Heavy metal content of black teas consumed in Iran

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in several parts of the world. Tea consumption is a major component of the traditional Iranian diet; however, limited data are available indicating heavy metals content of this beverage. This study aimed to assess concentrations of heavy metals, including copper, lead, cadmium, chromium and mercury as well as minerals like zinc and iron in black tea samples. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the elements of interest in 20 brands of black tea that are widely consumed among Iranians. The mean concentrations were 28.8 for Zn, 135.2 for Fe, 15.9 for Cu and 8.2 for Cr (mg kg^?1) and 134.5 for Cd, 209.5 for Pb and 40 for Hg (µg kg^?1). It is concluded that tea consumption can be a possible source of some heavy metal intake for the Iranian population.     

Determination of PAHs in various smoked meat products and different samples by enzyme immunoassay

An enzyme immunoassay was used to determine benzo[a ]pyrene (BaP) in smoked meat products and other samples of food and environmental origin. The method used has a detection limit (3 σ) of 0.1 μg kg⁻¹ and a coefficient of variation less than 10%. The main aim of the study was to compare the possible influence of different smoking processes and packaging material on the amount of BaP deposited on smoked meat product, mainly different sausages. The lowest amount of BaP was found when smoke produced by steam in the indirect method smoking‐chamber was used. A slightly protective effect of polyamide casing was noted. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different types of smoked meat products from Serbia

The contents of the16 EU priority PAHs in six different meat products from Serbia (beef ham, pork ham, bacon without skin, bacon with skin, cajna sausage and sremska sausage) were examined during the process of smoking. All these meat products from meat industry Zlatiborac, Mačkat, Serbia presented in this study, have not previously been analysed concerning to their contents of PAH compounds. Determination and quantification of PAHs in meat products were performed by a Fast GC/HRMS method. The maximum level for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) of 5 μg/kg in smoked meat products was not exceeded in any samples. BaP comprises in general 4.6% of the total sum of the 16 EU priority PAHs and 15.2% of the total sum of the 12 IARC PAH compounds. The suitability of BaP as a marker both for 16 EU priority PAHs and 12 IARC probably and possibly carcinogenic PAHs was checked by applying correlation analysis.     

烟熏肉制品中多环芳烃的提取及检测分析

烟熏肉制品作为肉类加工制品的一大类,由于其独特的风味深受广大消费者的欢迎。但是,在烟熏肉中含有致癌的多环芳烃(PAHs),影响着人们的健康。主要从烟熏肉制品中多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、检测方法对其进行综述,以实现多环芳烃的快速检测和达到寻找控制多环芳烃方法的目的。     

熏烧烤肉生产加工工艺研究

通过反复试验研究确定了熏烧烤肉类制品的最佳生产工艺以及操作要点,得到了市场认可而且能够规范性、规模化生产的产品.     

不同牧场鲜牛乳中重金属含量的研究

目的 考察4个牧场的生鲜牛乳的重金属污染情况和评估鲜牛乳原料的安全性。方法 采用国家标准检测方法对4个牧区的生牛乳中重金属铬、铅、汞以及金属砷进行检测,其中使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅和铬的含量,使用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定总砷含量,使用原子荧光光谱分析法测定总汞的含量。结果 铬含量最高值为DR牧场的0.052 mg/kg,铅含量最高值为YY牧场的6.60 μg/kg,总汞含量最高值为YY牧场的0.83μg/kg,总砷含量范围为 5.10 μg/kg～7.20 μg/kg。结论 实验测得的四种元素含量均远低于安全标准限量值,4个牧场的鲜牛乳未受到重金属污染。     

Cadmium concentrations in the liver of 10 different pig genetic lines from Vojvodina,Serbia

