热-水力-力学-传质耦合过程模型及工程土障数值模拟

提出了一个非饱和多孔介质中的热 -水力 -力学 -传质耦合过程模型。利用文献 [1]中提出的热 -水力 -力学本构模型 ,对工程土障系统进行数值模拟。数值模拟结果显示了环境条件对废物场中的热量产生和传输过程对工程土障中水力 -力学行为的影响以及可能在工程土障中产生塑性应变 ,导致土障破坏。污染物浓度分布的数值结果显示了温度与降水过程对污染物随地下水向土障周边自然环境渗透的倾向。数学模型及所发展的有限元求解过程可以为评估土障系统长期工作的有效性和土障系统的合理设计提供有力的工具     

Subsurface multiphase flow of organic contaminants: Model development and validation

A numerical model has been developed to predict the migration of organic contaminants in the subsurface. The formulations take a multiphase approach in describing the flow of organic contaminants in saturated and unsaturated porous media. In a three-phase fluid system of contaminant, gas, and water, simultaneous flow of the water and the contaminant phases is formulated by applying mass conservation principles to each of the phases under the condition of no interphase mass exchange. For each phase, the formulations incorporate the spatial variability of the relative permeability and its direction dependency. The complex formulations are solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme. The accuracy of the numerical model is determined against experimental data from the literature. The predicted migration pattern in both homogeneous and stratified media agrees well with the experimental data. Numerical simulations illustrate the strong effects of the medium permeability and the water distribution profiles on the flow pattern and the pressure distribution of the contaminant.     

Assessment of consolidation-induced VOC transport for a GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system

In municipal solid waste landfills, a triple-layer composite liner consisting of a geomembrane liner (GML), a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and a compacted clay liner (CCL) is commonly used at the landfill bottom to isolate the leachates from surrounding environment. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the effect of liner consolidation on the transport of a volatile organic compound (VOC), trichloroethylene (TCE), through the GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system. The numerical simulations were performed using the model CST3, which is a piecewise linear numerical model for coupled consolidation and solute transport in multi-layered soil media and has been extensively validated using analytical solutions, numerical solutions and experimental results. The performed numerical simulations considered coupled consolidation and contaminant transport with representative geometry, material properties, and applied stress conditions for a GML/GCL/CCL liner system. The simulation results indicate that, depending on conditions, consolidation of the GCL and CCL can have significant impact on the transport results of TCE (i.e., TCE mass flux, cumulative TCE mass outflow, and distribution of TCE concentration within the GCL and CCL), both during the consolidation process and long after the completion of consolidation. The traditional approach for the assessment of liner performance neglects consolidation of the GCL and CCL and fails to consider the consolidation-induced transient advection and concurrent changes in material properties and, therefore, can lead to significantly different results. These differences for with and without the consolidation effects can range over several orders of magnitude. The process of consolidation-induced contaminant transport is complex and involves many variables, and therefore case-specific analysis is necessary to assess the significance of liner consolidation on VOC transport through a GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system.     

多孔介质中化学–热–水力–力学耦合过程本构模型和数值模拟

本文发展了一个多孔介质中的化学–热–水力–力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型。该模型基于文献[1]中多孔介质热–水力–力学(THM)本构模型、文献[2,3]中的污染物传输本构模型和文献[4]提出的化学–力学本构模型。在本构模型中引入化学软化函数以模拟孔隙水中有机污染物对多孔介质力学性质的影响。考虑了温度对污染物传输机制的影响。本文CTHM耦合本构模型已在多孔介质的热–水力–力学–污染物传输数学模型中建立。在CTHM本构模拟框架中对计及化学塑性效应、描述在热–水力–污染物传输耦合作用下多孔介质力学行为、在应力–吸力–温度四维空间中包含了五重屈服面的耦合本构模型发展了一致性切线模量矩阵。数值结果突出显示了污染物浓度在多孔介质化学–热–水力–力学(CTHM)耦合系统中的影响。     

A second degree approximation for the calculation of the transfer function coefficients for heat conduction through walls

Calculation of the conduction transfer function coefficients using a state space representation requires the transient governing differential equation to be discretized in space by the use of finite difference or finite element methods, in order to obtain a set of first order differential equations. The use of FEM to discretize the media gives an additional advantage due to it is possible to use a higher order approximation of the dependent variable, which gives us a better accuracy with less elements. In this paper, the transient heat flow problem is tackled using a quadratic finite element. The variational formulation for the governing differential equation is developed, the Ritz approximation to construct the finite element formulation is used and the approximation functions are presented using a normalized local coordinate system for elements with three equally spaced nodes for the one-dimensional problem. The 2D transient problem is presented using a rectangular 8 node element. Results with 1, 2 and 3 three-node elements are compared with the ASHRAE conduction transfer functions for the 3, 5, 6, 8 and 32 wall groups and a 2D-example is given.     

