水平管道中液塞长度波动的非线性分析

利用非线性分析技术中的分形理论在较宽的流速范围内对水平管空气 水段塞流中的液塞长度波动特性进行了研究。结果表明 ,水平管道段塞流的液塞长度符合对数正态分布 ,其波动是对初始条件敏感的混沌振荡 ,遵循分形统计规律 ,且具有持久性。通过对不同折算液速下的液塞长度波动特性的分析发现 ,液塞长度波动的混沌程度及波动对初始条件的依赖性在混合速度为 1 1m s左右时会出现极值     

Mechanistic Model of Slugging Onset in Horizontal Circular Tubes

A new model of the transition mechanism from stratified gas-liquid two-phase flow into a slug pattern in horizontal circular tubes was developed. This model incorporated the contribution of liquid kinematic energy to wave growth on the interphase surface. The transition limit was numerically determined so as to allow a wave crest to reach the top wall of the horizontal tubes.

Air-water experiments were performed to obtain data for comparison with model predictions. Three test sections were used. They had different inner diameters and the largest test section had a rod bundle inside it. Predictions of liquid flow rate at the flow pattern transition boundary, with given gas flow rates, were within data scatter of the experiments. This suggested that the present model satisfactorily described effects of tube size and internal structure on slugging onset in horizontal circular tubes.     

AP1000 ADS-4阀门夹带卸压实验模化分析

本文对AP1000ADS-4阀门开启后反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)的夹带卸压现象进行限直径、降高度、等物性模化分析。主要包含ADS-4阀门支管夹带模化、RCS降压模化及反应堆上腔室夹带沉积模化。通过选择合理的无量纲准则数和对守恒方程进行无量纲分析,获得相关热工水力现象的模化准则,最终得到实验台架几何和热工水力参数。     

Flow Regime Transition to Wavy Dispersed Flow for High-Pressure Steam/Water Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipe

A wavy-dispersed flow regime was observed between slug and annular-dispersed flow regimes in TPTF high-pressure steam/water horizontal pipe experiments, employing the video probe visual observation. The onset OF entrainment was identified to cause slug to wavy-dispersed flow transition. The wavy-dispersed flow regime extended towards lower gas flow rates as pressure was increased. Furthermore, it was found that the gas-liquid relative velocity for the onset of entrainment decreases significantly, resulting in decrease in the minimum void fraction. Consequently, the slug flow regime was found to disappear for pressures above 8.6MPa, as observed in the previous TPTF experiments. Applicability of available models and correlations on the onset of entrainment was assessed against the TPTF data. Steen-Wallis parameter correlated the data well when the superficial gas velocity term in this parameter 1s replaced by the gas-liquid relative velocity.     

竖直向下大、小支管气相夹带起始可视化研究

已有气相夹带起始模型均是基于竖直向下的小支管夹带所得到的,用于分析大支管气相夹带时并不适用。本文基于可视化实验,对竖直向下的大、小尺寸T型管的气相夹带起始点进行对比研究。选择与主管道直径比为0.625和0.1的大、小支管,并采用有机玻璃作为实验管道材料,空气和水为实验工质。其实验现象表明：大、小支管夹带起始均有漩涡,且漩涡现象大致相同,但在大支管条件下会出现气室,夹带气体进入支管后也会在气室下翻腾,且在相同液相折算速度下,大支管夹带起始液位会高于小支管。     

竖直管内弹状流向搅混流转变界限的判定

本文对两种不同管径的竖直管内弹状流向搅混流转变界限的判定进行了实验研究.实验发现,在弹状流向搅混流转变的过程中,管内压力会随气体流量的增加出现先降低后上升的非单调性变化.通过对管内压力和摩阻变化的理论分析,并在可视化观察的基础上,提出压力变化曲线的转折点即为搅混流产生的起始点.然后根据实验数据,绘出两种不同管径下的搅混流转变界限.     

核电厂小支管振动初始筛选原则与应用举例

根据国内外核电厂运行经验,在高振动条件下小支管（管径小于2英寸的连接支管）与母管连接处的焊缝容易疲劳失效,增大管内的放射性液体泄漏风险。岭澳核电厂十年定期安全审查（PSR）项目对反应堆冷却剂系统的一些辅助系统和专设安全系统的小支管振动疲劳情况进行普查,对振动过高的小支管进行了安全评估,对未通过评估的小支管采取相应的减振措施,以确保核电厂的安全运行。本文在调研分析主要核电国家初始筛选标准的基础上,确定了PSR项目的初始筛选原则,并举例介绍其应用。     

Interfacial Friction Factor for High-Pressure Steam/Water Stratified-Wavy Flow in Horizontal Pipe

The interfacial friction was investigated for high-pressure (3 to 9 MPa) steam/water stratified-wavy flow, using the TPTF experimental data for 4 and 8-inch diameter horizontal pipe test sections. The interfacial waves observed in the stratified-wavy flow regime with void fractions typically <–0.6, became larger in r.m.s. amplitude and more irregular in both amplitude and wave length, as the transition boundary to slug flow was approached. A correlation to predict the interfacial friction factor has been obtained for the stratified-wavy flows including the vicinity of the transition boundary to slug flow. The correlation is based on two non-dimensional parameters related to the interfacial wave generation by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and correlates the TPTF data taken under different pipe diameters and pressures.     

