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1.
Type-B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone-X (FUS-X), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON), and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were determined in 338 cereal-based products. Detection limit, quantification limit and mean recovery for five toxins were in the ranges 0.7–2.6?µg?kg?1, 2.1–7.8?µg?kg?1 and 73–110%, respectively. The range of occurrence and average level in samples were, respectively, 21–88% and 5.2–121.8?µg?kg?1 for NIV, 10–96% and 1.7–109.5?µg?kg?1 for DON, 2–39% and 0.4–3.6?µg?kg?1 for FUS-X, 0–80% and 0–17.3?µg?kg?1 for 15ADON, and 0–29% and 0–1.5?µg?kg?1 for 3ADON. Regarding co-occurrence, 64% of samples had more than two type-B trichothecenes. The estimated daily intakes of NIV, DON, FUS-X, 15ADON, and 3ADON were 0.077, 0.048, 0.004, 0.006 and 0.002?µg?kg?1?bw?day?1, respectively. These results suggest that current exposure levels do not indicate the possibility of adverse effects, but consideration of the combined exposure of type-B trichothecenes may be required due to the high frequency of co-occurrence.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, levels of several groups of environmental contaminants represented by PAHs, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were determined in various types of canned smoked and non-smoked fish and seafood products (54 samples) obtained from the Czech market. PAHs were detected in all of the studied samples, and at least one of the target halogenated persistent organic pollutants was present above the LOQ in 85% of the samples. The levels of PAHs, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (mainly DDTs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in the canned products varied in the range of 1.4–116?µg?kg?1, 0.6–59.6?µg?kg?1, 0.6–82.7?µg?kg?1 and 0.1–2.1?µg?kg?1 can content, respectively. Smoked sprats were the most contaminated fish product (n?=?12) in which the highest levels of both PAHs and persistent organic pollutants were found. In 67% of the samples of smoked sprats in oil, the level of benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the maximum level of 5?µg?kg?1 established for smoked fish by European Union legislation. The distribution of target analytes between oil and fish fractions was also assessed. Significantly higher levels of PAHs were measured in the oil fraction.  相似文献   

3.
The occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) B1, B2, G1, G2 and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in feeds, and AFM1 and CPA in milk was determined in dairy farms located in the northeastern region of São Paulo state, Brazil, between October 2005 and February 2006. AF and CPA determinations were performed by HPLC. AFB1 was found in 42% of feed at levels of 1.0–26.4 µg kg?1 (mean: 7.1 ± 7.2 µg kg?1). The concentrations of AFM1 in raw milk varied between 0.010 and 0.645 µg l?1 (mean: 0.104 ± 0.138 µg l?1). Only one sample was above the tolerance limit adopted in Brazil (0.50 µg l?1) for AFM1 in milk. Regarding CPA in feed, six (12%) samples showed concentrations of 12.5–153.3 µg kg?1 (mean: 57.6 ± 48.7 µg kg?1). CPA was detected in only three milk samples (6%) at levels of 6.4, 8.8 and 9.1 µg l?1. Concentrations of aflatoxins and CPA in feed and milk were relatively low, although the high frequency of both mycotoxins indicates the necessity to continuously monitor dairy farms to prevent contamination of feed ingredients.  相似文献   

4.
Acrylamide in Thai-conventional snacks was analysed by GC/MS with a linear response ranged of 5–50?µg and r 2?>?0.99. The limit of detection (s/n?=?(3) and limit of quantification (s/n?=?10) were 4 and 15?µg?kg?1, respectively, and RSD?<?2%. Acrylamide in 19 food samples ranged from <15?µg?kg?1 to 1.26?mg?kg?1 with highest concentrations in Kanom Jak. Moderate levels (150–500?µg?kg?1) were detected mostly in deep-fried products, especially sweet potato and taro crisps, Kanom Kai Hong, banana fritters, durian chips and spring rolls. Thai-conventional snacks possessed low concentrations (<150?µg?kg?1) including Khao Larm, Pa Tong Koo, sweet banana crisps and deep-fried Chinese wonton. Acrylamide was lowest (<15?µg?kg?1) in fish strips, rice crackers, Hoi Jor and fried fish balls. Dietary habits by 400 tourists indicate a daily intake of acrylamide <150?ng, well below a toxic dose.  相似文献   

