Performance of heat transfer and pressure drop in a spirally indented tube

In an effort to develop a heat transfer enhancement technique for low temperature applications such as utilization of LNG cold energy, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the heat transfer and the pressure drop performance for a spirally indented tube using ethylene-glycol and water solutions and pure water under horizontal single-phase conditions. The test tube diameter was 14.86 mm and the tube length was 5.38 m. Heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for both inner and outer surfaces of the test tube were calculated from measurements of temperatures, flowrates and pressure drops. Correlations of heat transfer coefficients in the spirally indented tube, which were applicable for laminar and turbulent regimes were proposed for inner, and outer surfaces. The correlations showed that heat transfer coefficients for the spirally indented tube were much higher than those for smooth tubes, increased by more than 8 times depending upon the Reynolds number. The correlations were compared with other correlations for various types of surface roughness. The effect of the Prandtl number on the heat transfer characteristics was discussed. The critical Reynolds number from the laminar flow to the turbulent flow inside the spirally indented tube was found to be around Re=1,000.     

液轮机强化管内换热的研究

管壳式换热设备强化传热的方法之一是管内插入物。插入物的形式很多,但大多为单一的强化传热技术,不能防垢除垢。而污垢的存在却大大降低了换热设备的传热系数,增加了能量消耗。换热管内液轮机则实现了换热设备在线自动防垢除垢并强化传热。对液轮机强化管内换热进行了理论及试验研究,提供了传热和阻力的试验数据和方法,分析并得到了膜传热系数关联式。结果表明,液轮机使管内阻力损失仅有少量增加,却较为显著地强化了管内换热。即使与无垢光管对比,液轮机也有效地强化了传热。     

A study on the improvement of heat transfer performance in low temperature closed Thermosyphon

The study focuses on the heat transfer performance of two-phase closed thermosyphons with plain copper tube and tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal grooves. Three different working fluids (distilled water, methanol, ethanol) are used with various volumetric liquid fill charge ratio from 10 to 40%. Additional experimental parameters such as operating temperature and inclination angle of zero to 90 degrees are used for the comparison of heat transfer performance of the thermosyphon. Condensation and boiling heat transfer coefficients, heat flux are obtained using experimental data for each case of specific parameter. The experimental results are assessed and compared with existing correlations. The results show that working fluids, liquid fill charge ratio, number of grooves and inclination angle are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. The relatively high rate of heat transfer is achieved when the thermosyphon with internal grooves is used compared to that with plain tube. The optimum liquid fill charge ratio for the best heat transfer performance lies between 25% and 30%. The range of the optimum inclination angle for this study is 20°-30° from the horizontal position.     

氨/水混合物管内强制对流沸腾换热计算

对几组混合工质强制对流沸腾换热系数计算的实验关联式进行分析比较。利用收集到的实验数据，在Bennett和Chen关联式与Rivera关联式的基础上进行管内强制对流沸腾传热的计算。并与Rivera的实验结果进行比较，得到适合氨／水混合物沸腾换热的计算式，并分析影响换热系数的因素。     

微通道中液氮的流动沸腾——换热特性分析

对微通道中液氮流动沸腾换热特性进行试验研究和分析。给出典型的沸腾曲线,分析壁温、干度和换热系数沿微通道管程的变化规律,考察热流密度、质量流量和压力对流动沸腾换热的影响。将126个试验数据点与四个换热关联式比较,并对微通道中流动沸腾换热机理进行分析。结果表明,在多数情况下干度和热流密度对沸腾换热系数的影响较小,换热系数主要决定于质量流量和压力,随两者增加而增加,换热以对流蒸发为主导机理。KLIMENKO关联式预测效果最好,TRAN微通道关联式次之,对常规管道得到广泛使用的CHEN关联式和SHAH关联式都远远高估了试验值。基于两相流压降和换热特性分析,推知微通道中的两相流流型不同于常规管道：在低干度情况下,流型以弥散泡状流为主;而在高干度情况下,流型以由雾状汽芯和不规则液膜组成的环状流为主。     

Fouling effect of geothermal water scale on heat transfer around a tube in a bank

Seales deposited onto the heating surfaces of heat exchangers seriously reduce the heat transfer performance and also increase the hydrodynamic drag. Accordingly, fouling is an important problem in the design and operation of heat exchangers. Present paper investigates the heat transfer around in-line four circular cylinders on which geothermal water scales are uniformly distributed. The cylinders are settled in tandem with equal distance between neighbouring cylinders and only the test cylinder is heated under the condition of constant heat flux. It is found that the heat transfer of the in-line tube banks greatly varies with the fouling of geothermal water scale, especially its scale height. Further, the local and average Nusselt numbers strongly depend upon the cylinder spacing and the Reynolds number.     

TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体在内螺纹铜管内表面传热试验研究

为研究TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体在内螺纹管内的表面传热特性,自行设计并建立一套纳米流体表面传热试验系统和数据采集系统,试验系统核心部分分别采用铜光管和内螺纹铜管,将基液和TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体分别应用于铜光管和内螺纹铜管内Re为3 000～8 000范围内进行表面传热试验研究,结果表明,在内螺纹铜管内,TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体表面传热系数都是随着流速的增加而不断提高,随着纳米颗粒质量分数的不断增加,TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体表面传热效果越来越差,而且弱于基液的表面传热效果,纳米颗粒质量分数不变的情况下,纳米流体表面传热效果随着流体平均温度的提高而加强。通过对纳米流体在不同圆管内试验结果进行对比,发现TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体在内螺纹管内表面传热效果相对于光管内表面传热效果的强化程度低于基液的强化程度,TiO2—蒸馏水纳米流体不适用于内螺纹强化换热管。     

涡轮动叶表面气膜冷却换热实验研究

这里在大尺寸低速叶栅传热风洞中，对某型涡轮动叶表面有无气膜冷却的换热情况进行了详细的实验研究，实验结果表明，不同孔位出流的换热由于孔排下游表面来流速度及叶片表面曲率的不同而有着不同的规律，即主流雷诺数对叶片表面特别是压力面和前缘区域的换热系数比的影响较小，吹风比对换热系数影响较大，并且随气膜孔位置和来流雷诺数的变化而情况复杂。     

R717管内流动沸腾传热关系式评价分析

综述了R717管内沸腾传热试验研究;从7篇论文中搜集了1157组R717沸腾传热试验数据;利用试验数据评价了现有的36个管内流动沸腾换热关系式;研究了干度和管径对换热系数的影响;与CO2、N2和水3种自然制冷剂的传热特性进行了比较。文章获得了一些具有使用价值的结论,为R717管内沸腾传热计算公式的选用提供了指导,为R717流动沸腾传热的进一步研究提供了参考。     

微管道换热器多孔介质模型分析及应用

将微管道换热器抽象成多孔介质模型,由Brinkman-extended Darcy方程出发,分别按照双方程模型和单方程模型进行求解,以得到微管道内流体的速度场和温度场分布,并对单方程模型和双方程模型的解析解进行了对比,讨论了微管道高宽比和有效导热系数比对流动与传热的影响。证明了由基于多孔介质双方程、单方程模型所得的解析解均可用于预测微管道换热器中的容积平均速度与温度分布。利用基于多孔介质双方程模型还可得出微管道换热器的总热阻和优化设计结构,结合硅衬底上的多路感应耦合等离子体刻蚀工艺加工出了经结构优化的硅制微管道换热器。在满足局部热平衡条件下,基于多孔介质单方程模型更适用于实际工程计算,不必经由预先的试验确定换热系数。     

斜截椭圆柱式涡流发生器强化传热的大涡模拟

对流体在放置斜截椭圆柱式涡流发生器矩形槽道内的流动与传热特性进行大涡模拟,得出流场中速度、温度与压力参数的瞬态变化特性,再现温度场、压力场及诱导旋涡的变化过程,并对流动结构及涡流发生器强化传热的机理进行分析。为验证大涡模拟计算结果的准确性,在相同条件下对未布置涡流发生器的空槽道分别采用湍流模型和大涡模拟进行对比计算,两者的计算结果符合较好。计算结果表明：流场中布置的涡流发生器可以诱导漩涡,而由其所诱导的流向涡对强化传热起主要作用。与相同条件下未布置涡流发生器的情况相比,局部对流换热系数可提高64%～105%,平均对流换热系数则可提高17%～36%;涡流发生器附近位置的对流换热系数提高幅度最大,传热面附近流体的流动状况及流动结构与传热密切相关。     