竖直窄矩形通道内弹状流中液膜特性研究

气液两相弹状流广泛存在于工程领域,弹状流中液膜特性对弹状流模型的建立具有重要意义。为此利用高速摄像系统,对竖直窄矩形通道(3.25 mm×40 mm)内弹状流中液膜进行了可视化研究。实验中发现窄矩形通道中气弹左右两侧窄边液膜厚度不等且存在波动,但其对两侧液膜速度影响较小,两侧液膜速度相等。液膜脱离厚度主要受两相流速及气弹长度影响。液膜脱离速度随液相折算速度增加而增大;在低液相流速时,随气相折算速度增加而减小;当液相流速≥1.204 m/s时,液膜不下落,液膜脱离速度随气相速度变化较小,主要受液相流速影响。     

Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Metal Two-Phase Mixture in Bubbly and Slug Flow Regime

A correlation function for reactor noise is determined through a conditional polarity-correlation technique in which the polarity of neutron-counting fluctuations is analyzed with the start condition that the counting rate reaches a preset level. This technique, evidently, is an example of flash-start technique, developed for the purpose of improving the efficacy of reactor noise analysis. In the present case, the conditional polarity-correlation function is described mathematically assuming that the counting fluctuations of the detector conform with a Gaussian distribution. The expression thus derived reveals that this function is approximately proportional to a cross-correlation function and is a differential type of polarity-correlation function.

In order to examine the validity of the obtained expression, an experiment was performed in a graphite-moderated reactor at slightly subcriticai state to measure the conditional polarity-correlation function. A novel contrivance was adopted in the experiment to eliminate the dead-time effect created during the busy time of the multi-channel time analyzer. The dependence on the preset level—i.e. flash-start condition—exhibited by the conditional polarity—correlation function showed good agreement with that expected from the mathematical expression. The prompt mode neutron decay constants were determined from the experimental data within statistical error of 3～4 %.     

Separation of Curium from Neutron Irradiated Am-241

The conditions under which curium can be separated from irradiated ²⁴¹Am target were elucidated. The isolation process consists of three steps: In the first step, Am(III) is oxidized to pentavalent state in a dilute nitric acid solution, and then plutonium and curium are extracted from the irradiated target by solvent extraction with HDEHP. Curium in the organic phase is back-extracted with 1 N nitric acid, and thereafter plutonium with a reducing solution containing ferrous sulfamate. The curium is finally purified by cation exchange, using α-hydroxy isobutyrate as the eluting solution. About 0.4 μg of ²⁴²Cm and 4×10^?3 μg of ²⁴³Cm were found in the curium fraction, which had been separated from 1 mg of irradiated ²⁴¹Am sample.     

R134a卧式螺旋管内沸腾两相流型与传热特性实验研究

在蒸发温度为5～15 ℃、热流密度范围为5～20 kW·m^-2、工质质量流速变化范围为50～500 kg·m^-2·s^-1和干度范围为0.01～0.9的条件下,对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的沸腾两相流型及传热特性进行了实验研究。利用可视化技术对流型进行了观察分析,发现在相同工况条件下,卧式螺旋管上升段和下降段的流型有所不同,特别是形成环状流之前存在明显不同的过渡流型,分别为波环状流型和超大气弹流型,因此,对上升段和下降段分别建立了流型图。获得了传热系数随工质的干度、质量流速和热流密度等参数的变化关系,发展了R134a在卧式螺旋管内流动沸腾传热系数的计算关联式。     

起伏非线性振动下倾斜上升管内气液两相流流型转变分析

本文对不同起伏非线性振动条件下倾斜上升管内气液两相流流型及转变规律进行实验研究,借助高速摄影仪对起伏非线性振动状态下气液两相流的流型进行分类。结果表明,倾斜上升管气液两相流有弥散泡状流、起伏弹状流、准弹状流和液环式环状流4种。对弥散泡状流向起伏弹状流和准弹状流向液环式环状流的转变机理进行分析,在稳定状态转变机理的基础上引入振动参数,建立了考虑振动加速度的关系式。本文建立的流型转变关系式与实验结果吻合较好。     

Analysis of Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Pattern Transition in Inclined Rising Pipe under Fluctuant Nonlinear Vibration Condition

The flow pattern and transition law of gas-liquid two-phase flow in inclined rising pipe under different fluctuant nonlinear vibration conditions were studied experimentally. The flow patterns of gas-liquid two-phase flow under fluctuant nonlinear vibration condition were identified by using high-speed camera. The results show that there are four kinds of patterns in inclined rising pipe with diffuse bubble flow, fluctuant slug flow, proto slug flow and liquid-ring annular flow. The mechanisms of the transition from diffuse bubble flow to fluctuant slug flow, proto slug flow to liquid-ring annular flow were derived, the vibration parameter was added on the basis of the steady state transition mechanism and the flow pattern transition formulae considering the vibration acceleration were established. The results show that the flow pattern transition formulae established in this paper agree well with the experimental results.     