5.
The total selenium content of about 800 food products purchased in Belgium was determined and combined with food records to determine the nutritional selenium status of Belgian people. The largest selenium concentrations (>1?mg?kg?1) were found in Brazil nuts and offal, of which the consumption is limited. Usually consumed food groups with the highest selenium concentrations were fish and shellfish (0.2–0.9?mg?kg?1), eggs, poultry meat, cheese, mushrooms and pasta (approximately 0.2?mg?kg?1). The mean dietary selenium intake was calculated to be 60?µg?day?1, which is at the lower end but within the range recommended by the Superior Health Council in Belgium (60–70?µg?day?1), and adequate according to the 55?µg?day?1 recommended by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) of the European Commission. The major sources of selenium intake are meat and meat products (31%), fish and shellfish (20%), pasta and rice (12%), and bread and breakfast cereals (11%).  相似文献   

6.
Two microbiological kits based on Bacillus stearothermophilus (Eclipse 50® and Premi®Test) have been evaluated and validated according to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods (January 2010) and in relation to the concentrations recommended by the EU-RL in 2007. Both tests are robust, a fast method and easy to implement. Both tests are applicable to a very large variety of honeys from different floral and geographical origins (rosemary, lavender, scrub, heath, alder, forest, lemon, acacia, chestnut, raspberry, mountain and flowers) as well as honey of different colours (from blank honey to brown honey, including yellow and orange honey). A satisfactory false-positive rate of 5% was obtained for the Eclipse 50® test. The observed detection capabilities CCβ of the Eclipse 50® kit were: chlortetracycline (>75?µg?kg?1), oxytetracycline (≤200?µg?kg?1), tetracycline (>100?µg?kg?1), cloxacillin (≤40?µg?kg?1), tylosin (≤200?µg?kg?1), desmycosin (>400?µg?kg?1), sulfadiazine (≤300?µg?kg?1), sulfadimethoxine (≤250?µg?kg?1), sulfamerazine (>300?µg?kg?1), sulfamethazine (>1000?µg?kg?1), sulfamethizole (>75?µg?kg?1), sulfamethoxazole (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfanilamide (?1000?µg?kg?1), sulfaquinoxaline (>75?µg?kg?1), sulfathiazole (≤250?µg?kg?1) and lincomycin (>1500?µg?kg?1). These levels were all higher than the recommended concentrations where they exist. Due to its lack of sensitivity, it cannot be recommended for reliable routine use. The observed CCβ of the Premi®Test kit were: chlortetracycline (10?µg?kg?1), oxytetracycline (>10?µg?kg?1), tetracycline (≤10?µg?kg?1), cloxacillin (≤5?µg?kg?1), tylosin (≤10?µg?kg?1), desmycosin (≤15?µg?kg?1), sulfadiazine (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfadimethoxine (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfamerazine (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfamethazine (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfamethizole (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfamethoxazole (≤10?µg?kg?1), sulfanilamide (≤25?µg?kg?1), sulfaquinoxaline (≤10?µg?kg?1), sulfathiazole (25?µg?kg?1) and lincomycin (≤25?µg?kg?1). The Premi®Test kit could be recommended for reliable use in routine control due to its low detection capabilities (except for aminoglycosides), but the disadvantage is a high false-positive rate of 14%.  相似文献   

