Behavior of a periodic chromatic test with an achromatic Ronchi grating as a background

The aim of this article is to study the influence of an achromatic Ronchi grating (white and black stripes) used as a background, over a periodic chromatic test (red or green). Depending on the grating frequency, two parameters were used to study this influence: modulation ratio and grating contrast. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012     

Subjective evaluation of natural high‐saturated images on a wide gamut display

In previous studies of image evaluation using wide color gamut displays, it is unclear to what degree people prefer the chroma‐varying images, especially the images that are more saturated than the most preferred image. Here, we present a study using a wide color gamut display, which measured viewers' most preferred level of image chroma (experiment 1) and their subjective evaluation of images that were less or more saturated than the previously most preferred one (experiment 2). The results showed that (a) the subjects' preferences for the original or for more saturated images depended on the images' original chroma and (b) the subjective evaluation of the images, that is, Valence and Arousal, did not deteriorate when the chroma of images increased more than the most preferred level. Such results indicate that the increase of the image chroma in wider color gamut displays can have a substantial influence on the impression images have on viewers.     

Background and foreground interaction: Influence of complementary colors on the search task

Labels are indispensable visual (communication) elements that completely deliver the geospatial message of maps. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of complementary colors between the map's background and text on the readability of cartographic texts and thus on the efficiency of the map user's search task. This is compared with the use of the “traditional” black labels on the corresponding colored backgrounds. Furthermore, a number of user characteristics, such as gender and expertise, are taken into account as well. The users' eye movements were registered to study their attentive behavior during the visual search task. In addition to the complement of the color's hue, the analyses were based on the difference in luminance, which could also affect the labels' readability. The difference between the black and colored label design was significantly different versus the eye‐tracking metrics. A correlation was found between the color difference and reaction time measurement and between the luminance difference and fixation duration. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 437–445, 2015     

Colored apparel and its potential influence on heterosexual attraction

The objective of this study is to determine if men would follow the “red effect” when choosing colors for women to wear on a date, and also to determine if the colors that men would wear when going on a date would be the same as the colors that females (their date) would wish them to wear. A set of psychophysical data was generated from this experiment, where participants were asked to rank a set of 10 colored samples based on preference for each question asked. There were three different sets of colored samples. The set of colored samples given to the participant depended on the question. A total of five questions were asked. Scaling analysis was done on the data to organize a set of items according to preferences providing values, an interval scale (Z values), that correspond to the relative perceptual differences among the stimuli. The Z values were graphed to show the general preference of colors for women to wear, and the preference of colors for men to wear. A Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient (SRCC) was calculated comparing each individual's rank order with the mean rank order for that specific question. An average Spearman's rank order was calculated for each question and each gender in order to determine the variability in answers. Scaling results indicate that men follow the “red effect,” but women preferred to wear other colors such as turquoise, blue, or yellow depending on the outfit. Males and females agreed that no matter the colored bottoms (denim or black), blue was the preferred color top for men to wear. SRCC results showed a lot of variability between individual answers and the mean answer indicating that participants' rankings did not necessarily agree with general color preferences presented in the scaling analysis. While scaling analysis might suggest certain color preferences such as men following the “red effect” and women preferring to wear blue, the poor correlation found using SRCC between the individual answers and the mean rank orders suggests that color preferences for each individual are inherently unique.     

Preferred color gamut boundaries for wide‐gamut and multiprimary displays

Preferred chroma enhancement and its dependence on hue are studied in a two‐part experiment using a wide‐gamut multiprimary display. Earlier research showed a clear dependence on hue but was limited by the gamut of the display it employed; the present work builds on this while easing the gamut constraints. In the first part of the present experiment, a tuning task was used to refine the preference for chroma boost starting with standard‐gamut (Rec. 709) images. The overall median preferred boost is roughly 20%, but it is not uniform over hues: the preferred boost for orange, yellow, green, and cyan colors is greater than that for blue, magenta, and red colors. Dependence on image content and observer is noted, though a content‐independent chroma boost created by aggregating preference over many images performs well. An adjustment parameter for overall chroma, which incorporates the hue dependence averaged over image content, should be sufficient to handle the vast majority of interobserver variance in preference. In the second part of the experiment, various chroma boost algorithms were evaluated through a paired comparison task. The prescribed hue‐dependent chroma boost is preferred over all other variations, and all hue‐preserving chroma boost variations are preferred over both colorimetrically accurate and na??ve same‐drive‐signal renderings. The results may be applied in display design to select gamut boundaries that maximize satisfaction over the observer population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 169–178, 2014     

Preparation of High-Strength and Translucent Alumina by Hot Isostatic Pressing

A vacuum-pressure slip-casting technique and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) were used to prepare high-strength and translucent alumina ceramics. A low-viscosity and high-solids-content slurry (46 vol% solids) was prepared, and a dense green compact was formed. The samples were sintered and subjected to capsule-free HIPing. Extremely high-density (99.9%) and fine-grained (0.7 to 15 μm in diameter) alumina ceramics were obtained. The HIPed samples showed high bend strength and translucency with in-line transmittance of 30% to 46% (1 mm thick).     

