An enhanced encryption algorithm for video based on multiple Huffman tables

Encryption is one of the fundamental technologies that is used in the security of multimedia data. Unlike ordinary computer applications, multimedia applications generate large amount of data that has to be processed in real time. This work investigates the problem of efficient multimedia data encryption. A scheme known as the Randomized Huffman Table scheme was recently proposed to achieve encryption along with compression. Though this scheme has several advantages it cannot overcome the chosen plaintext attack. An enhancement of this Huffman scheme is proposed in this work which essentially overcomes the attack and improves the security. The proposed encryption approach consists of two modules. The first module is the Randomized Huffman Table module, the output of which is fed to the second XOR module to enhance the performance. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can withstand the chosen plaintext attack. The efficiency and security of the proposed scheme makes it an ideal choice for real time secure multimedia applications.     

A resource-efficient encryption algorithm for multimedia big data

Nowadays, multimedia is considered to be the biggest big data as it dominates the traffic in the Internet and mobile phones. Currently symmetric encryption algorithms are used in IoT but when considering multimedia big data in IoT, symmetric encryption algorithms incur more computational cost. In this paper, we have designed and developed a resource-efficient encryption system for encrypting multimedia big data in IoT. The proposed system takes the advantages of the Feistel Encryption Scheme, an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and genetic algorithms. To satisfy high throughput, the GPU has also been used in the proposed system. This system is evaluated on real IoT medical multimedia data to benchmark the encryption algorithms such as MARS, RC6, 3-DES, DES, and Blowfish in terms of computational running time and throughput for both encryption and decryption processes as well as the avalanche effect. The results show that the proposed system has the lowest running time and highest throughput for both encryption and decryption processes and highest avalanche effect with compared to the existing encryption algorithms. To satisfy the security objective, the developed algorithm has better Avalanche Effect with compared to any of the other existing algorithms and hence can be incorporated in the process of encryption/decryption of any plain multimedia big data. Also, it has shown that the classical and modern ciphers have very less Avalanche Effect and hence cannot be used for encryption of confidential multimedia messages or confidential big data. The developed encryption algorithm has higher Avalanche Effect and for instance, AES in the proposed system has an Avalanche Effect of %52.50. Therefore, such system is able to secure the multimedia big data against real-time attacks.

     

Using RC4 and AES Key Schedule to Generate Dynamic S-Box in AES

ABSTRACT

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher system is widely used in cryptographic applications. Substitution boxes (S-boxes) are a keystone of modern symmetric cryptosystems which bring nonlinearity to the cryptosystems and strengthen their cryptographic security. The S-box component used in classic AES is fixed and not changeable. If the S-box is generated dynamically, the cryptographic strength of AES cipher system would be increased. In this article, we use RC4 and AES Key Expansion algorithms to generate dynamic S-box for AES. The purpose of the proposed approach is to generate more secure S-boxes. The generated S-box will have better results in security analysis. To examine the security, various tests are applied to the new S-box and the results pass all of them.     

A robust multimedia authentication and restoration scheme in digital photography

Image authentication and restoration is an important area of modern research. In digital photography, copyright protection is very crucial. Visible signatures distract from the meaning of the photograph as well as they are easy to be removed by using advanced softwares. Invisible watermarks provide protection, offer a better look to photographs than visible watermarking, and prevent the photographs from unauthorized manipulations. A robust multiple watermarking scheme is required which could invisibly protect the content and also should survive the manipulations for later verification and restoration. In this paper, a robust and imperceptible multimedia authentication and restoration scheme is proposed. The security of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is utilized to make an encrypted watermark. The encrypted watermark is then embedded into photographs in the salient regions by proposed Feature-Closest Point Transform (F-CPT) algorithm. The second watermark is generated by wavelet decomposition and embedded in the second and third level wavelet sub-bands of the cover photographs. Several security attacks are performed e.g. noise attack, compression attack, resizing attack, rotation attack, collage attack, and cropping attack on multiple watermarked photographs to examine the system robustness by normalized cross correlation (NCC) for retrieved authentication watermarks. Result of PSNR, MSE, and SSIM show the high imperceptibility of our technique and aesthetic score (AS) shows the aesthetic quality of watermarked photographs (WPs).     