7.
To evaluate the potential public health risk of ethyl carbamate (EC), EC exposure from fermented foods and beverages for Hong Kong population was estimated. In 276 samples analysed, EC was detected (limit of detection (LOD) at 0.4?µg?kg?1) in 202 samples (73%), with higher levels in fermented red bean curd (150–650?µg?kg?1) and yellow wine (140–390?µg?kg?1), while low or non-detected (ND) in preserved vegetables (ND–10?µg?kg?1) and fermented tea (ND–15?µg?kg?1). The estimated dietary exposure from all fermented foods and beverages was 8.27?ng?kg?1?bw?day?1, while exposure excluding alcoholic beverages was 5.42?ng?kg?1?bw?day?1, with calculated margins of exposure (MOEs) at 3.6?×?104 and 5.5?×?104 respectively. The risk of adverse health effects was low for the average population but higher (MOE?of?103) for high consumers of alcoholic beverages especially habitual drinkers of alcoholic types with high EC contents.  相似文献   

8.
Medicinal herbs have a very important role in health protection and disease control, and have been used in health foods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have carcinogenic, biological and mutagenic effects. In this paper, the content of 16?PAHs as representative contaminants in nine Chinese medicinal herbs, as additives for health foods, was investigated in order to ensure food safety from this source. A highly sensitive isotope dilution-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS/MS) method combined with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed. Calibration curves showed good linearity for all PAHs (R 2?>?0.999), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.42 to 2.7?µg?kg?1. Average recoveries for these compounds were in the range of 52.5–117%, 52.6–119% and 81.4–108% at the concentrations of 10, 50 and 250?µg?kg?1 with RSD of 1.8–15%, 0.9–15% and 1.0–15%, respectively. The proposed method was used for the analysis of nine Chinese medicinal herbs. Total levels of PAHs varied from 98.2?µg?kg?1 (cassia seed) to 2245?µg?kg?1 (eucommia bark). The highest level was found for phenanthrene (Phe) in liquorice root (631.3?µg?kg?1), indigowoad leaf (551.0?µg?kg?1), rose flower (435.2?µg?kg?1) and eucommia bark (432.3?µg?kg?1). The proposed method could provide a useful basis for safety monitoring of herbs and risk management for PAHs in the health food industry.  相似文献   

9.
Drinking water, cowpea and maize grains were sampled in some potentially exposed agro-ecological areas in Togo and analysed for their contamination by some common organochlorine pesticides. A total of 19 organochlorine pesticides were investigated in ten subsamples of maize, ten subsamples of cowpea and nine subsamples of drinking water. Analytical methods included solvent extraction of the pesticide residues and their subsequent quantification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of pesticides were also determined. Pesticides residues in drinking water (0.04–0.40 µg l?1) were higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.03 µg l?1) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and endosulfan levels (13.16–98.79 µg kg?1) in cowpea grains exceeded MRLs applied in France (10–50 µg kg?1). Contaminants’ levels in maize grains (0.53–65.70 µg kg?1) were below the MRLs (20–100 µg kg?1) set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the WHO. EDIs of the tested pesticides ranged from 0.02% to 162.07% of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Population exposure levels of dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were higher than the FAO/WHO standards. A comprehensive national monitoring programme on organochlorine pesticides should be undertaken to include such other relevant sources like meat, fish, eggs and milk.  相似文献   

10.
Feed contamination by fungi can lead to nutrient losses and detrimental effects on animal health and production. The presence of nitrates and nitrites in food can be harmful to both people and animals. The aim of this study was to determine total aflatoxin, nitrate and nitrite levels in layer feed samples from companies producing their own feed in Edincik and Band?rma provinces in Turkey and to discuss the potential risk to animal health. The results of the analyses indicated that mean total aflatoxin (AFT) ranged from 0.4 to 36.8?µg?kg?1 and from 0.45 to 47.0?µg?kg?1 in the year 2007 and the year 2008 samples, respectively. It was determined that nitrate levels were 2.4–10 and 1.7–13?µg?kg?1 and that nitrite levels were 0–2.4?µg?kg?1 and 0–2.6?µg?kg?1 in these years, respectively. The levels of total aflatoxin, nitrate and nitrite in the layer samples could not be considered a risk to poultry health and productivity.  相似文献   

