Shading and lighting operation in office buildings in Austria: A study of user control behavior

Occupants of buildings typically operate devices such as windows, shades, luminaires, radiators, and fans to bring about desirable indoor environmental conditions. These control actions can have a significant impact on buildings’ performance (energy use, indoor climate). A better understanding of control-oriented user behavior can not only facilitate more accurate predictions of buildings’ performance, but also support the effective operation of buildings’ service systems. This paper describes a study of control-oriented user behavior (as related to systems for lighting and shading) in three office buildings in Austria. The results specifically shed light on the relationships between control actions and environmental conditions inside and outside buildings.     

Predictive simulation-based lighting and shading systems control in buildings

This paper presents a prototypically implemented daylight-responsive lighting and shading systems control in buildings that makes use of real-time sensing and lighting simulation. This system can control the position of window blinds and the status of the luminaires. It operates as follows: (1) at regular time intervals, the system considers a set of candidate control states for the subsequent time step; (2) these alternatives are then virtually enacted via a lighting simulation application that receives input data from a self-updating model of sky (luminance distribution maps obtained via calibrated digital photography), room, and occupancy; (3) the simulation results are compared and ranked according to the preferences (objective function) specified by the occupants and/or facility manager to identify the candidate control state with the most desirable performance.     

上海智能楼宇空调系统对室内生态环境的影响

在对上海7栋智能建筑的实测和调研中发现,对室内环境品质的主观问卷调查与客观实测数据之间没有明显的相关性,有的甚至大相径庭。分析表明,这些大楼空调系统的设计、安装和运行对室内环境品质的主观调查结果有很大的影响,主要影响因素有：室内设定参数,室内气流分布,新风供给方式,窗是否能开启,空气龄,楼宇自控理念等。提出了改善室内生态环境的建议。     

办公楼的室内空气品质与新风

根据对上海市区7幢甲级办公楼的室内空气品质和新风量的现场测试结果，试图分析办公楼的室内空气品质和新风量的关系，以及室外空气品质对室内空气品质的影响。     

智能建筑的室内生态环境

从智能建筑和室内生态环境的概念出发,论 保证智能建筑室内环境品质的基本原则,介绍了选用节能窗,建筑外阳板等被动式和采用置换通风,冷辐射吊顶等主动式方法,在智能建筑内创造良好的生态环境,保证室内环境吕质的途径,提出对建筑自动化系统中环境品质控制的建议。     

办公楼地板送风系统应用与研究现状

就地板送风的系统特点、室内气流分布、热舒适与室内空气品质、送风静压层的性能、室内冷负荷和风机能耗等方面介绍了国内外的研究现状。指出有待于进一步研究的一些方面。     

办公建筑节能设计影响因素分析

针对《公共建筑节能设计标准》中对建筑热工设计的规定,结合工程实际,计算分析了办公建筑节能设计的影响因素,供设计参考。     

哈尔滨地区办公建筑夜间机械通风能耗及室内热环境分析

采用EnergyPlus软件对哈尔滨地区典型办公建筑在常规空调系统运行模式与夜间机械通风系统运行模式下的室内热环境和能耗进行了模拟。结果表明,在哈尔滨地区,白天室外最高温度高于24℃时都适合进行夜间机械通风,一共约60d,占空调运行期的72.3%;整个夏季空调运行期内,采用夜间机械通风系统该办公建筑节电量指标为1.15kWh/(m2.a),节省运行费用指标为1.02元/(m2.a);在人工制冷阶段,夜间机械通风模式下的室内热环境明显优于常规空调模式,且房间体积与表面积比越小,越有利于提高室内环境的热舒适性;当室内空气设计温度较高时,室内温度下降大,延迟人工制冷开启时间长,但是节能量未必比室内设计温度较低时高。     

上海市7幢办公楼室内环境品质评价

对上海市7幢高层办公楼同时进行了室内热环境、空气品质、视环境和听觉环境的现场测试和满意度调查，分析和比较了客观测试和主观调查的结果，对这7幢办公楼的室内环境品质进行了综合评价。     

智能建筑中暖通空调和照明系统的计算机控制系统与策略

以美国一大学建筑物性能测试中心的智能工作区间为例,说明了暖通空调和照明系统的计算机控制系统,以及应用设备和软件流程图,介绍了智能建筑的控制系统结构和控制策略。     

办公建筑提高夏季空调设定温度对建筑能耗的影响

提高夏季空调设定温度对不同类型办公建筑能耗的影响程度不同。以北京地区办公建筑为研究对象,分别对3种空调设定温度下的建筑能耗进行了模拟。针对大、中、小型办公建筑,分析了影响其节能量的主要因素,并提出了相应的改善措施。     

