韩国的食品防腐剂危害性评价简介

本论文简述了韩国国内常用的食品防腐剂危害性评价方法及每日允许的摄入量情况．并对食品防腐剂对韩国国民健康的影响调查结果进行了考查。     

食品中化学物累积风险评估方法及应用

食品中存在的各种污染物、农药和添加剂等化学物可能会通过多种机制的联合作用对人体形成累积暴露,但传统的风险评估方法多以单一化学物暴露为基础。近年来,化学物累积暴露形成的健康风险受到越来越多的重视,一些累积风险评估方法,如类别每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)、危害指数(HI)、相对效能因子(RPF)、生理毒代动力学(PBTK)模型等也逐渐发展起来。本文对这些方法的特点及其应用进行了讨论。     

Determination of furan levels in commercial samples of baby food from Brazil and preliminary risk assessment

Commercial baby food samples available on the Brazilian market (n = 31) were analysed for furan content using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method preceded by solid-phase microextraction. A limit of detection of 0.7 µg kg^?1, a limit of quantitation of 2.4 µg kg^?1, mean recoveries varying from 80% to 107%, and coefficients of variation ranging from 5.6% to 9.4% for repeatability and from 7.4% to 12.4% for within-laboratory reproducibility were obtained during an in-house validation. The levels of furan found in the samples were from not detected to 95.5 µg kg^?1. Samples containing vegetables and meat showed higher furan levels as compared with those containing only fruits. An exposure assessment showed furan intakes up to 2.4 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 (99th percentile) for babies fed exclusively with commercial baby foods. Margins of exposure obtained from intakes estimated in this work indicated a potential public health concern.     

我国食品安全风险评估与风险监测现状研究

食品安全问题作为人类生存的基本问题,关系到国家生存和发展,国家对食品安全风险评估与风险监测一向非常重视。近年来,为了及时发现食品安全隐患、判断食品安全总体状况、确定食品安全监管重点领域和品种以及为风险管理提供政策建议,我国的食品安全监管理念也从事后查处向事前预防转变。本文从覆盖面、资源共享程度、资源投入和体系方面浅析了我国食品安全风险评估与风险监测现状,并在提高风险监测与评估的科技水平、提升数据收集能力和共享程度、完善我国食品安全风险监测与评估运行机制、健全我国食品安全风险监测与评估法律体系方面为我国的食品安全风险监测的实施措施提出建议,旨在提升我国食品安全与社会稳定,维护广大人民群众的切身利益。     

食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法研究

目的研究目前国际上食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法,为建立我国遗传毒性致癌物风险评估技术体系提供方法学支持。方法收集目前国际上食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法的科研文章和指南文件,梳理、对比各种方法的优缺点及其适用范围,研究其中可为我国风险评估借鉴和参考的内容。结果目前国际上对食品中遗传毒性致癌物进行风险评估的主要方法包括尽可能低作用水平(ALARA),毒理学关注阈值(TTC),低剂量外推和暴露限值(MOE)。尽管ALARA原则容易理解,但是它不能给出任何一个风险程度的指导,所以不能为制定现实的风险管理建议提供可靠的依据。在致癌剂量-反应关系数据缺乏或不足的情况下,若符合毒理学关注阈值适用范围,可以采用毒理学关注阈值的方法进行筛选评估。当来自动物试验的致癌数据可用时,可以采用暴露限值法,也可采用低剂量外推的方法,但推荐优先采用暴露限值法。结论我国应在充分参与国际遗传毒性物质风险评估相关工作的基础上,深入开展遗传毒性物质基础研究,尽快建立遗传毒性物质风险评估技术体系。     

总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用

本文通过介绍总膳食研究实施的方法步骤,阐明其在食品安全风险评估中,尤其是在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用进展。     

Analysis of risk assessment and risk management processes in the derivation of maximum levels for environmental contaminants in food

Environmental contaminants originate from diverse sources and, owing to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, may appear in foods. Setting standards in food is increasingly important within the European Union and world-wide to protect consumers' health and to avoid trade barriers. This paper analyses how maximum levels for environmental contaminants in food were derived by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, by the European Union and by national authorities (USA, Germany). Both the risk assessment process (derivation of tolerable intake values and intake assessment by scientific bodies) and the risk management process (derivation of maximum levels by risk management bodies) are discussed. The various organizations show similar approaches and similar numerical values for maximum levels of the same contaminants in the same food items. In the area of decision-making for risk management, there was a noticeable lack of transparency in all the investigated systems. Recommendations are made for the development and harmonization of exposure assessment and communications between risk assessment and risk management processes, for improvements in documentation and for greater transparency within risk management decision-making processes.     