Cadmium concentrations were determined in 480 liver samples from 10 different pig genetic lines produced in Vojvodina (Serbia). Cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after mineralization by dry ashing. The difference in cadmium levels in analysed liver tissues was not significant (p?>?0.05) between the various genetic lines. However, large variations in cadmium levels (from 0.03 to 0.27?mg/kg) in liver tissues indicated its availability in the local agricultural environment in Vojvodina. The average level of cadmium (0.13?mg/kg) was higher than the levels reported in pork liver from some developed countries.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat smoked with different types of wood

The influence of the wood used for the smoking of meat on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been studied. Ten types of wood and charcoal were used for preparation of smoked meat samples. The analytical sample preparation method implied extraction of PAH with cyclohexane, liquid–liquid extraction with N,N-dimethylformamide/water, back extraction with cyclohexane, followed by clean-up on silica solid phase extraction (SPE) column and quantification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. It was found that the type of wood has a significant influence on the amount of PAH in smoked meat. The samples smoked with apple-tree and alder contained the smallest PAH concentrations. The samples smoked with spruce had the highest concentrations of PAH. The difference in content of benzo[a]pyrene (from 6.04 till 35.07 μg/kg) and total PAH (from 47.94 till 470.91 μg/kg) indicates that choice of wood for smoking is one of the critical parameter to be controlled in order to diminish the contamination of food products.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditionally smoked meat products from the Baltic states

A total of 77 traditionally smoked meat samples produced in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were tested for the occurrence of four EU regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Levels of PAHs exceeding the EU maximum levels for benzo[a]pyrene and for the sum of four PAHs (PAH4) were detected in 46% and 48% of the samples originating from Latvia. The detected BaP levels in smoked meats ranged from 0.05 to 166 μg kg^?1, while the PAH4 content ranged from 0.42 to 628 μg kg^?1. The mean dietary exposure to PAHs was estimated at the levels of 5.4 ng BaP/kg bw/day and 36 ng PAH4/kg bw/day. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was utilised to assess the risks to Latvian consumers due to PAHs and the obtained MOEs were in a range of 7205–24,434, thus indicating a potential concern for consumer health for specific population groups.     

蚌埠市蔬菜重金属含量及食用安全性评价

测定了蚌埠市蔬菜中重金属质量比,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和目标危害系数法对其污染程度及食用安全性进行评价。结果表明,蚌埠市蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg质量比平均值依次为0.1081、0.0252、0.0812、0.0253、0.0011mg·kg-1,除Pb元素外,其它均低于蔬菜卫生标准。单因子污染指数法评价结果表明,空心菜的Pb元素为轻污染;其它蔬菜各元素为清洁水平。综合污染指数法评价结果显示,辣椒、茄子、豆角、黄瓜、丝瓜和上海青为安全等级;空心菜为警戒线水平。蔬菜重金属THQ（Target Hazard Quotient）均值从大到小依次为:Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg,成人和儿童的健康风险指数均小于1,单一重金属对人群健康风险不明显。复合健康风险指数从高到低依次为:上海青、空心菜、辣椒、茄子、豆角、丝瓜和黄瓜。上海青和空心菜对儿童存在健康风险,上海青对成人存在健康风险,其它蔬菜对人群健康风险不明显。食用本地蔬菜摄入的重金属对儿童造成的健康风险高于成人,儿童不宜食用本地产的叶菜类蔬菜,成人慎食。      

高分子印迹固相萃取法测定熏烤肉制品中16 种欧盟优控多环芳烃

目的 建立高分子印记固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(MIPSPE-GC/MS)测定熏烤肉中 16 种欧盟优控多 环芳烃的检测方法。方法 样品经均质、超声波提取、高分子印记固相萃取柱净化后, 采用气相色谱质谱联用 仪在选择离子(SIM)扫描模式下进行测定, 内标法定量。 结果 本方法检出限为 0.07~0.24 μg/kg, 在 1~500 μg/L 范围内目标化合物具有很好的相关性, 相关系数均大于 0.999。日内及日间精密度小于 10%, 在 1、5 μg/kg 两 个加标水平下, 16 种 PAHs 回收率为 66.27 % ~ 111.61%, 相对标准偏差均小于 10%。 结论 本方法灵敏、 快速、 简便, 能满足熏烤肉制品中欧盟多环芳烃的检测要求。     