Gaussian filter for TDOA based sound source localization in multimedia surveillance

Although multimedia surveillance systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in our living environment, automated multimedia surveillance systems based on video camera lacks the robustness and reliability most of the time in several real applications. To overcome this drawback, audio sensory devices have been taken into account in a considerable amount of research. For example, Sound Source Localization (SSL) may indicate potential security risks and could point the camera in that direction. In this paper, a reliable sound source localization based on Time-Difference-Of-Arrival (TDOA) is explored. The novel aspect of our approach includes a TDOA based Gaussian filter to improve the accuracy and stability of sound source localization. The advantage of our proposed algorithm is its extensive integration with various TDOA-based methods in all kinds of microphone array. The Experimental comparison shows significant improvement over the state of the art TDOA-based algorithm.

     

Improving the compression and encryption of images using FPGA-based cryptosystems

Compression and encryption technologies are important to the efficient solving of network bandwidth and security issues. A novel scheme, called the Image Compression Encryption Scheme (ICES), is presented. It combines the Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Significance-Linked Connected Component Analysis (SLCCA), and the Advance Encryption Standard (AES). Because of above reason the ICES efficiently reduce the overall processing time. This study develops a novel hardware system to compress and encrypt an image in real-time using an image compression encryption scheme. The proposed system exploits parallel processing to increase the throughout of the cryptosystem for Internet multimedia applications to implement the ICES. Using hardware acceleration for encryption and decryption, the FPGA implementation of DWT, SLCCA and the AES algorithm can be used. Using a pipeline structure, a very high data throughput of 330 Mbit/s at a clock frequency of 40 MHz was obtained. Therefore, the ICES is secure, fast and suited to high speed network protocols such as ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) or Internet multimedia applications. Shih-Ching Ou is working with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University as a senior professor. His research interests include computer aided design, e-learning system, and virtual reality, etc. In August 2004, he serves as Leader University Professor and Director of Research and Development, now he act as Leader University Professor and Institute of Applied Information (Chairman). He has published a number of international journal and conferences papers related to these areas. Currently, he is the chief of Bioinformatics & CAD Laboratory. Hung-Yuan Chung joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at the National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan as an associate professor in August 1987. Since August 1992, he was promoted as professor. In addition, he is a registered professional Engineer in R. O. C. He is a life member of the CIEE and the CIE. He received the outstanding Electrical Engineer award of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering in October 2003. His research and teaching interests include System Theory and Control, Adaptive Control, Fuzzy Control, Neural Network Applications, and Microcomputer-Based Control Applications. Wen-Tsai Sung is a PhD candidate at Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University in Taiwan. His research interests include computer aided design, web-based learning system, bioinformatics and virtual reality. He has published a number of international journal and conferences papers related to these areas. He received a BS degree from the Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan in 1993 and received a MS degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan in 2000. He has win the dragon thesis award; master degree thesis be recognized the most outstanding academic research. The thesis entitle is: “Integrated computer graphics system in a virtual environment.” Sponsor is Acer Foundation (Acer Universal Computer Co.). Currently, he is studying PhD at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University as a researcher of Bioinformatics & CAD Laboratory.     

Overview of Information Security Using Genetic Algorithm and Chaos

ABSTRACT

Security, integrity, nonrepudiation, confidentiality, and authentication services are the most important factors in information security. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are a class of optimization algorithms. Many problems can be solved using genetic algorithms through modeling a simplified version of genetic processes. The application of a genetic algorithm to the field of cryptology is unique. Few works exist on this topic. In this article, an attempt has been made to give an overview of genetic algorithm-based cryptography and to propose a new approach to GA with pseudorandom sequence to encrypt data stream. The feature of such an approach includes high data security and high feasibility for easy integration with commercial multimedia transmission applications. The experimental results of the proposed technique confirm that high throughput rate needed for real time data protection is achieved.     