A two-dimensional linear variation displacement discontinuity method for three-layered elastic media

A new displacement discontinuity method is developed for the analysis of multi-layered elastic media. This approach is based on a novel superposition scheme and the analytical solution to the problem of a displacement discontinuity element within bonded half-planes. A three-layered elastic region is obtained by superposing two sets of bonded half-planes and subtracting one infinite plane. The advantages of this approach are: (1) it is not necessary to introduce elements at the interface, (2) the method is applicable for three dimensional modelling and (3) it can be extended to an N (N>3) layer system easily. The accuracy of the model is illustrated by comparing the numerical results with the analytical solutions for a hole in an infinite strip in tension and with the numerical solution for a pressurized crack within a three-layered system. In order to show the efficacy of the developed model, the simulation results of a typical South African mining problem and general tunnel excavation problems are also presented.     

地震分析中的人工边界及其在LS-DYNA中的实现

 地震分析中的局部人工边界由于具有易于实现、稳定性较好的特点,目前在时域有限元法中得到广泛应用。基于球坐标系的膨胀波(P波)和剪切波(S波)理论,引入无限介质线弹性本构关系,并采用多个平面子波和远场散射波混合透射,推导一种新的三维黏弹性人工边界方程。在有限元分析中采用边界单元作等效处理,并将地震加速度记录转化为基底边界单元上的等效节点力进行输入,建立一种新的地震反应数值模拟技术。最后以人防工程结构的地震分析为例,利用有限元软件LS-DYNA分析弹性边界、透射边界及黏弹性边界对计算结果的影响。数值模拟表明,黏弹性人工边界简单实用,可解决地震动输入和自由场响应模拟问题,能更好地模拟人工边界外半无限介质的弹性恢复性能和能量辐射作用,并验证其有效性。     

Elastic–brittle–plastic analysis of circular openings in Hoek–Brown media

A closed-form solution is presented in this paper for the prediction of displacements around circular openings in a brittle rock mass subject to a hydrostatic stress field. The rock mass is assumed to be governed by Hoek–Brown yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule is used. For the elastic–brittle–plastic analysis of circular openings in an infinite Hoek–Brown medium, the existing analytical solutions were found to be incorrect. The present closed-form solution is based on a theoretically consistent method and the solution does not require the use of any numerical method.The present closed-form solution was validated by using the finite element method. In the finite element analysis, the infinite boundary was simulated “exactly” by using the newly developed elastic support method. Several cases were analyzed and the present closed-form solutions for stresses and displacements were found to be in an excellent agreement with those obtained by using the finite element method.     

框架结构和半无限地基系统的动力相互作用问题研究

采用梁单元－有限元－映射动力无穷元耦合的方法,建立了频域中框架结构与半无限地基系统动力相互作用问题的分析模型,探讨了结构与地基动力相互作用对该系统的动力特性和地震响应的影响及影响参数．得到了一些规律性的结果和有益的结论,可为工程抗震设计提供参考．     

层状土中污染物的一维扩散解析解

扩散是污染物在填埋场细颗粒土质衬里中迁移的主要方式,同时土质衬里存在着成层的情形。在建立了污染物在层状土中的一维扩散模型的基础上,通过分离变量法得到了解析解。基于该解析解,编制了相应的计算程序。通过与有限差分法对比,证明了该解析解的正确性及有效性。算例分析了不同衬里的放置顺序对污染物扩散的影响,虽然两种情况下土层的浓度剖面不同,但两者的击穿曲线是一致的。该解析解可用于对试验数据的拟合、对复杂数值模型的检验以及为垃圾填埋场衬里系统的初步设计提供参考。     