11.
In Mexico, maize tortillas are consumed on a daily basis, leading to possible aflatoxin exposure. In a survey of 396 2-kg samples, taken over four sampling days in 2006 and 2007 from tortilla shops and supermarkets in Mexico City, aflatoxin levels were quantified by HPLC. In Mexico, the regulatory limit is 12?µg?kg?1 total aflatoxins for maize tortillas. In this survey, 17% of tortillas contained aflatoxins at levels of 3–385?µg?kg?1 or values below the limit of quantification (<LOQ) and, of these, 13% were >12?µg?kg?1 and 87% were below the regulatory limit. Average aflatoxin concentrations in 56 contaminated samples were: AFB1 (12.1?µg?kg?1); AFB2 (2.7?µg?kg?1); AFG1 (64.1?µg?kg?1) and AFG2 (3.7?µg?kg?1), and total AF (20.3?µg?kg?1).  相似文献   

12.
The feed drug additive carbadox is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. To monitor effectively residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) to detect quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, the marker residue of carbadox, was developed. Several haptens were synthesised and conjugated to the carrier protein. Nine female New Zealand white rabbits were immunised with the immunising conjugates to produce polyclonal antibodies according to the designed schemes of immunisation. The highly specific antibody that was very sensitive to N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide with an IC50 value of 7.75?µg?l?1 was selected for the development of an ic-ELISA. The standard curves based on the N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide matrix calibration ranged from 0.2 to 51.2?µg?l?1. The decision limit and detection capability of the ic-ELISA were 0.60 and 0.83?µg?kg?1 for liver and 0.68 and 0.79?µg?kg?1 for muscle of swine, respectively. The recoveries were 57–108% with coefficients of variation of less than 20% when the quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid was spiked into liver and muscle with the concentrations of 1.0–20.0?µg?kg?1. Excellent correlations between the results of the ic-ELISA and an HPLC method (r?=?0.9956???0.9969) were observed for incurred tissues. These results suggest that the ic-ELISA is a sensitive, accurate and low-cost method that would be a useful tool for screening residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals.  相似文献   

13.
A highly selective and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four β-agonists (clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine and terbutaline) in beef by immunoaffinity chromatography purification coupled to ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS. The MS/MS conditions, ultra-high-performance LC mobile phase, injection solution, sample purification process and matrix effect were studied to optimise the operation conditions. The limits of detection (LODs) of the instrument for the studied β-agonists ranged from 0.20 to 0.25?µg?l?1, and the LODs of the method for the studied β-agonists ranged from 0.20 to 3.00?µg?kg?1 for beef. Calibration curves were constructed using a standard solution diluted with blank beef matrix. The linear ranges of the calibration curves ranged from 5 to 100?µg?kg?1 and the coefficients of determination were >0.9942 (n?=?10) for all four β-agonists. Samples spiked at 5, 10 and 50?µg?kg?1 showed recoveries >72% and RSDs <6.6%. The method is suitable for the simultaneous detection of four β-agonists at trace levels in beef.  相似文献   

14.
An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using a monoclonal antibody for deoxynivalenol (DON) detection in wheat and flour was standardised and validated (detection limit?=?177.1?µg?kg?1) and its performance was compared with LC-MS, quantification limit?=140?µg?kg?1). DON recovery ranged from 88.7% to 122.6% for wheat grain and from 70.6% to 139.3% for flour. Among the 38 wheat samples evaluated, DON was detected in 29 samples (76.3%) by ic-ELISA (281.6–12?291.4?µg?kg?1) and in 22 samples (57.9%) by LC-MS (155.3–9906.9?µg?kg?1). The 0.93 correlation coefficient between ic-ELISA and LC-MS data in 19 positive DON wheat samples demonstrated the reliability and efficiency of ic-ELISA. Results indicated that standardised ic-ELISA was suitable for DON screening in wheat samples and the need for continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in foodstuffs.  相似文献   