食品中化学污染物风险评估研究进展

化学污染物是影响全球食品安全和危害人体健康的主要因素之一。对食品中化学污染物进行风险评估是保障食品安全、促进食品贸易和健全食品安全体系的重要手段。本文简要介绍了化学污染物风险评估的内容和基本方法,对国外化学污染物风险评估开展情况进行了概述,重点对国内开展的食品中化学污染物风险评估的研究进展进行综述,包括重金属、有机污染物、农药残留、黄曲霉毒素等,并对国内开展食品中化学污染物风险评估的方法进行了分析比较。重金属、农药残留和黄曲霉毒素方面的评估结果均表明:儿童的膳食暴露量偏高,需引起重视。此外提出目前我国食品中化学污染物风险评估中存在的主要问题和建议,为进一步开展化学污染物风险评估提供借鉴。     

婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品中呋喃污染特征及膳食暴露概率评估

目的 了解我国市售婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品中呋喃污染特征,并对其健康风险进行评估.方法 基于方便抽样法,于2017—2018年在北京市、浙江省、山东省和四川省采集260份市售婴幼儿配方食品及婴幼儿辅助食品,采用同位素稀释-顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定呋喃的含量,结合2015年婴幼儿食品消费量调查数据,通过概率评估方法...     

食品安全风险评估模型研究综述

近年来,食品安全事件的频发暴露了食品质量安全保障体系的脆弱性,该体系构成之一的食品安全风险分析体系是分析食品潜在危害以及控制危害产生的有效管理模式,而风险评估是整个体系的核心和基础,风险评估方法的利用与改进引起学界和企业界的广泛关注。文章从数量统计方法和化学、生物及物理危害物评估技术这两大方面,对有关食品安全风险评估模型的国内外文献进行梳理,总结当前食品安全风险评估研究现状与不足,以期提出有待进一步研究的方向。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditionally smoked meat products from the Baltic states

A total of 77 traditionally smoked meat samples produced in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were tested for the occurrence of four EU regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Levels of PAHs exceeding the EU maximum levels for benzo[a]pyrene and for the sum of four PAHs (PAH4) were detected in 46% and 48% of the samples originating from Latvia. The detected BaP levels in smoked meats ranged from 0.05 to 166 μg kg^?1, while the PAH4 content ranged from 0.42 to 628 μg kg^?1. The mean dietary exposure to PAHs was estimated at the levels of 5.4 ng BaP/kg bw/day and 36 ng PAH4/kg bw/day. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was utilised to assess the risks to Latvian consumers due to PAHs and the obtained MOEs were in a range of 7205–24,434, thus indicating a potential concern for consumer health for specific population groups.     

我国批准使用的食品着色剂理论风险评估

目的 针对《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》(GB 2760—2014)中具有每日允许摄入量(ADI)值和最大使用量的着色剂,开展理论风险评估,了解其使用的安全性和人体健康风险。方法 首先使用丹麦预算法计算着色剂的理论每日最大摄入量。对于预算法评估发现摄入量超过ADI的着色剂,进一步利用我国2012年总膳食研究的食物消费量数据和GB 2760—2014中着色剂的最大使用量,采用简单分布评估法开展理论风险评估。结果 本研究共筛选出21种具有数值型ADI和最大使用限量的着色剂。预算法评估发现其中有15种每日摄入量高于ADI。对这15种着色剂进一步开展简单分布评估,显示我国一般人群的每日平均摄入量均低于ADI,但有2种着色剂的高食物量消费人群(P95)摄入量超过其ADI;消费人群的每日平均摄入量也均低于ADI,但有8种着色剂的P95摄入量超过其ADI。结论 我国批准使用的大部分着色剂在我国人群中的摄入量较低,风险处于可接受水平,但仍有少部分着色剂的高食物量消费人群的每日理论摄入量超过ADI,需要进一步摸清这些着色剂在食品中的实际含量后开展更精确的风险评估,从而确定其对我国人群的健康风险水...     

Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake assessment from 15 food groups in Zhejiang Province,China

Aluminium was measured in 2580 samples of 15 food groups and dietary exposure was estimated. Samples were purchased and analysed during 2010 to 2014. High aluminium levels were found in jellyfish (mean 4862 mg/kg), laver (mean 455.2 mg/kg) and fried twisted cruller (mean 392.4 mg/kg). Dietary exposure to aluminium was estimated for Zhejiang residents. The average dietary exposure to aluminium via 15 food groups in Zhejiang Province was 1.15 mg/kg bw/week, which is below the provisional tolerable weekly intake of 2 mg/kg bw /week. Jellyfish is the main Al contributor, providing 37.6% of the daily intake via these 15 food groups. This study provided new information on aluminium levels and assessment of aluminium (Al) dietary exposure in Zhejiang Province of China.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian preserved food products in oil

A method based on gas chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess levels of 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48 preserved food products in oil including foods such as vegetables in oil, fish in oil and oil-based sauces obtained from the Italian market. The benzo[a]pyrene concentrations ranged from <0.04 to 0.40 µg kg^?1, and 72.9% of the samples showed detectable levels of this compound. The highest contamination level was observed for chrysene with three additional PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[c]fluorene) giving mean values higher than the mean value for benzo[a]pyrene. Chrysene was detected in all the samples at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.80 µg kg^?1 (median 0.31 µg kg^?1). The contamination expressed as PAH4 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene), for which the maximum tolerable limit has been set by Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011, varied between 0.10 and 2.94 µg kg^?1.     