竖壁降液膜流动纵向及水平发展规律研究

采用高频率电容式测厚仪测量并分析了降液膜膜厚和波动的统计规律,得到了降液膜沿竖直大平板流动平均膜厚经验关系式,发现了液膜流动的横向扩展和纵向发展规律。结果表明,降膜在竖直发展2.6 m后可能已基本充分发展。     

Analysis of Stratified Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid Mixtures in Horizontal Pipes

A very simple model, as compared with those presented thus far, is developed to describe the stratified cocurrent flow of gas-liquid mixtures in a horizontal pipe. Assuming densities of both phases are constant in location, mass and momentum equations are solved to obtain pressure gradient and volume fractions of both phases at steady state.

Several experimental data by others are found in good agreements with the calculated results by the model. When the interface is smooth, i.e. the volumetric liquid flux J_l <0.lft/s, it is a good approximation to use the Blasius equation to estimate interfacial shear stress. For 0.1?J_l ?1.0ft/s where the interface is not smooth but ripply or wavy, the Wallis correlation is found applicable. If we assume stratified flow geometry forj_l >1.0ft/s, agreements with experiment cannot be obtained, since the transition to slug or elongated bubble flow has already taken place. The transition from stratified to annular mist flow is found to occur at gas volume fraction α≈0.9 regardless of J_l .     

应用比例分析方法分析安全壳内液滴传热传质特性

在核电厂的安全壳分析中,安全壳比例分析可用于安全壳冷却系统重要现象的确定和试验数据充分性的论证。本文以非能动核电厂为例,应用比例分析方法对安全壳内液滴进行传热传质特性分析,量化了核电厂液滴的传热传质特性对质量、能量和压力变化率（RPC）的影响。通过本比例分析,可确定具体安全壳冷却系统对安全壳压力响应的影响程度。     

Method of Critical Power Prediction Based on Film Flow Model Coupled with Subchannel Analysis

A new method was developed to predict critical powers for a wide variety of BWR fuel bundle designs. This method couples subchannel analysis with a liquid film flow model, instead of taking the conventional way which couples subchannel analysis with critical heat flux correlations. Flow and quality distributions in a bundle are estimated by the subchannel analysis. Using these distributions, film flow rates along fuel rods are then calculated with the film flow model. Dryout is assumed to occur where one of the film flows disappears. This method is expected to give much better adaptability to variations in geometry, heat flux, flow rate and quality distributions than the conventional methods.

In order to verify the method, critical power data under BWR conditions were analyzed. Measured and calculated critical powers agreed to within ±7%. Furthermore critical power data for a tight-latticed bundle obtained by LeTourneau et al. were compared with critical powers calculated by the present method and two conventional methods, CISE correlation and subchannel analysis coupled with the CISE correlation. It was confirmed that the present method can predict critical powers more accurately than the conventional methods.     

水平管泡状流液相速度分布与相分布

用热膜探针测量了内径为 3 5mm的水平管泡状流中的液流速度 ,同时用双头电导探针测量了有关的相界面参数 ,结果表明 ,局部液流平均速度在靠管道下部的分布与单相液流的分布类似 ,在靠管道上部突然减小 ;局部液流平均速度在靠管道下部随气流折算速度的增加而增加 ,在靠管道上部则随气流折算速度的增加而减小 ;局部含气率和气泡频率随气流折算速度的增加而增大 ,在靠近管道上壁处有一峰值 ,其分布规律随液流速度的增加而趋向均匀     

Natural Convection Heat Transfer in the Horizontal Dry Storage System for the LWR Spent Fuel Assemblies

A heat transfer and flow visualization experiment was conducted with a one-fifth scale model simulating a dry shielded canister (DSC) with 24 PWR spent fuel assemblies in order to elucidate the heat transfer characteristics and the velocity distribution for natural convection inside a DSC filled with air or water at atmospheric pressure. It was found that the average heat transfer coefficients were proportional to the one-fourth power of the Rayleigh number despite the complicated geometry inside the DSC. Flow patterns inside the DSC were visualized clearly through a digital image processing system. The velocity distributions inside the DSC were obtained quantitatively from the Particle Tracking Velocimetry. In comparison with the results of a two-dimentional thermal hydraulic analysis, computed flow patterns were similar to the experimental results and the computational temperature distributions on the sleeve surfaces agreed well with the experiments within 8%, except at the top point of the center gap. It was also found that the difference in the heat transfer coefficient was within 25% for air as the working fluid, while a satisfactory agreement was not obtained when water was the working fluid.