15.
A simple and inexpensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of anthelmintics in alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) was developed and validated. Anthelmintics in plant leaves and stems (green chops) were extracted with methanol/acetonitrile (7:3, v/v) followed by a concentration and clean-up step using solid-phase extraction (Strata-X, 500?mg, 6?ml cartridge). After drying with nitrogen gas, the adsorbed analytes were eluted with methanol/acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) mixture followed by 100% acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Atlantis T-3 (2.1?×?100?mm?×?3?µm) analytical column with a Phenomenex guard cartridge (C8, 4?×?3?mm) attached to a Waters triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionisation mode with selected reaction monitoring. Samples were analysed using gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.35?ml?min–1. The mobile phase consisted of a 10?mM ammonium formate solution in (A) water/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) and (B) methanol/acetonitrile (50:50, v/v). The method was validated for levamisole, fenbendazole, fenbendazole sulphoxide and fenbendazole sulphone at 10, 20 and 40?µg?kg–1 and for eprinomectin at 20, 40 and 80?µg?kg–1. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 10?µg?kg–1 for all analytes except eprinomectin, which had an LOQ of 20?µg?kg–1. The overall mean recovery in green plants was between 74.2% and 81.4% with repeatabilities ranging from 2.2% to 19.1% and reproducibilities in the range 3.8–8.7%. The validated method was applied to plant samples in a study on the behaviour of anthelmintic drugs in a soil, plant and water system.  相似文献   

16.
An efficient LC method was developed for screening the presence of quinolones (QLs) – comprising fluoroquinolones (FQs) and acidic quinolones (AQs) – residues in various livestock and fishery products. Targeted analytes were for nine FQs of marbofloxacin (MAR), ofloxacin (OFL), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), danofloxacin (DAN), orbifloxacin (ORB), difloxacin (DIF) and sarafloxacin (SAR), and three AQs of oxolinic acid (OXA), nalidixic acid (NAL) and flumequine (FMQ). Samples comprised ten different food products covering five matrices: muscle (cattle, swine and chicken), liver (chicken), raw fish (shrimp and salmon), egg (chicken), and processed food (ham, sausage and fish sausage). This method involved a simple extraction with (1:1) acetonitrile–methanol, a highly selective clean-up with an immobilised metal chelate affinity column charged with Fe3+, a fast isocratic LC analysis using a short column (20?mm?×?4.6?mm, 3?µm) with a mobile phase of (15:85:0.1) methanol/water/formic acid, and fluorescence detection (excitation/emission wavelengths of 295?nm/455?nm for FQs (495?nm for MAR), and 320?nm/365?nm for AQs). Among FQs, pairs of NOR/OFL, ORB/DIF and ENR/DAN were incompletely resolved. A confirmatory LC run with a Mg2+ containing methanolic mobile phase was also proposed for the samples suspected of being positive. The optimised method gave satisfactory recoveries of 88.5% (56.1–108.6%) and 78.7% (44.1–99.5%) for intra- and inter-day assays with relative standard deviations of 7.2% (0.7–18.4%) and 6.8% (1.4–16.6%), respectively. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.8?µg?kg?1 (DAN) to 6.5?µg?kg?1 (SAR). This method was successfully employed to analyse 113 real samples and two positive samples were found: fish sausage (CIP 990?µg?kg?1) and shrimp (ENR 20?µg?kg?1).  相似文献   

17.
The concentration of methylmercury (MMC) and total mercury (TMC) in marine fishes (five species) frequently consumed in the coastal areas of Zhejiang province, China, was determined. The method of high-performance liquid chromatography–atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-AFS) with the microwave-assisted extraction was used for the MMC determination. TMC was analysed by a direct mercury analyser. MMC and TMC concentrations in five fish species ranged from 53 to 158?µg?kg?1 and 60 to 172?µg?kg?1, respectively. The proportion of MMC levels in TMC was greater than 80%. The highest MMC and TMC levels were found in Hairtail.  相似文献   