Maximum number of discriminable colors in a region of uniform color space

Continuing a discussion by Kuehni, this note examines the problem of fitting as many as possible colors in a 1‐JND radius sphere such that each pair of colors is separated by at least 1 JND. Kuehni announced nine. A first estimate yields a maximum of 13, but this is too many because colors populating adjacent spheres will be too close to each other. Accordingly, I derive the maximum number, , of discriminable colors per unit volume of color space, and then formally compute from this number packing density a number of colors inside the unit sphere. That estimate, nearly 6, will undoubtedly erode when discrete color points are chosen within the unit sphere. Kuehni's estimate of 9 is too high. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016     

Color assimilation on grating affected by its apparent stripe width

The spatial characteristic of color assimilation with a grating was investigated in terms of the perceptual size. Strength of assimilation was assessed on color gratings at several vergence angles without changing the retinal size. The perceived size of the grating was also measured as a function of the vergence angle. Our results showed that the strength of color assimilation was modulated by perceived size. At a larger vergence angle, the perceived size becomes smaller and the appearance of color stripes shifts toward a spatially averaged color, despite no change in retinal size. This spatial characteristic cannot be explained by any retinal processes, suggesting cortical processes of color assimilation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 187–195, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20005     

用于彩色滤光片的共聚型红色硅树脂的制备与性能研究

从提高质量、降低成本的彩色滤光片技术着手,面向喷墨打印制造工艺,对其适用的着色硅树脂进行了分子设计.合成了红色硅氧烷染料（AnN-SiEO）,进行了化学结构表征,并与甲基三乙氧基硅烷（MTES）通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了适合于喷墨工艺的共聚硅树脂膜（AnN-PMS）.采用紫外可见光谱分析仪对共聚硅树脂膜（AnN-PMS）和掺杂硅树脂膜（AnN@PMS）分别进行了测量,发现有5 nm左右的蓝移,归结于介质体系极性的影响.在光稳定性测定中,发现染料与聚合物的化学键合有益于染料光牢度（耐漂白能力）的提高.在耐溶剂性能方面,共聚硅树脂膜（AnN-PMS）明显优于掺杂硅树脂膜（AnN@PMS）     

Perception of gold materials by projecting a solid color on black materials

Gold gives a unique luxurious impression and therefore golden objects are often desired. Since gold is an expensive metal, due to its rarity, it is not feasible to produce objects made of gold at reasonable prices. In this study, we have developed a simple representation method that makes real objects appear to be made of gold using projection mapping technology. In recent years, this technology has been extensively explored, mainly in the field of entertainment. Most of these studies were focused on technologies where a target image was superimposed onto an object. Our method, unlike the conventional approach, does not project a target gold image but simply projects a solid color onto an object, thereby giving the perception that the object is made of gold. We have conducted two psychophysical experiments to substantiate our representation method, using stimuli having the same color. Our results indicate that objects were more easily perceived as golden objects when a solid color was projected onto black objects rather than white objects. Furthermore, a few samples were perceived as metals, even though they were actually paper or fabric. These results suggest that when superimposing a solid color onto an object, a change in material type is perceived along with the change of its color. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between psychophysical evaluations on the perception of projected gold objects and the physical properties of the materials. The results show that the average and the standard deviation of reflectance generated by black objects can be considered factors that affect the perception of a gold‐like color. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 522–530, 2017     

The representation of colors in spherical space

Color scaling experiments have established that perceived colors are distributed on the surface of a hypersphere in spherical space. A formal mathematical model of the color space is defined. Color differences as estimated by an observer are equal to the chord distance between corresponding points on the surface in spherical space. In one mathematical model are united: brightness, saturation, and hue as expressed in the empirical Munsell and NCS systems; complementary colors; large color differences; and contrast effects that are not represented in other models. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 113–124, 2008.     

The Influence of the Measuring/Viewing Angle on the Color of Injection-Molded Plastics

A multi-angle spectrophotometer was used to measure the CIELab coordinates L?, a? and b? in different angles relative to the incident light. The specimens used were acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene injection-molded plaques in different colors and with different surface textures. Variations in the coordinates when changing the measuring angle depended on the color and the texture. In general, however, smooth (glossy) surfaces were measured to be darker and of higher chroma than textured surfaces and as the gloss of the surfaces decreased (due to texturing), the lightness of the surfaces increased and the absolute values of a? and b? decreased over the range of measuring angles (not too close to the specular reflection angle). A psychometric study involving a human test panel was used as a complement to the measurement. The agreement between the measurements and this study cannot be said to be satisfactory, unless the variation in the color coordinates was quite clear. Possible reasons are discussed.     

氟化钡晶体点阳极电注入着色光谱特性

利用自行研制的电注入实验装置,在不同温度和电压条件下,对氟化钡(BaF2)晶体进行点阳极电注入着色。测定了点阳极电注入着色时的电流随时间的变化关系;测量和分析了着色BaF2晶体室温下的吸收光谱。结果表明:着色BaF2晶体中产生大量F色心。按照传统电注入机理,晶体经点阳极电注入不可能产生F色心。借助电流–时间曲线对经点阳极电注入BaF2晶体中F色心的形成机理进行了分析,即V色心首先在阳极附近被产生,F色心是由V色心吸收光子转化而来。     

铈钛着色象牙黄乳浊玻璃的研制

铈和钛以不同的配比可以将玻璃着成从黄到橙一系列颜色,在铈钛着色的玻璃中加入适量的乳浊剂NaSiF6可以制得光色性能类似于象牙的象牙黄乳浊玻璃。生产铈钛着色象牙黄玻璃必须保持着色剂及玻璃组成的稳定和生产工艺制度的稳定。     

A systematic approach of predicting color preference on the basis of gray relational grade

During the color design process, it is critical to create diversified color schemes for various consumer groups. It is also important to allow members in a design team to brainstorm for creative ideas. A theory of inspecting natural color elements was proposed in this study based on the CIE 1976 (L*,a*,b*) (CIE 1976) color space and the fuzzy c‐means clustering method. A calculation model was built to determine people's preference for colors based on a serialized system. To determine which factors affect the prediction of consumers' preference for a series of products, a gray relational color preference system was used in combination with gray relational grade so that a designer can obtain reasonable prediction results. The proposed system recommends not only the optimal colors for a product but also the optimal color scheme for a series of products.