干制食用菌中重金属含量及榛蘑中镉的分析

目的 评估吉林省市售6种干制食用菌安全性,幵研究榛蘑中重釐属镉的含量。方法 对购买的样品采用微波消解法迚行前处理,采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅和镉的含量,原子荧光法测定总砷和总汞的含量。结果 161批干制食用菌的平均含量顺序为PbAsCdHg,超标率为3.1%。2018年检测22批榛蘑中5批镉超标, 2016年检测13批榛蘑中1批镉超标。结论 我省市售食用菌木耳、香菇、猴头菇、滑子蘑、黄蘑、榛蘑重釐属平均含量均低于国家污染物限量标准,符合安全性要求。榛蘑中镉含量偏高,应对超标食用菌加强监测,对超标地区严格监管以确保食品安全。     

台州市椒江区水产品重金属含量及食用风险

目的研究台州椒江区近海海域捕获的不同种类的水产品的重金属含量及食用的安全性。方法采用国家铅、镉的标准检测技术,选用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,对采集的186批次水产品样品进行检测分析。结果双壳类水产品中的重金属污染指数明显高于其他类水产品,为0.2365;鱼类和甲壳类水产品中的重金属污染指数较低。在4类水产品中,品种间的铅的差异性不明显;镉则差异明显,头足类和双壳类水产品镉最高。结论双壳类容易受铅、镉这2类重金属污染,应加强对双壳类的重金属含量的监测。从单因子污染指数及均值型污染指数来看,4种水产品污染的程度较为轻微,可以放心食用,但建议消费者穿插食用多种类水产品。     

Effects of breeds on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in smoked lamb

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, which are commonly detectable in cooked meat products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sheep breeds on the formation of HAAs in smoking cooked lamb. The results showed that HAAs in smoked lamb meat products were generally low (2.74–5.42 ng g^?1), with most being Harman and Norharman. IQ, MeIQx, 4,8‐DiMeIQx, Trp‐p‐2, PhIP and MeAaC were not detected in smoked lamb meat products in the present study. The total content of HAAs differed between meat products of different sheep breeds, but no difference in the order of magnitude was determined. Smoking altered the content of protein, fat, moisture and free amino acids in lamb meat products, which was probably mostly contributed by the reduction in meat moisture. Free tryptophan decreased in all breeds after smoking, which was probably used to synthesise HAAs. In summary, HAAs were low in smoked lamb meat products of all sheep breeds; thus, consumption of smoked lamb meat products should contribute very limited intake of HAAs.     

不同季节运输酱卤类低温肉制品品质变化研究

采用卤牛肉、烟熏肉为原料,模拟冬季、春季、夏季三个季节的运输温度(3、8、15℃)对产品进行两次运输,运输时间分别为3、6h,平均运输速度80km/h。通过运前运后贮藏样品并测定其水分含量、色泽、菌落总数等指标,得出运输前后原料肉制品品质变化大小以及运输过程对原料肉制品贮藏特性的影响。结果表明,两种产品在运输贮藏过程中质量均发生劣变,长时间、高温度运输对产品贮藏特性的下降影响显著,对于微生物、色泽运输温度影响较显著,对于水分、质构特性运输时间影响较显著。总体上运输过程会不同程度影响产品的贮藏特性,长时间高温度运输会使产品贮藏中货架期缩短。      

Elemental composition of game meat from Austria

Concentrations of 26 elements (B, Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, U) in wild game meat from Austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. All investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (Lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (Sus scrofa). In 19 out of 61 meat samples lead concentrations were higher than 0.1 mg/kg, the maximum limit in meat as set by the European Commission (Regulation EC No 1881/2006), which is most likely caused by ammunition residues. Especially, pellet shot animals and chamois show a high risk for lead contamination. Despite ammunition residues all investigated muscle samples show no further health risk with respect to metal contamination.     

