红枣枸杞菠萝复台饮料的加工工艺研究

以红枣为主料,枸杞、菠萝等为辅料,对红枣枸杞菠萝复合饮料的加工工艺进行了研究.结果表明,果胶酶浸提红枣汁的最佳工艺条件为:果胶酶用量0.08%、酶解温度55%、酶解时间3h、酶解pH4.0;红枣汁的最佳澄清条件是果胶酶添加量0.02%、55℃下澄清1.5h;红枣枸杞饮料的最佳配比为:红枣汁55%、枸杞汁8%、菠萝汁12%、50%蔗糖溶液25%.     

南瓜菠萝复合饮料的研制

以南瓜、菠萝为试验原料,研究复合澄清汁饮料加工工艺,确定南瓜、菠萝最佳取汁条件,澄清和调配工艺。结果表明：提高南瓜出汁率的最佳条件为果胶酶用量0.05%、温度45℃、时间1h,而果胶酶对菠萝出汁率基本没有影响。南瓜汁最佳澄清工艺：壳聚糖0.04%、温度60℃、pH值4.0;菠萝汁最佳澄清工艺：澄清剂Ⅱ0.1%,时间2h;复合饮料配方：南瓜汁20%、菠萝汁30%、木糖醇7%、山梨糖醇3%。     

复合酶法生产红枣澄清汁工艺研究

以红枣为原料,研究了采用酶解法制备红枣澄清汁的工艺参数.单因素和正交实验结果表明:采用复合酶较单一酶酶解红枣能有效提高红枣汁出汁率和可溶性固形物合量;复合酶加工红枣澄清汁的最佳工艺条件为:纤维素酶∶果胶酶质量配比为1∶3,加酶量为底物质量的0.020%,酶解时间为2 h,酶解温度为50℃.在此条件下,红枣汁的出汁率为84.0%,可溶性固形物含量为12.8%.     

蓝莓黑枸杞浊汁饮料的酶解工艺研究

为开发利用蓝莓黑枸杞资源,对蓝莓黑枸杞浊汁饮料的酶解工艺进行研究。通过响应面分析法确定蓝莓黑枸杞浊汁饮料的酶解最佳条件为:酶解时间92 min,酶解温度39℃,果胶酶添加量0.04%,pH 4.3。此条件下蓝莓黑枸杞浊汁饮料具有较好的酶解效果。     

大枣花生乳配方及工艺的优化研究

对红枣汁提取条件及红枣花生复合饮料的配方进行了优化研究。得到优化后的红枣汁最佳提取工艺条件为:温度70℃、时间60min、料水比1:6,果胶酶量0.03%、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间1.5h。最佳配方为:枣汁:花生乳:0.25%的柠檬酸溶液:糖=15:15:3:2。     

酶技术在红枣汁提取中的应用研究

以红枣为原料,采用果胶酶酶解浸提的方法制备红枣汁。主要研究了预煮工艺和酶解条件对红枣汁提取效果的影响。结果表明:最佳预煮条件为:预煮温度100℃,预煮时间20 min,料水比为1︰16;酶解浸提的最佳工艺条件为:果胶酶0.3%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间3 h,酶解pH3。在此最佳工艺条件下做验证试验,枣汁提取率可达51.89%,总糖35.93%,可溶性固形物10.57%,所得枣汁色泽自然、枣香浓郁、具有较好的稳定性。     

红枣格瓦斯饮料的研制

以红枣汁作为生产格瓦斯饮料原料,提高饮料营养价值,改善饮料的色泽和口味.通过正交试验和感官评定,确定了最佳的生产工艺:酶解的最佳条件为果胶酶的添加量0.6%,酶处理时间8h,酶处理的最适pH值4.0;发酵的最佳条件为红枣汁与麦芽汁比例1:3、发酵时间15h,接种总量3%,发酵温度30℃.     

工艺条件对苹果醋饮料的影响

通过对几个重要工艺条件的研究，得出了生产苹果醋饮料的工艺参数，重点探讨了酒精发酵和醋酸发酵的条件。为了获得澄清的饮料，采用果胶酶对苹果醋进行处理，条件为：果胶酶用量1．5mg/L，酶解时间3h，酶解温度45℃。酶解后用硅藻土过滤。苹果醋饮料的最佳配方为：每配制1L饮料，添加苹果醋250mL/L，苹果汁50mL/L，柠檬酸0．05％，蔗糖8％。     

果胶酶对布朗李汁澄清效果的研究

目的探讨澄清布朗李汁的最佳工艺参数。方法通过单因子试验和正交试验研究布朗李汁的澄清工艺。结果最佳工艺参数：果胶酶用量0．03％,酶作用时间2．0h,酶作用温度55℃,在此条件下果汁透光率达94．2％,单宁含量0．327mg／mL。结论所得结果可为生产加工布朗李果汁饮料提供参考。     