谈高层办公楼节能设计

通过对高层办公楼自然采光通风利用率低、外围护结构保温隔热能力低的介绍,分析了高层办公楼的节能方式,包括提高建筑物朝向、提高自然光照及通风能力、提高围护结构的节能效率等,从而达到节能的目标。     

武汉写字楼的能源管理与节能改造分析

根据2007年武汉市能源审计结果,分析了写字楼的能源管理现状.对某写字楼进行了能耗模拟和节能改造模拟.能耗模拟结果表明,机组选型偏大,系统运行调节存在问题.建议提高系统综合能效比、实施照明控制和安装外遮阳;能耗模拟要考虑周边建筑的阴影.     

智能照明控制系统在办公建筑中的应用

介绍了智能照明控制系统的发展背景和优势,在此基础上结合某报业集团办公楼的电气设计,阐述了智能照明控制系统在办公类建筑中的应用,指出智能照明控制系统具有灵活方便,降低成本,绿色节能的特点,以期推广应用。     

上海市公共建筑能耗与运行管理现状调查

通过对上海市公共建筑能耗与运行管理的调查,给出其能耗现状和建筑运行管理模式,为建筑节能可行性研究提供参考。     

MIP approach for designing heating systems in residential buildings and neighbourhoods

In this work, a mixed integer linear programming (MIP) approach for the optimal design of energy systems in residential buildings is presented. The optimization model considers the economic criteria of the guideline VDI 2067. The objective of the MIP is to minimize the annual costs which comprise the investment as well as demand- and operation-related costs. Conventional boilers, electrical heaters, combined heat and power (CHP) units, heat pumps (HPs), photovoltaic (PV) systems and thermal storages as well as local heating networks (HNs) are defined as options. The investigation on a building level shows that a boiler is the economically optimal solution for small buildings, followed by a HP unit. In multi-family buildings, both boilers and CHP units hold an economical advantage over HPs. For apartment buildings, CHP is identified as the economically optimal system. In the neighbourhood analysis of six buildings, the solver establishes a local HN which allows for both economical and CO₂-emission reductions.     

我国北方办公建筑能耗特点及节能设计措施

通过对我国北方气候特点的分析,结合办公建筑使用特点,总结出我国北方办公建筑的能耗特点,并分析了当前我国北方办公建筑节能方面存在的问题,针对问题从规划建筑设计、建筑节能技术、合同能源管理几个方面讨论了适宜我国北方办公建筑节能的措施,以减少办公建筑能耗,推进社会持续发展。     

办公建筑照明能效分析及节能建议

照明节能是建筑节能的重要组成部分。通过对一栋办公建筑照明系统详尽的调查和测试,按照各类照明耗电量计算方法,得到该大楼不同时段和不同区域的照明分项能耗,分析办公建筑照明能耗的特点。根据各区域的照度、照明系统的实时功率和有关区域面积等数据,计算得到办公室、会议室和营业厅等区域的照明功率密度,据此评价了该建筑的照明能效水平。最后提出了办公建筑照明系统的节能建议,为福建省办公建筑的照明系统能效评价提供了计算和分析方法。     

档案馆建筑的绿色建筑设计策略

介绍了档案馆建筑设计中,通过采用与绿色建筑相关的技术手段和策略解决的技术难题,包括严寒地区档案库区部分建筑的围护结构热工设计、干燥地区夏季空调系统节能设计、室内环境优化措施等,达到了绿色建筑标准要求。     

Opportunities for reversible chillers in office buildings in Europe

Europe with more than 600 millions of square meters of air-conditioned office buildings offers an opportunity to save energy and reduce CO₂ emissions by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps in office buildings. One of the questions asked in the framework of the IEA ECBCS Annex 48 is how to assess the energy saving potential and how to identify the most interesting building cases. The methodology proposed here is based on the simulation of office buildings representative of the building stock. The energy consumption has been simulated for different office building types in five European climatic zones on the one hand with boilers for heating and chillers for cooling, and on the other hand with reversible chillers plus back-up boilers. The results of the simulations in terms of energy consumption allow us to assess the primary energy savings and CO₂ emission reduction in Europe by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps. The results show that the potential of annual primary energy savings and annual CO₂ emission reduction are about 8 TWh_PE and 3 millions of tons of CO₂ in Europe-15. Even if the temperature level in terminal units can be solved using the cooling coil instead of the heating coil, a back up boiler turns generally out to be required for the coldest days in the year or when simultaneous heating and cooling demands occur.