Determination of lead and cadmium content in sausages from Iran

The contents of lead and cadmium in five major brands of six types of cooked beef sausages consumed in Iran were determined by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) after hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid digestion. The metal content in the samples, expressed in µg?kg^?1 wet weight, varied from 24.0 to 158.7 with an average of 53.5 for lead and from 2.2 to 13.5 with an average of 5.7 for cadmium. The highest lead and cadmium concentrations were obtained from a German sausage (158.7?µg?kg^?1; brand B) and hot dog (13.5?µg?kg^?1; brand D), respectively. The results indicate that the sausages from Iran have concentrations below the permitted levels for these heavy metals. The daily dietary intakes and the percentage contribution of the two considered metals to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) were calculated for sausages.     

Benzo(a)pyrene penetration on a smoked meat product during smoking time

The Codex Alimentarius gives recommendations to prevent carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (represented by benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)) contamination during processing of meat products, including the control of smoking time. The influence of direct smoking time (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days) on the relationship between the BaP and moisture content of a typical Spanish smoked meat product called chorizo and the mechanism of BaP penetration and water release from four different depths in the product was studied. Chorizo was studied from the Principality of Asturias, a location never before tested. An analytical method was developed for this purpose consisting of PAH extraction assisted by sonication followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample clean-up and analytical determination using GC-MS. Results show that an increase in smoking time produced contradictory and independent effects on the moisture and BaP content (µg kg^–1) of chorizos. The moisture content decreased from 49.9% to 31.3%. On the other hand, the BaP content increased from less than 0.24 µg kg^–1 to 0.75 µg kg^–1, finally stabilising after 5 days of smoking. After this time, the natural pores of the casing could be blocked by the large size tar particles from smoke, preventing the continued penetration of PAHs. The BaP content decreased and the moisture content increased progressively from the casing to the centre of the meat product. BaP mainly accumulated in the smoked casing, being four times in excess of the legal limit. This paper analyses the mechanism for preventing PAHs contamination during the process of smoking meat products.     

江苏地区熏烧烤肉制品质量分析

目的了解熏烧烤肉制品质量状况。方法对江苏省13市418批次熏烧烤肉制品进行抽检,采用最新食品安全国家标准进行检测,并对检测数据进行分析。结果苯甲酸及其钠盐2批次不合格,苯并[a]芘1批次不合格,4种多环芳烃之和[苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽以及1,2-苯并菲总量,简写为PAH4]项目有3批次超过欧盟限量;360批次样品检出多环芳烃,检出率86.1%,分子量相对较低的轻质多环芳烃平均检出率是重质多环芳烃平均检出率的3.2倍;229批次肉制品进行了肉源性成分鉴定,发现21批次与声称成分不符,不符合率为9.2%。结论本次熏烧烤肉制品主要不合格项目为超范围使用食品添加剂、苯并[a]芘超标,PAH4超过欧盟限量标准;由肉种成分分析结果可以看出,存在以低价原料冒充高价原料的情况。     

Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in common carp meat smoked in traditional conditions

Common carp meat was smoked in traditional conditions without filter and with zeolite, granular activated carbon, and gravel filters. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of using different filters in traditional smoking conditions on 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Environmental Protection Agency list (16 US-EPA PAHs). Determination and quantification of PAHs were performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the obtained results, all examined samples of common carp meat smoked in traditional conditions were safe for consumers regarding to the European Commission Regulation on PAH content. After statistical analysis, the zeolite filter appeared to be the best one based on food safety of traditional production of smoked common carp meat. Application of any of these filters to produce smoked common carp meat in traditional conditions resulted in a safer product, as lower levels of PAHs were obtained.