弹性和粘弹性地基无限域动力模型

针对弹性和粘弹性无限地基的数值模拟问题,本文提出了一种新颖的地基无限域动力模型--映射动力无穷元与有限元耦合模型。文中首先利用一维半无限域中的波动问题,提出了广义弹簧、广义阻尼和广义质量的概念,并导出了弹性和粘弹性动力无穷元中波传播函数的一般形式,进而对映射动力无穷元的基本特性进行了研究。文中还给出了二维和三维映射动力无穷元的单元模型,并用算例验证了这一模型的计算精度。     

Transient vibrations of laminated composite cylindrical shells exposed to underwater shock waves

The problem of the transient vibration of an elastic laminated composite cylindrical shell with infinite length exposed to an underwater shock wave is solved approximately. The linear acoustic plane wave assumption and Sanders thin shell theory are adopted. The reflected-afterflow virtual-source (RAVS) procedure is used to model the fluid–structure interaction involved during the underwater shock event. For the validity of the present analysis, the response of a laminated cylindrical shell under step plane wave is first analyzed and compared with the numerical solution available in the literature. Detailed numerical results for the transient responses of the shells under an exponentially decaying underwater shock wave are presented, and the influences of fiber angle, shell radius and thickness upon the dimensionless radial velocity, mid-surface strain, 0th mode radial displacement and 1st mode radial velocity of the shells, are investigated.     

Numerical and experimental simulation of pollutants migration in porous media

 Quantitative prediction of pollutant migration is now of great interest in the field of waste management and storage. Numerical modelling of contaminant transport through porous media is an efficient tool to make this prediction possible. Site selection and design of protective liners for landfills and storage facilities are largely related to the behaviour of contaminants in such structures. This behaviour may be well defined by numerical simulations. This paper proposes a two-dimensional finite element model for pollutant migration. The implementation of the advection-dispersion equation in the numerical model and validation tests by comparison with analytical and semi-analytical solutions are presented. Experimental laboratory tests on cadmium and chloride migration through liner samples are also discussed and compared with the results from the numerical model. Received: 5 July 1999 · Accepted: 15 April 2000     

Axisymmetric infinite elements for soil - structure interaction analysis

A study on soil-structure interaction problems using infinite elements is presented. To discretize the far field of the unbounded soil media, axisymmetric dynamic infinite elements which are capable of propagating multiwaves are developed. An efficient numerical integration scheme for constructing the element characteristic matrices of the infinite elements is devised based on Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. The efficiency of the infinite elements is demonstrated by calculating the impedances of the rigid circular footings, which are placed on an elastic half space and on layered half spaces.     

Non-linear free and forced vibrations of piezoelectric laminated shells in thermal environments

This article is concerned with the non-linear free vibration and transient response of laminated composite cylindrical and spherical shells with piezoelectric layers in thermal environments. The theoretical formulations are based on the first-order shear deformation theory and the von Kármán-type non-linear kinematics. The analysis is carried out using the quadratic C ⁰ eight-noded isoparametric element. The governing non-linear equations are solved by using the direct iteration method for the eigenvalue problem for free vibration and the Newmark average acceleration method in time integration in conjunction with the modified Newton-Raphson iteration scheme for the transient analysis. The validity of the numerical model is demonstrated by comparing the present results with those available in the literature. The effects of temperature, voltage, curvature, thickness, number of layers and boundary conditions on the non-linear free vibration and transient response of piezoelectric laminated cylindrical and spherical shells are investigated.     

投加新型生物流化填料强化SBR除污效能的研究

北京市某污水厂由于进水污染物浓度超出了设计值,致使其出水不能达标排放,为此考察了通过投加新型生物流化填料对原有SBR工艺进行强化处理的技术可行性.结果显示:投加了新型生物流化填料后,SBR反应器内的生物量和微生物种类均得到了较大幅度的增加,传质条件也得到了明显改善;对BOD5、COD、NH4 -N、TN的去除率分别由未投加填料时的92%、88.9%、89.6%、54%提高到97%、92.6%、97.7%、64%,出水BOD5、COD和NH4 -N等指标均达到了<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准.     