酶解法生产红枣汁的工艺研究

以红枣为原料，采用果胶酶进行酶解处理，并对预煮工艺和酶解浸提工艺进行了探讨。通过试验确定最佳预煮条件为：预煮温度100℃，预煮时间20min，料水比1：6；酶解浸提的最佳工艺条件为：加酶量0．25％，酶解时间1．5h，酶解温度50℃，pH值3．5。实验表明，在该工艺下提取率可达54．17％，所得枣汁色泽自然、枣香浓郁、酸甜爽口。     

我国奶业市场营销环境的研究——奶业危机的对策

我国奶业市场“三聚氰胺”事律给靖费者和生产者带来了极其严重的伤害,问题根源主要在于营销环境治理不力。指出了“奶业危机”的现状,分析了“奶业危机”的症结所在,提出了应对“奶业危机”的对策。     

Short communication: Farm and socioeconomic characteristics of the top 100 dairy farm counties in the United States

The objectives of this study are to describe dairy farm demographic and socioeconomic conditions in the top 100 counties in the United States for dairy sales in 2007, and to describe the association of dairy farm demographics with socioeconomic conditions. The top 100 counties were responsible for 56% of all US dairy sales in 2007 with a median growth rate of 78% compared with 1997. Counties varied widely for farm demographics with as few as 5 very large dairy farms that averaged $17,924,000 in dairy sales per farm to as many as 1,730 dairy farms with less than $250,000 in dairy sales per farm. Most of the top 100 dairy counties had higher illiteracy rates, a higher proportion of residents without a high school degree, and lower median incomes than state averages, but unemployment rates were similar to the state average. The socioeconomic measures were from public records and not collected specifically for this research. Nevertheless, the top dairy counties in the western states tended to have poorer socioeconomic conditions than the top dairy counties in other regions, and significant associations were observed between dairy farm demographics and socioeconomic conditions. Having many dairy farms was associated more favorably with county socioeconomic conditions than having high dairy sales.     

Impact of Milk Supply Management Policies on the South

Supply management for milk is defined in this paper as any method used to attempt to balance supply with demand. Price supports, voluntary dairy farmer programs, and mandatory programs were evaluated for the South. Partially as a result of government programs, milk production in the South increased 5% in the 1976 to 1986 while production in the United States increased 20%. Southern dairy farmers participated at a higher rate than US dairy farmers in both the milk diversion and dairy termination programs. Long-term average returns to southern dairy farmers in 1976 to 1985 were well under returns to dairy farmers in other regions, which partially explains the high participation. Southern dairy farmers indicated a poor future in dairy farming and retirement age as major reasons for dairy termination program participation.Southern dairy farmers are expressing mixed opinions regarding supply management programs for the future. “Let the 1985 program work” is one expression. Another group shows concern about low prices, adequate but not excessive supplies for the fluid market, and the family dairy farm. Some prefer mandatory supply management including marketing quotas. Milk price, used alone as the supply management policy, may be a harsh adjustment method for dairy farmers and the dairy industry in the South.     

Western Canadian dairy farmers' perspectives on the provision of outdoor access for dairy cows and on the perceptions of other stakeholders

The provision of pasture and outdoor access for dairy cattle differs around the globe. For example, in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, dairy farms are largely pasture based, whereas dairy farms in the United States and Canada are largely confinement based. There is a high level of public support for pasture and outdoor access for dairy cows, and the available evidence shows that dairy cattle are highly motivated to access pasture, especially at night. The decision as to whether to provide outdoor access is typically made by farmers, but little is known about dairy farmers' perspectives on this topic. We investigated perspectives of Western Canadian dairy farmers on outdoor access, as well as how they believe different stakeholders (i.e., the dairy industry, the dairy cows, and the general public) regard outdoor access for dairy cows. Data were collected via (1) 11 focus group discussions with a total of 50 Western Canadian dairy farmers, and (2) semi-structured individual interviews with an additional 6 dairy farmers of Hutterite colonies. Data were analyzed using template analysis. Although most participants in this study did not provide outdoor access on their farms, or only provided outdoor access to certain cow groups, participants generally mentioned that they enjoyed seeing cows on pasture or outdoors. However, participants shared that the Canadian supply management system (including processors) required a consistent flow of production, which was thought to be easier and more economically realized with indoor housing of lactating cows. Participants believed that pasture or outdoor access for dairy cows was desired by the public. Some participants believed that dairy cows prefer to spend time outside under favorable weather conditions, but others felt that cows preferred to stay indoors in modern, ventilated freestall barns. The results of this study describe the perspectives of dairy farmers regarding the views of dairy industry stakeholders as they relate to outdoor access, helping to inform conversations around the provision of outdoor access for dairy cattle.     

