程,其综合活化能为-32．877kJ／mol;聚合物的特性黏数在高转化率阶段基本不变;分子质量随着单体配比中VC含量的增加而降低、分子质量分布也有一定的波动;聚合前加入助剂对共聚树脂的分子质量及分布影响不大。     

Quantitative bestimmung der oligomeren in epoxidharzen aus bisphenol A und epichlorhydrin

By using pure samples of compounds of the homologous series of epoxide resins consisting of bisphenol A and epichlorhydrin (obtained by preparative gel chromatography) calibration curves have been established for the quantitative determination of the homologs in the gelchromatograms of the epoxide resins. From well resolved gelchromatograms of resins formed by various molar ratios of the starting materials also the molecular weight distributions have been determined. Epoxide resins with very small amounts of by-products show molecular weight distributions according to Flory's theory. Epoxide resins with larger amounts of not completely epoxidized products on the other hand show deviations from the theoretical distributions.     

Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone with a divalent samarium bis(phosphido) complex

The ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone initiated with a divalent samarium bis(phosphido) complex [Sm(PPh₂)₂] is reported. The polymerization proceeded under mild reaction conditions and resulted in polyesters with number‐average molecular weights of 8.2 × 10³ to 12.5 × 10³. The yield and molecular weight of poly(ε‐caprolactone)s were dependent on the experimental parameters, such as the monomer/initiator molar ratio, the monomer concentration, the reaction temperature, and the polymerization time. The obtained polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. On the basis of an end‐group analysis of low‐molecular‐weight polymers by NMR spectroscopy, a coordination–insertion mechanism is proposed for the polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1558–1564, 2005     

Synthesis of rosin‐based flexible anhydride‐type curing agents and properties of the cured epoxy

BACKGROUND: Although rosin acid derivatives have received attention in polymer synthesis in recent years, to the best of our knowledge, they have rarely been employed as epoxy curing agents. The objective of the study reported here was to synthesize rosin‐based flexible anhydride‐type curing agents and demonstrate that the flexibility of a cured epoxy resin can be manipulated by selection of rosin‐based anhydride‐type curing agents with appropriate molecular rigidity/flexibility. RESULTS: Maleopimarate‐terminated low molecular weight polycaprolactones (PCLs) were synthesized and studied as anhydride‐type curing agents for epoxy curing. The chemical structures of the products were confirmed using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mechanical and thermal properties of the cured epoxy resins were studied. The results indicate that both the epoxy/anhydride equivalent ratio and the molecular weight of PCL diol play important roles in the properties of cured resins. CONCLUSION: Rosin‐based anhydride‐terminated polyesters could be used as bio‐based epoxy curing agents. A broad spectrum of mechanical and thermal properties of the cured epoxy resins can be obtained by varying the molecular length of the polyester segment and the epoxy/curing agent ratio. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene with FeCl2/acetic acid as the catalyst system

Summary Atom transfer radical polymerization with FeCl₂/CH₃COOH as the catalyst has been successfully implemented for styrene. Various initiators have been used, among which carbon tetrachloride is the most effective one. High molecular weight products were obtained when CCl₄ was used as the initiator, and the measured molecular weight was close to the calculated one. Block copolymerization (PS-b-PMMA) was performed to confirm the living/controlled nature of the polymerization. ¹H NMR was used to characterize the structure of the macromolecular initiator and the block copolymer. If other initiators, such as benzyl bromide, ethyl 2-bromopropionate and α-bromoethyl benzene, were used, the polymerization occurred at ambient temperature resulting in oligomer. The molecular weight of the oligomer approaches to 4600 (M_n,th= 10000). Thus acetic acid, which is cheaper and less toxicity, can be used as coordinative ligand in ATRP initiated by CCl₄ mediated by iron. Received: 13 March 2000/Revised version: 13 November 2000/Accepted: 20 November 2000     

Study on controlled free‐radical polymerization in the presence of dithiobenzoic acid (DTBA)

Polymerizations of methylacrylate, styrene and methyl methacrylate were carried out in the presence dithiobenzoic acid (DTBA). The results exhibit controlled polymerization characters: well‐controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution (minimal value: 1.08), molecular weight linearly increasing with conversion and first‐order kinetics of polymerization. The polymers were characterized by ¹H NMR and GPC. The effect of temperature and molar ratio DTBA/AIBN on polymerization was investigated. A mechanism is proposed to explain the controlled polymerization characters. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Homogeneous polymerization of ethylene using an iron‐based metal catalyst system

An iron‐based catalyst of 2,6‐bis‐[1‐(2‐methylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine iron dichloride was prepared. The ligand was prepared using 2,6‐diacetylpyridine as the starting chemical under controlled conditions. The preparation procedure was followed using ¹³C‐NMR, ¹H‐NMR, FT‐IR, MS (mass spectroscopy), and elemental analysis methods. The homogeneous polymerization of ethylene was carried out using the prepared catalyst in toluene media. Methyl aluminoxane (MAO) was used as a cocatalyst. The effect of the [Al] : [Fe] molar ratio, polymerization temperature, and monomer pressure of 202,000 to 454,500 Pa on the polymerization behavior were studied. The highest activity of the catalyst was obtained at 30°C, the activity decreased with increasing temperature, while increasing pressure linearly increased its activity. The molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene obtained was 1.25 to 1.72. A weight average molecular weight of 7.1 × 10⁴ and 1.5 × 10³ were obtained. The crystallinity of the polymer was about 19% and its melting point was about 65°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1517–1522, 2007     