Flow of groundwater in fractured rocks

A pervasive problem in dealing with fractured rocks is the importance of the flow of ground water through the discontinuities. This paper describes the results of recent work in this laboratory to investigate this problem. A much better understanding of the physics of fluid flow in a natural fracture from a sample of granite has been obtained from metal casts of the complex topography of the surfaces of the fracture as it is subjected to normal stresses up to 85 MPa. Contact area within the deforming aperture increases up to 30 percent and produces a flow regime that cannot be described by the cubic law. An investigation of flow in a network of fractures using a new numerical technique has been carried out to determine the effect of length and density of fractures on permeability. Networks with shorter fracture lengths and higher density will have lower permeabilities and will behave less like porous media than networks with longer fracture lengths and lower density. As fracture length increases, permeability approaches a maximum that can be predicted on the basis of infinite length fractures. A new analytical solution for transient flow to a borehole that penetrates a fracture dominated rock mass is summarized. A new derivative method of analyzing pressure transients from this solution is discussed and enables one to distinguish a fracture dominated system from one that exhibits double-porosity behavior.     

湿传递对建筑墙体传热性能的影响

建筑物的耗能与建筑围护结构的传热传湿密切相关,了解建筑墙体内部的热湿传递对建筑节能有重要影响。以相对湿度和温度梯度为驱动势建立墙体一维非稳态热、湿和空气耦合传递模型(HAM模型),并利用有限元法进行了数值求解,重点关注了湿传递对传热的影响。数值结果表明:考虑传湿时墙体内部温度波动小,墙体进行热湿传递会产生湿积累,降低墙体使用年限;考虑传湿时通过墙体总传热量比不考虑传湿时多7.5%;考虑传湿时内壁面最大平均数比不考虑传湿时大0.78。     

Interplay between oxygen demand reactions and kinetic gas-water transfer in porous media

Gas-water phase transfer associated with the dissolution of trapped gas in porous media is a key process that occurs during pulsed gas sparging operations in contaminated aquifers. Recently, we applied a numerical model that was experimentally validated for abiotic situations, where multi-species kinetic inter-phase mass transfer and dissolved gas transport occurred during pulsed gas penetration-dissolution events [Balcke, G.U., Meenken, S., Hoefer, C. and Oswald, S.E., 2007. Kinetic gas-water transfer and gas accumulation in porous media during pulsed oxygen sparging. Environmental Science & Technology 41(12), 4428-4434]. Here we extend the model by using a reactive term to describe dissolved oxygen demand reactions via the formation of a reaction product, and to study the effects of such an aerobic degradation process on gas-water mass transfer and dissolution of trapped gas in porous media. As a surrogate for microbial oxygen reduction, first-order oxygen demand reactions were based on the measured oxidation of alkaline pyrogallol in column experiments. This reaction allows for adjusting the rate to values close to expected biodegradation rates and detection of the reaction product. The experiments and model consistently demonstrated accelerated oxygen gas-water mass transfer with increasing oxygen demand rates associated with an influence on the partitioning of other gases. Thus, as the oxygen demand accelerates, less gas phase residues, consisting mainly of nitrogen, are observed, which is in general beneficial to the performance of field biosparging operations. Model results additionally predict how oxygen demand influences oxygen mass transfer for a range of biodegradation rates. A typical field case scenario was simulated to illustrate the observed coupling of oxygen consumption and gas bubble dissolution. The model provides a tool to improve understanding of trapped gas behavior in porous media and contributes to a model-assisted biosparging.     

Analysis of coupled gas flow and deformation process with desorption and Klinkenberg effects in coal seams

Coupled gas flow and solid deformation in porous media has received considerable attention because of its importance in pneumatic test analysis, contaminant transport, and gas outbursts during coal mining. Gas flow in porous media is quite different from liquid flow due to the large gas compressibility and pressure-dependent effective permeability. The dependence of gas pressure and gas desorption on gas permeability has a significant effect on gas flow, but has been ignored in most previous studies. Moreover, solid deformation has a direct impact on the porosity, which also leads to desorption or sorption of methane in the coal seam. In this study, a coupled mathematical model for solid deformation and gas flow is proposed and is implemented using a finite element method. The numerical code is used to solve the gas flow equation with Klinkenberg effect, and is validated by comparison with available analytical solutions. Then, it is used to simulate the coupled process during gas migration in a deformable coal seam. The numerical results indicate that the desorption and Klinkenberg effects and mechanical process effect make a significant contribution to gas flow in the coal seam. Without considering the desorption and Klinkenberg effects and the coupling action of mechanical process, the gas pressure in the coal seam would be underestimated.