Commutative encryption and watermarking based on orthogonal decomposition

Commutative Encryption and Watermarking (CEW) is a technology combined with encryption and watermarking, which is used for providing comprehensive security protection for multimedia information. This paper presents a novel CEW scheme based on orthogonal decomposition. Different from current CEW, the proposed CEW not only achieves the integration of encryption and watermarking in the final data but also has no specific restrictions in selecting encryption and watermarking algorithms. Therefore, the proposed CEW possesses higher security and applicability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CEW can keep the performances of selected encryption and watermarking algorithm and show more robustness than other current CEW schemes.     

Symmetric key-based authenticated encryption protocol

ABSTRACT

Authenticated Encryption (AE) – is a block cipher mode of operation protocol which gives privacy, integrity, and authenticity confirmations on the data at the same time; incorporating decryption in a single step with an integrity check. The requirement for AE has risen out of the perception that safely integrating a confidentiality feature with an authentication feature could be error-prone and troublesome. It is confirmed by various practical assaults brought into the creation of authentication protocols and applications by wrong execution or lack of authentication. It is a challenge to design and develop such a kind of AE protocols which compromises authenticity and confidentiality with all possibly provable security notions. In this paper, we have developed a symmetric-key based fast, efficient, and secure AE protocol. Our protocol meets the objectives of distinguishing authentication, mutual authentication while guaranteeing data integrity, confidentiality, authenticity and secure key sharing between involved parties. We have used ProVerif to verify our proposed protocol formally and found it to be provably safe on all the standard tests.     

Multi keyword searchable attribute based encryption for efficient retrieval of health Records in Cloud

Personal Health Record (PHR) is an online electronic application used by patients to store, retrieve and share their health information in a private and secure environment. While outsourcing the PHR into cloud environment, there exist issues in privacy while storing, searching and sharing of health information. To overcome these issues, an efficient retrieval of health records using Multi Keyword Searchable Attribute Based Encryption (MK-SABE) is proposed. To manage the increasing PHR data in the cloud, an Authorized File Level Deduplication technique is adopted. It eliminates redundant files, thereby reducing the communication overhead. Moreover, PHR data is encrypted before outsourcing and to perform searching over encrypted data, the proposed MK-SABE introduces Conjunctive Multi Keyword Searchable Attribute Based Encryption (CM-SABE). This maintains the searchable property after encryption for efficient retrieval of health files using range query. Further to ensure the trustworthiness while sharing the sensitive data, MK-SABE introduces the Location Based Encryption (LBE) and Dynamic Location Based ReEncryption (DLBRE) technique to provide additional security. From the experimental analysis, it is proved that the proposed MK-SABE reduces the storage complexity by 5%, keyword search time by 25% and improves the overall performance of PHR by 40% compared to the existing schemes.

     

Quasi-commutative watermarking and encryption for secure media content distribution

Commutative Watermarking and Encryption (CWE) provides a solution for interoperation between watermarking and encryption. It realizes the challenging operation that embeds a watermark into the encrypted multimedia data directly, which avoids the decryption–watermarking–encryption triples. Till now, few CWE schemes have been reported. They often obtain the commutative property by partitioning multimedia data into independent parts (i.e., the encryption part and the watermarking part). Since the two parts are isolated, it can not keep secure enough against replacement attacks. To avoid the disadvantage, a novel quasi-commutative watermarking and encryption (QCWE) scheme based on quasi-commutative operations is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, the encryption operation and watermarking operation are applied to the same data part. Since the two operations are homogenous with commutative properties, their orders can be commutated. As an example, the scheme for MPEG2 video encryption and watermarking is presented. In this example, the DCs in intra macroblocks are encrypted or watermarked based on random module addition, while the DCs in other macroblocks and all the ACs’ signs are encrypted with a stream cipher or block cipher. Analysis and experiments show that the scheme obtains high perceptual security and time efficiency, and the watermarking and encryption operations can be commutated. These properties make the scheme a suitable choice for efficient media content distribution. Additionally, the paper shows the availability of constructing the commutative watermarking and encryption scheme with homogenous operations, which is expected to activate the new research topic.