开环聚合法制备聚D-乳酸的初步研究

以辛酸亚锡(SnOct2)为催化剂通过开环聚合反应由D-丙交酯(D-LA)制备聚D-乳酸(PDLA),并采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)以及乌氏粘度计等对聚合产物进行表征。结果表明,聚合温度、聚合时间、催化剂用量以及真空度对PDLA的相对分子质量均有显著的影响,当聚合温度为160℃,聚合时间为20 h,催化剂用量为D-LA的0.03%以及真空度为60 Pa的条件下,可以得到粘均相对分子质量为26.5×104的PDLA产物。     

Aliphatic tertiary amine mediated synthesis of highly branched polylactide copolymers

In the Sn(Oct)₂ catalyzed bulk copolymerization of l-lactide (LLA) and a large amount of branching comonomer 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric acid (BHB) (LLA/BHB/Sn(Oct)₂ ratio is 5:1:0.05, 135 °C), low molecular weight of copolymers with inhomogeneous structure were generated. MALDI-TOF mass spectrum demonstrated that the lower molar mass fraction was dominated with the BHB homo-polycondensation products; whereas the higher molar mass fraction was mainly composed of linear chains of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) bearing one BHB unit. The addition of aliphatic tertiary amine to this polymerization system could effectively enhance the molecular weight of the obtained copolymers, whereas, aromatic tertiary amines and aliphatic primary and secondary ones were not so effective. The obtained PLLA copolymers were characterized by GPC, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MALDI-TOF MS, which verified that they were composed of LLA and BHB units and had the highly branched structure. The degree of branching was about 0.23–0.30. Thermal analyses by TGA and DSC demonstrated that the resulting highly branched PLLA copolymers were amorphous. Compared with linear PLLA, the highly branched PLLA copolymers were thermally more stable and had lower T_g. The mechanism of aliphatic tertiary amine mediated synthesis of medium molecular weight of highly branched PLLA copolymers was proposed.     

Synthesis of poly(alkylene succinate) biodegradable polyesters I. Mathematical modelling of the esterification reaction

Synthesis of three biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, namely poly(ethylene succinate), poly(propylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate) is presented using the appropriate diols and succinic acid in the presence of tetrabutoxytitanium as catalyst. A theoretical mathematical model for the esterification reaction, based on the functional group approach, is developed and applied successfully in the simulation of all experimental data. Values for the kinetic rate constants are proposed for different catalyst molar ratios and comonomer chemical structure. It was found that the presence of the metal catalyst used leads to a poor activity of self-catalyzed acid and the main kinetic rate constant of the esterification reaction correlates well with the square root of the catalyst concentration. Different glycols do not influence much the number average degree of polymerization (NADP) values of the oligomers produced, even thought they slightly affect esterification rates in the order BG>PG>EG. In contrast, these values are affected by the amount of catalyst, with larger catalyst molar ratio giving polymer with bigger average molecular weight. These results were verified from measurements of the final polyester average molecular weight obtained at different polycondensation temperatures. Finally, from theoretical simulation results it was found that although higher initial ratios of glycol to succinic acid are useful to increase the esterification rate, they lower the NADP of the oligomers formed at a fixed conversion of acid end groups.     

Synthesis of branched polyethylene by ethylene homopolymerization with a novel (α‐diimine)nickel complex in the presence of methylaluminoxane

Branched polyethylene (PE) was prepared with a novel (α‐diimine)nickel(II) complex of 2,3‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐butanediimine nickel dichloride {[2,6‐(CH₃)₂C₆H₃? N?C(CH₃)C(CH₃)?N? 2,6‐(CH₃)₂C₆H₃]NiCl₂} activated by methylaluminoxane in the presence of a single ethylene monomer. The influences of various polymerization conditions, including the temperature, Al/Ni molar ratio, Ni catalyst concentration, and time, on the catalytic activity, molecular weight, degree of branching, and branch length of PE were investigated. According to gel permeation chromatography, the weight‐average molecular weights of the polymers obtained ranged from 1.7 × 10⁵ to 6.0 × 10⁵, with narrow molecular weight distributions of 2.0–3.5. The degree of branching in the polymers rapidly increased with the polymerization temperature increasing; this led to highly crystalline to totally amorphous polymers, but it was independent of the Al/Ni molar ratio and catalyst concentration. At polymerization temperatures greater than 20°C, the resultant PE was confirmed by ¹³C‐NMR to contain significant amounts of not only methyl but also ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, and long branches (longer than six carbons). The formation of the branches could be illustrated by the chain walking mechanism, which controlled their specific spacing and conformational arrangements with one another. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1123–1132, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10398     

NMP-CaCl2体系中低温缩聚合成PPTA研究

采用低温溶液缩聚法将对苯二甲酰氯（TPC）和对苯二胺（PPD）在NMP-CaCl2溶剂体系中进行缩聚反应,制备了较高分子质量的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺（PPTA）树脂。研究了分子质量与反应时间的关系,考察了初始单体浓度、摩尔配比、起始反应温度、反应时间等影响缩聚反应的因素,获得了较优的聚合条件：初始单体浓度为0．35—0．4mol／L,对苯二甲酰氯和对苯二胺的摩尔配比为1．009～1．012,起始反应温度为-15～5℃,反应时间为35～60min。发现搅拌转速对于聚合分子质量的影响主要体现在低转速范围,当转速超过某一临界值时,转速对PPTA聚合分子质量几乎没有影响。