A naphthalene sublimation study on heat/mass transfer for flow over a flat plate

It is important to completely understand heat/mass transfer from a flat plate because it is a basic element of heat/mass transfer. In the present study, local heat/mass transfer coefficient is obtained for two flow conditions to investigate the effect of boundary layer using the naphthalene sublimation technique. Obtained local heat/mass transfer coefficient is converted to dimensionless parameters such as Sherwood number, Stanton number and Colburnj-factor. These also are compared with correlations of laminar and turbulent heat/mass transfer from a flat plate. According to experimental results, local Sherwood number and local Stanton number are in much better agreement with the correlation of turbulent region rather than laminar region, which means analogy between heat/mass transfer and momentum transfer is more suitable for turbulent boundary layer. But average Sherwood number and average Colburnj-factor representing analogy between heat/mass transfer and momentum transfer are consistent with the correlation of laminar boundary layer as well as turbulent boundary layer.     

A suggestion to enhance pool boiling heat transfer on a vertical tube surface

To find a way of improving pool boiling heat transfer on a vertical tube surface, a revised annulus has been investigated experimentally. The annulus with closed bottoms has a shorter outer tube than the inside heated tube. For the study, three tube diameters (16.5, 19.1, and 25.4mm) and water at atmospheric pressure were used. The annular gap covers from 3.2 to 19.3mm in size and is generated by several glass tubes, which are fabricated around the heated tube. To clarify effects of the revised annulus on heat transfer, experimental results of the annulus were compared to the data of unrestricted tubes. The heat transfer coefficients for the revised annulus increased remarkably in comparison to the unrestricted tube. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jae Young Lee Myeong-Gie Kang received his B.S. degree in Precision Mechanical Engineering from Pusan National University, Korea, in 1986. He then received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from KAIST in 1988 and 1996, respectively. Dr. Kang is currently a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Education at Andong National University in Andong, Korea. He has served as an engineer and researcher in KEPCO for 7 years. His research interests include pool boiling heat transfer, flow induced vibration, and nuclear thermo-hydraulics.     

Heat transfer enhancement for fin-tube heat exchanger using vortex generators

Vortex generators are fabricated on the fin surface of a fin-tube heat exchanger to augment the convective heat transfer. In addition to horseshoe vortices formed naturally around the tube of the fin-tube heat exchanger, longitudinal vortices are artificially created on the fin surface by vortex generators. The purpose of this study is to investigate the local heat transfer phenomena in the fin-tube heat exchangers with and without vortex generators, and to evaluate the effect of vortices on the heat transfer enhancement. Naphthalene sublimation technique is employed to measure local mass transfer coefficients, then analogy equation between heat and mass transfer is used to calculate heat transfer coefficients. Experiments are performed for the model of fin-circular tube heat exchangers with and without vortex generators, and of fin-flat tube heat exchangers with and without vortex generators. Average heat transfer coefficients of fin-flat tube heat exchanger without vortex generator are much lower than those of fin-circular tube heat exchanger. On the other hand, fin-flat tube heat exchanger with vortex generators has much higher heat transfer value than conventional fin-circular tube heat exchanger. At the same time, pressure losses for four types of heat exchanger is measured and compared.     

Condensation heat transfer correlation for smooth tubes in annular flow regime

Condensation heat transfer coefficients in a 7.92 mm inside diameter copper smooth tube were obtained experimentally for R22, R134a, and R410A. Working conditions were in the range of 30–40°C condensation temperature, 95–410 kg/m²s mass flux, and 0.15–0.85 vapor quality. The experimental data were compared with the eight existing correlations for an annular flow regime. Based on the heat-momentum analogy, a condensation heat transfer coefficients correlation for the annular flow regime was developed. The Breber et al. flow regime map was used to discern flow pattern and the Muller-Steinhagen & Heck pressure drop correlation was used for the term of the proposed correlation. The proposed correlation provided the best predicted performance compared to the eight existing correlations and its root mean square deviation was less than 8.7%.     