电子邮件的安全性分析

本文就电子邮件系统的安全性进行分析。探讨了电子邮件的安全问题,指出其不安全的内在原因,提出了安全电子邮件应具有的四种具体功能。由于PGP侧重个人目的的电子邮件安全,最后对基于RSA公钥加密体系的邮件加密软件—PGP进行了详细的分析。     

Selected Security and Legal Issues in E-Commerce

Abstract

Encryption can be explained as the process of transforming information into an unintelligible form and thus making it extremely hard for others to understand the meaning of the message. Encryption can be used to disguise messages so that even if a message is diverted, it will not be revealed.⁶     

融合图像感知哈希技术的运动目标跟踪

目的 为解决运动目标跟踪时因遮挡、尺度变换等产生的目标丢失以及传统匹配跟踪算法计算复杂度高等问题,提出一种融合图像感知哈希技术的运动目标跟踪算法.方法 本文算法利用感知哈希技术提取目标摘要进行模板图像识别匹配,采用匹配跟踪策略和搜索跟踪策略相配合来准确跟踪目标,并构建模板评价函数和模板更新准则实现目标模板的自适应更新,保证其在目标发生遮挡和尺度变换情况下的适应性.结果 该算法与基于NCC(normalized cross correlation)的模板匹配跟踪算法、Mean-shift跟踪算法以及压缩跟踪算法相比,在目标尺度变换和物体遮挡时,跟踪的连续性和稳定性更好,且具有较低的计算复杂度,能分别降低跟踪系统约6.2%、 6.3%、 9.3%的计算时间.结论 本文算法能有效实现视频场景中目标发生遮挡及尺度变换情况下的跟踪,跟踪的连续性和稳定性良好,且算法具有较低的计算复杂度,有利于实时性跟踪系统的构建.     

New impossible differential attacks on reduced-round Crypton

Crypton is a 128-bit block cipher which was submitted to the Advanced Encryption Standard competition. In this paper, we present two new impossible differential attacks to reduced-round Crypton. Using two new observations on the diffusion layer of Crypton, exploiting a 4-round impossible differential, and appropriately choosing three additional rounds, we mount the first impossible differential attack on 7-round Crypton. The proposed attacks require 2¹²¹ chosen plaintexts each. The first attack requires 2^125.2 encryptions. We then utilize more pre-computation and memory to reduce the time complexity to 2^116.2 encryptions in the second attack.     

An open framework for a multimedia medical document system (a multimedia document system framework)

A novel and generalized open framework for multimedia information manipulation is proposed. The document system consists of functional modules for capturing, storing and presenting multimedia data. These modules work independently and communicate through aHyperDocument Interfacelayer. The modular approach has the added advantage of easy-to-maintain and the convenience for future enhancements. Hypermedia and temporal –spatial relationships between document media nodes are embedded into the data structure to support flexible presentation of multimedia information. Windows and a specially designedDocument Tree Dialogprovide an environment for efficient and user-friendly information retrieval. Other system issues such as security and customization are also addressed in the design. Based on this approach, a medical multimedia document system to handle cardiac catheterization record (CCR) was designed as a demonstration for the research idea. The proposed design can be applied and extended to cover a variety of multimedia applications.     