18.
This study developed and validated a sensitive analytical method for simultaneous screening of four classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (i.e. progestogens, androgens, oestrogens and phenols) in milk and powdered milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). Dansylation of oestrogens and phenols enhanced the ionisation efficiency and shifted the ionisation mode from negative to positive, which allowed for the simultaneous analysis of four EDCs in one chromatographic run. An efficient sample pre-treatment minimised the matrix effects. The mass errors for the precursor and product ions for 26 target compounds varied between ?2.8 and 2.3?mDa; and the limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio?=?3) for milk and powdered milk were less than 0.04?µg?l?1 and 0.10?µg?kg?1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used to analyse multiple types of real samples, including normal temperature whole milk, infant formula and whole powdered milk. In 11 samples, two target compounds, progesterone and androstenedione, were detected. The progesterone concentrations ranged from 8.1 to 12.7?µg?l?1 in milk, and from 1.2 to 32.0?µg?kg?1 in infant formulas and whole powdered milks. The androstenedione concentrations varied from 0.39 to 0.79?µg?l?1 in milks, and from 0.29 to 1.2?µg?kg?1 in infant formulas and whole powdered milks. Two post-target compounds, one isomer of oestriol and 5α-dihydroprogesterone, were tentatively identified by post-target analysis in two of 11 real samples.  相似文献   

19.
Aflatoxins and fumonisins are ubiquitous foodborne toxicants and the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins in human foods represents a significant public health concern, which has been strongly associated with human aflatoxicosis, neural tube defects, as well as many types of primary cancers. In this study the co-contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in food and human dietary exposure was investigated in residents of three different areas of China. A total of 209 food samples were measured for AFB1 and FB1. The median AFB1 levels were 13.5, 2.3 and 1.3?µg?kg?1 and the median FB1 levels were 2.6, 0.4 and 0.3?mg?kg?1 in corn samples collected from Huaian (a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer), Fusui (a high-risk area for liver cancer) and Huantai (a low-risk area for both oesophageal and liver cancers), respectively. The median level of AFB1 in plant oil of Fusui was the highest (52.3?µg?kg?1) among all food samples analysed. Co-contamination of these two mycotoxins was found in corn, rice and wheat flour. Based on measured food consumption data, the averaged daily dietary intake of AFB1 was 0.397?µg (range?=?0.269–1.218?µg) in residents of Huantai, 1.723?µg (0.224–49.772?µg) in Huaian, and 2.685?µg (1.006–14.534?µg) in Fusui. The averaged FB1 daily dietary intake was 92.4?µg (range?=?55.0–362.1?µg) for residents of Huantai, 460.0?µg (83.2–2894.5?µg) in Huaian, and 138.6?µg (30.0–10,541.6?µg) in Fusui. These data suggest that the co-exposure to AFB1 and FB1 in residents of rural China may contribute to the aetiology of human chronic diseases in high-risk areas.  相似文献   

20.
Thyreostats are growth-promoters banned in Europe since 1981. The identification of thiouracil (TU) in animal biological matrices can, however, no longer be systematically interpreted as a consequence of illegal administration. Indeed, some experimental results have indicated a causal link between cruciferous-based diet and the presence of TU in urine of bovines. The present study aims at investigating, on a large scale (n?>?1300), the natural occurrence of thiouracil in urine samples collected from different animal species. TU was identified in main breeding animal species: bovine, porcine and ovine. The natural distribution of TU allowed proposing threshold values to differentiate compliant from suspect urine samples. Suggested values are 5.7 and 9.1?µg?l?1 in male adult bovines (6–24?months), 3.1 and 8.1?µg?l?1 in female adult bovines (6–24 months), 7.3 and 17.7?µg?l?1 in calves (<6 months), 3.9 and 8.8?µg?l?1 in female bovines (>24 months), and 2.9 and 4.1?µg?l?1 in porcines at a 95 and 99% confidence level, respectively.  相似文献   

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