加工中心主轴系统的热变形分析与有限元计算

以TH6350卧式加工中心为研究对象,构建了一套基于虚拟仪器系统的加工中心主轴系统温度场和热误差测量系统,测出了加工中心主轴系统的温度场和各项热变形.建立了基于I-DEAS的加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热变形有限元模型,计算出了主轴系统的温度场和热变形,计算结果与实测值得到了较好的吻合,研究结果为加工中心的改进设计、温度控制和误差补偿提供了理论依据.     

加工中心主轴系统的热变形分析与有限元计算

以TH6350卧式加工中心为研究对象,构建了一套基于虚拟仪器系统的加工中心主轴系统温度场和热误差测量系统,测出了加工中心主轴系统的温度场和各项热变形.建立了基于I-DEAS的加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热变形有限元模型,得到了主轴系统的温度场和热变形分布及其计算结果,计算结果与实测值得到了较好的吻合,研究结果为加工中心的改进设计、温度控制和误差补偿提供了理论依据.     

加工中心主轴热误差实验分析与建模

以TH6350卧式加工中心为对象，构建了一套基于虚拟仪器系统的温度场和主轴的各项热误差。运用多元回归分析方法建立了加工中心主轴的热误差模型，采用模型聚类分析方法和逐步回归方法对模型进行了分析和优化，并提出了基于PC的误差补偿策略。     

立式加工中心主轴系统热变形试验及误差补偿

立式加工中心经过长时间的运行之后,主轴箱及主轴系统组成的单元会产生热变形,这影响到被加工零件轴向尺寸的加工精度。以VMC750立式加工中心为试验对象,测量主轴箱多点温度及主轴变形伸长量,确定主轴变形的主要原因,建立误差补偿模型,通过对立式加工中心加工过程中的热误差进行了实时补偿实验,结果表明：通过热变形补偿,主轴系统热变形实测为0.28～0.33 mm,其误差可减少75％左右,验证了该模型的有效性。     

加工中心主轴热误差的建模分析

采用五点法测量了加工中心主轴的温度场和热误差数据,研究了温度变化与主轴热误差之间的关系,并用不同的回归方法建立了两者的多元线性回归模型。经研究分析,利用偏最小二乘回归法进行建模具有较强的预测能力和较为理想的精度,可以满足加工中心热误差实时补偿的应用要求。     

精密加工中心主轴热误差测量技术的研究

热误差是影响精密加工中心加工精度的主要因素之一,因此减小热误差对提高加工中心的精度至关重要.通过对热误差进行检测、建模,可以从一定程度上消除热误差对精密加工中心的影响,提高加工精度.文章以精密立式加工中心VDM55为研究对象,在分析热误差来源及形式的基础上,利用研制的温度和热误差检测系统,测量了加工中心主轴温度场和热误差.该测量系统具有成本低、测量精度高、结构简单的特点.通过合理设计的热误差测量实验,获得了真实有效的主轴热误差数据.测量数据的分析结果表明,该方法对研究机床热误差规律和建模具有很大的应用价值.     

利用偏最小二乘回归法对主轴热误差数值建模的研究

采用五点法测量了加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据,利用偏最小二乘回归法建立了两者的多元线性回归模型.经研究分析,该模型具有较强的预测能力和较为理想的精度,可以满足热误差实时补偿的需要.     

精密卧式加工中心主轴轴向热误差补偿方法

热误差是精密机床最主要的误差源之一。主轴是机床的关键部件,其热误差直接影响机床的加工精度。文章以某型号精密卧式加工中心主轴为对象,对其温度场和热变形进行了仿真分析。根据仿真结果发现主轴轴向热变形更严重,并结合机床结构确定温度传感器布置位置。在此基础上,对不同转速下主轴部分位置温度和轴向热误差进行现场测试。运用最小二乘法建立热误差补偿模型,直接结合机床FANUC数控系统实施主轴轴向热误差补偿。经实验验证,补偿后主轴轴向热误差减小了85%以上。     

模糊神经网络在精密卧式加工中心热误差的预测

为了提高精密数控机床的加工精度,减少精密机床的热误差,文章提出了模糊神经网络径向热误差的建模方法。以数控加工中心关键点的温度和主轴径向的热变形量的关系为基础,应用模糊神经网络建模法,采用精密卧式加工中心主轴径向热误差的数据,对机床主轴热误差进行建模与预报。从数控机床主轴建模试验结果分析表明,模糊神经网络预测模型能够较为精准的对机床主轴径向热误差的做出预测,在实际应用中有利于提高机床的补偿精度,对数控机床热误差补偿提供参照。     

加工中心主轴部件及其主轴箱的热特性有限元分析

现代机械工业对机床精度提出了越来越高的要求.机床主轴部件和主轴箱的热特性是影响机床精度的主要因素之一.文章建立了加工中心主轴部件及其主轴箱的温度场模型并进行了数字模拟仿真.首先预测了机床主轴部件的热平衡时间能,并以温度曲线的形式表示出来,然后计算出主轴部件和主轴箱的热变形.依据这些我们能够得到主轴的轴向和径向误差,为主轴部件的设计计算奠定了基础.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.