A novel Modified Chaotic Simplified Advanced Encryption System (MCS-AES): mixed reality for a secure surgical tele-presence

Mixed Reality (MR) surgery has not been effectively implemented in telemedicine due to strict requirements of security and delay minimization during real-time video transmission. Hence, this paper aims to propose a novel solution for Surgical Telepresence with highly secured and faster real-time video transmission. The proposed system consists of three components: Authentication (Pre-surgery), Data transmission (During-Surgery), and Storage (Post-Surgery). For Authentication, Pass-Matrix technique is used at both ends to provide graphical passwords. During the surgery, a hybrid system is used to provide highly secured and faster real-time video transmission. This system includes a Feistel Encryption System (FES), Modified Scaled Zhongtang Chaotic System (M-SCZS), and Modified Advanced Encryption System (M-AES) algorithm. After Surgery, the transmitted data are stored using the Information Accountability Framework (IAF) for future purposes. The results are obtained from the during-surgery stage for jaw, breast, and bowel surgery. Both solutions are simulated in MATLAB on a personal computer with average processing capability. The proposed solution improves the entropy from 7.733~7.782 to 7.798–7.996 and reduces the processing time from 8.642~9.911 s/frames to 5.071~6.563 s/frames. The proposed focus on reducing the total processing time for the encryption and decryption process with improving security during the surgery process. Finally, this solution provides a fast security system for surgical telepresence that helps both local and remote surgeons for secure real-time communication. The complexity for this work need to know the used chaotic method, the values of the chaotic parameters and for which this method was used, in addition to the complexity of state of the art.

     

一种面向密码芯片的旁路攻击防御方法

针对不同级别的旁路信息泄露,提出一种通用的旁路信息泄露容忍防御模型,并结合信息熵理论给出该模型的形式化描述.该模型采用(t,n)门限机制,使得部分旁路信息泄露不会影响系统的安全性.在该防御模型的基础上,结合高级加密标准AES-128算法的安全实现,设计了一种两阶段掩码的旁路攻击防御方法.与已有的防御方法相比,该方法能够同时防御高阶旁路攻击与模板攻击.通过理论分析与仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

Cryptanalysis of Some Multimedia Encryption Schemes

Encryption is one of the fundamental technologies that is used in digital rights management. Unlike ordinary computer applications, multimedia applications generate large amounts of data that has to be processed in real time. So, a number of encryption schemes for multimedia applications have been proposed in recent years. We analyze the following proposed methods for multimedia encryption: key-based multiple Huffman tables (MHT), arithmetic coding with key-based interval splitting (KSAC), and randomized arithmetic coding (RAC). Our analysis shows that MHT and KSAC are vulnerable to low complexity known- and/or chosen-plaintext attacks. Although we do not provide any attacks on RAC, we point out some disadvantages of RAC over the classical compress-then-encrypt approach.     

Real-time video security system using chaos- improved advanced encryption standard (IAES)

Real-time multimedia applications are increasingly achieving success in the everyday world. Thereby, multimedia information relies on security to protect private life. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been designed to secure different applications. Yet, some limitations are given, making it inappropriate for secure video storation and transmission. The limitations are the time complexity, the multiple iterations, and the predefined substitution box. Thus, any user can use it to break the encryption. Moreover, the multiple iterations augment the need for CPU usage, and so the overall run time. Hence, it is necessary to modify the AES algorithm to make it more appropriate for securing video frames transmission over insecure channel. In this paper, an Improved AES (IAES) is put forward, which improves both diffusion and confusion in ciphered video. Our work consists in the following two main points: First, we propose to eliminate both shift-row and sub-byte transformations and replace them with a mix-row operation. This task reduces the run time, which presents a significant factor for real-time video transmission. Equally important, we propose to use the henon chaotic map in the key generation procedure, which provides more randomness. The Hash Algorithm SHA-3 is used to generate the initial conditions of the chaotic attractor. The video encryption procedure is verified with success, and the experimental results confirm that the novel algorithm combining chaos and IAES augments the entropy of the ciphered video by 15% and reduces the complexity time for both encryption and decryption compared to the standard one. Security analysis is successfully performed, and the results prove that our suggested technique provides the basics of cryptography with more correctness. The PRNG is tested by NIST 800–22 test suit, which indicates that it is suitable for secure image encryption. It provides a large key space of 2¹²⁸ which resists the brute-force attack. All in all, the findings confirm that the novel security approach eliminates the limitation of the existing AES and provides a trade-off between speed and safety levels to secure video transmission.