Prediction of forced convective boiling heat transfer coefficient of pure refrigerants and binary refrigerant mixtures inside a horizontal tube

Forced convective boiling heat transfer coefficients were predicted for an annular flow inside a horizontal tube for pure refrigerants and nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures. The heat transfer coefficients were calculated based on the turbulent temperature profile in liquid film and vapor core considering the composition difference in vapor and liquid phases, and the nonlinearity in mixing rules for the calculation of mixture properties. The heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants were estimated within a standard deviation of 14% compared with available experimental data. For nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures, prediction of the heat transfer coefficients was made with a standard deviation of 18%. The heat transfer coefficients of refrigerant mixtures were lower than linearly interpolated values calculated from the heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants. This degradation was represented by several factors such as the difference between the liquid and the overall compositions, the conductivity ratio and the viscosity ratio of both components in refrigerant mixtures. The temperature change due to the concentration gradient was a major factor for the heat transfer degradation and the mass flux itself at the interface had a minor effect.     

带亲水层波纹翅片管换热器析湿工况空气侧换热与压降关联式

为得到带亲水层波纹翅片的换热器在析湿工况下空气侧的换热和压降关联式,对7个带亲水层波纹翅片管换热器在23个工况下进行了试验研究。根据试验数据,运用多元线形回归方法拟合得到了带亲水层波纹翅片管换热器析湿工况下空气侧的换热和压降关联式。所拟合的换热和压降关联式平均误差分别为6.5%和9.1%,在±15%误差范围内分别能涵盖90.3%和79.2%的试验数据。将新开发的关联式与目前已有的4个换热与压降关联式进行了对比分析,结果表明新的关联式精度明显好于已有的关联式。     

Some aspects of experimental in-tube evaporation

The heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant-oil mixture for horizontal in-tube evaporator have been investigated experimentally. A smooth copper tube and a micro-fin tube with nominal 9.5 mm outer diameter and 1500 mm length were tested. For the pure refrigerant flow, the dependence of the axial heat transfer coefficient on quality was weak in the smooth tube, but in the micro-fin tube, the coefficients were 3 to 10 times greater as quality increases. Oil addition to pure refrigerant in the smooth tube altered the flow pattern dramatically at low mass fluxes, with a resultant enhancement of the wetting area by vigorous foaming. The heat transfer coefficients of the mixture for low and medium qualities were increased at low mass fluxes. In the micro-fin tube, however, the addition of oil deteriorates the local heat transfer performance for most of the quality range, except for low quality. The micro-fin tube consequently loses its advantage of high heat transfer performance for an oil fraction of 5%. Results are presented as plots of local heat transfer coefficient versus quality.     

Measuring heat transfer coefficient in convection reflow ovens

In this paper, the evaluation of a measurement method is discussed which can determine the heat transfer coefficient in convection reflow ovens. Nowadays the reflow ovens apply forced convection heating with nozzle-matrix blower system. In these ovens the heat transfer coefficients of the heater gas streams determine mainly the efficiency of heating. A method is presented which has two steps: in the first step, the heat transfer coefficient of the heater gas streams is studied above the assembly in function of height; in the second step, the heating efficiency of the nozzle-lines is compared as a distribution of the heat transfer coefficient in the oven. The heat transfer coefficients are calculated from the heat equation of the reflow oven. It is also presented with the distributions of the heat transfer coefficient that how the contamination of the nozzles affects the heating efficiency of the reflow oven.     

干湿工况下波纹翅片管换热器空气侧特性的对比

对7个带亲水层和3个不带亲水层波纹翅片管换热器在析湿工况下空气侧的换热压降特性进行了试验研究,在不同的入口风速和入口相对湿度下比较了干湿工况下的空气侧特性。结果表明,对带亲水层的波纹翅片,析湿工况下的压降显著地高于干工况下的;当入口风速小于0.5 m/s时,湿工况下的换热性能低于干工况下的,当入口风速增加到2.0 m/s时,湿工况下的换热性能则强于干工况下的。析湿工况下带亲水层波纹翅片的换热性能比不带亲水层波纹翅片的偏低一些,但是表面涂上亲水层可以大大降低空气侧的压降。提出析湿工况下波纹翅片管换热器空气侧的换热和压降关联式,平均误差分别为8.70%和7.90%,可用于设计波纹翅片管换热器或者评价它的性能。