进一步加快黑龙江省乳品行业发展的建议

本文依据黑龙江省乳品行业发展的总体形势，通过深入分析制约黑龙江省乳业发展的几个主要问题，结合我省几家有影响力的乳品企业的实际情况．提出了加快黑龙江省乳业发展的建议：包括进一步加强奶源基地建设、加速培育乳业“航母”、切实加大对龙头企业的扶持力度、规范乳品市场秩序、加强品牌整合力度。     

Short communication: Dairy consumption among middle-aged and elderly adults in Switzerland

Different studies have shown that people are aware of the benefits of dairy products, but a sizeable part of the world's population still does not consume the recommended amount of dairy produce. The aims of the present research were to determine which dairy products are consumed by the middle-aged and elderly (50–81 yr old) living in Switzerland and to explore why some of this population segment are actually reducing their consumption of dairy products. On average, older Swiss adults consumed 2.6 portions of dairy products per day, which is slightly less than the recommended 3 to 4 portions a day. Additionally, about one-quarter of the respondents indicated that they have reduced their milk or dairy consumption. The main reasons given for this decision were to reduce fat or cholesterol. A reported difficulty in digesting some dairy products may be a further reason for limiting dairy intake, particularly cheese. It follows that a need for the propagation of appropriate nutritional information about dairy products to the middle-aged and elderly exists.     

Dairy cow longevity: Impact of animal health and farmers' investment decisions

A dairy farmer's decision to cull or keep dairy cows is likely a complex decision based on animal health and farm management practices. The present paper investigated the relationship between cow longevity and animal health, and between longevity and farm investments, while controlling for farm-specific characteristics and animal management practices, by using Swedish dairy farm and production data for the period 2009 to 2018. We used the ordinary least square and unconditional quantile regression model to perform mean-based and heterogeneous-based analysis, respectively. Findings from the study indicate that, on average, animal health has a negative but insignificant effect on dairy herd longevity. This implies that culling is predominantly done for other reasons than poor health status. Investment in farm infrastructure has a positive and significant effect on dairy herd longevity. The investment in farm infrastructure creates room for new or superior recruitment heifers without the need to cull existing dairy cows. Production variables that prolong dairy cow longevity include higher milk yield and an extended calving interval. Findings from this study imply that the relatively short longevity of dairy cows in Sweden compared with some dairy producing countries is not a result of problems with health and welfare. Rather, dairy cow longevity in Sweden hinges on the farmers' investment decisions, farm-specific characteristics and animal management practices.     

Technological research and development and its support for the users of dairy products*

Technological research and development for dairy products in the United Kingdom is under resourced for the size, and potential size, of the market. It has also been poorly managed in the context of the changing market place for dairy products and dairy ingredients. In order to realize effectively the potential added value for dairy products it is recommended that the dairy processing industry and its suppliers look to funding their own research centre along the lines of NIZO in Holland and the Dairy Research Institute in New Zealand.     

中外乳及乳制品法规与主要检测指标的比较分析

乳制品质量与安全是一个全球性的重要问题。许多国家纷纷采取立法、行政、司法以及提高检验技术等多种措施,以提高乳及乳制品的质量与安全。近年来,我国进口乳及乳制品的种类和数量与日俱增,但由于国内外法规与标准检测指标差异,导致进口乳制品“安全风险难以发现”、出口乳制品“遭受贸易技术壁垒”事件频发。为维护我国进出口乳制品企业和消费者合法权益,保障乳制品质量安全,亟需明确国内外乳制品法规与标准在检测指标方面的差异,提升检测方法的针对性和准确度。本文对我国乳制品的标准现状、我国与主要贸易国在乳制品质量与安全方面主要检测指标的差异进行了比较分析,指出了中外乳制品法规、检测指标和限量值的不同,并对我国乳制品法规、检测指标及限量值等标准的改进给出了建议,以期为我国全面科学地优化进出口乳及乳制品法规提供参考。     

预测微生物学在乳品安全领域的研究进展

乳品中含有丰富的营养物质,易被有害微生物污染,进而影响消费者身体健康。不同乳品由于自身属性、加工条件和所处环境的不同,被微生物污染的状况也不一样。预测微生物学可以根据微生物在乳品储藏、运输和加工技术条件下的生长存活情况,通过建立模型,判断其动态变化趋势,从而帮助科研人员和生产者有效评估和控制乳品安全,也为加工工艺改进提供信息。本文介绍了预测微生物学模型的分类及乳品安全方面常用的预测微生物学模型和数据测定方法,阐述了预测微生物学在控制乳品微生物风险中的应用,并针对预测微生物学在乳品安全领域应用中存在的问题进行了探讨,展望了其未来发展方向,旨在为保障乳品安全提供参考。