即食食品中单增李斯特菌的半定量风险评估

开展某市即食食品中单增李斯特菌的半定量风险评估,参照微生物风险评估程序,对单增李斯特菌开展了危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述。通过剂量反应关系推测易感人群和非易感人群由于摄入即食食品导致单增李斯特菌病的每年发病概率分别为3.71×10-7和3.39×10-9。基于2008~2011年监测各类生食蔬菜、生食水产品、菜肴(沙拉)等即食食品942组数据,构建了即食食品中单增李斯特菌的风险矩阵,由风险可能性和风险损失度计算得到易感人群通过摄入即食食品感染单增李斯特菌的风险等级属于五级风险等级中较小的一级,表明当地居民通过摄入即食食品感染单增李斯特菌病的风险较小。本文可为构建完整单增李斯特菌风险评估体系提供理论参考。     

剂量反应分析在食品微生物风险评估中的应用

微生物风险评估(Microbiological risk assessment, MRA)是食品安全管理的重要工具之一,一直是国际食品安全研究的热点。微生物剂量-反应分析是进行食品微生物风险评估中的重要工具,描述了特定人群中特定病原体(或其毒素)暴露引起特定反应的概率。本文综述了食品微生物风险评估中剂量-反应分析的研究现状,阐述了剂量反应分析研究中存在的问题,并对其进一步需开展的工作进行了展望,以期为我国食品微生物风险评估和食品安全监管提供参考。     

膳食铝暴露评估研究现状

铝的毒性不容忽视,食品添加剂联合专家委员会多次修改铝的暂定每周耐受摄入量,2011年最新铝的暂定每周耐受摄入量为2.0 mg/kg bw.本文阐述普通人群铝的暴露来源,膳食铝的生物利用率及其影响因素,国内外膳食铝暴露评估研究情况.     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的预测模型及风险评估

蜡样芽孢杆菌是引起食物中毒一种常见病源微生物,主要概述了蜡样芽孢杆菌生物学特性、预测模型及风险评估。     

中国部分地区猪肉中指示性多氯联苯污染水平和膳食暴露风险评估

目的 调查中国猪肉中指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染水平以及我国居民膳食暴露情况和风险。方法选取2020年中国13个省(自治区、直辖市)为监测点采集猪肉样品,采用同位素稀释-气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱联用法测定203份猪肉中7种指示性PCBs(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB138、PCB153、PCB180)的含量,并分析其指纹特征。依据各省(自治区、直辖市)猪肉的消费量数据,评估居民通过猪肉暴露指示性PCBs的健康风险。结果 猪肉中7种指示性PCBs(∑₇PCBs)的平均浓度范围为0.053(广西)～0.826 ng/g脂肪(浙江),P95浓度范围为0.091(广西)～2.702 ng/g脂肪(浙江)。PCB28和PCB52为主要的指纹特征。中国居民通过食用猪肉每日摄入∑₇PCBs的平均水平和P95水平分别为(0.062±0.076)ng/kg·BW和(0.158±0.207)ng/kg·BW,暴露风险指数(ERI)均小于1。结论 中国猪肉中∑₇PCBs的污染水平较低,居民通过猪肉膳食暴露指示性...     

Analytical chemistry,formation, mitigation,and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to in vivo metabolic transformation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the air, oils, water, and food products we encounter every day. Among these exposures, food consumption is a major route of PAH exposure for nonsmokers. The PAH dietary exposure levels vary among different countries; however, many studies have shown PAH exposure to be highly concerning to human health. The levels of PAH contamination in food are mainly influenced by processing procedures and cooking methods, and they could be attenuated by modifying cooking procedures and adding antioxidant-rich marinades. Several PAHs have toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is particularly regarded as carcinogenic. There are three major metabolism pathways for PAHs, and the final products can bind to DNA, thus exerting mutagenic effects. Biological monitoring through the use of biomarkers is necessary for comprehensive and accurate risk assessments of human PAH exposure. It is important to reduce dietary PAH exposure and to implement reasonable and effective risk management strategies to reduce PAH levels in food to improve public health.