Elemental composition of game meat from Austria

Concentrations of 26 elements (B, Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, U) in wild game meat from Austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. All investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (Lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (Sus scrofa). In 19 out of 61 meat samples lead concentrations were higher than 0.1 mg/kg, the maximum limit in meat as set by the European Commission (Regulation EC No 1881/2006), which is most likely caused by ammunition residues. Especially, pellet shot animals and chamois show a high risk for lead contamination. Despite ammunition residues all investigated muscle samples show no further health risk with respect to metal contamination.     

Chemical composition of wild boar meat and relationship between age and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver tissue

This study determined the accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) in tissues of wild boar. The tested animals were divided into three age groups, which allowed analysis of the statistical/mathematical relationship between their age and contamination of their tissues. For determination of heavy metal content, samples were taken from the longissimus muscle of the back and from the tail lobe of the liver. It has been stated that, in wild boar, accumulation of lead and cadmium in muscle and liver increases with age. However, statistical differences were found most frequently between the youngest and oldest animal groups only. Moreover, in no single case, was the maximum permissible level exceeded in muscle for lead, cadmium or mercury, and arsenic was not detected above 0.001 mg/kg. In the >3 year group, the maximum permissible level of cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) was exceeded in two liver samples.     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of sea cucumbers

BACKGROUND: The dried form of sea cucumbers has been a seafood and medicinal cure for Asians over many centuries. In this study the chemical composition and nutritional quality of eight common sea cucumbers (Stichopus herrmanni, Thelenota ananas, Thelenota anax, Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria fuscopunctata, Actinopyga mauritiana, Actinopyga caerulea and Bohadschia argus) were determined. RESULTS: All species except T. anax and A. caerulea had higher protein and lower fat levels. A. mauritiana and B. argus had less ash content. Glycine was the dominant amino acid found in all species, and content ranged from 126 to 216 mg g^?1 of crude protein. All species exhibited low lysine:arginine ratio and higher essential amino acid scores were obtained by threonine and phenylalanine + tyrosine. A. mauritiana had proportionally less saturated fatty acids (31.23%), and more monounsaturated fatty acids (45.64%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 23.13%) than other species. Arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) was the major PUFA in all species. T. ananas, A. mauritiana and A. caerulea contained more n‐3 PUFA. The n‐3/n‐6 ratios of eight sea cucumbers species ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. CONCLUSION: Sea cucumbers are a seafood with high protein and low fat levels. The amino acid contents were similar but fatty acid profiles were different among species. The comparison showed that T. ananas, A. mauritiana and B. argus possessed higher nutritional values than other sea cucumber species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mercury residues in free-grazing cattle and domestic fowl form the artisanal gold mining area of Geita district,Tanzania

Environmental contamination with mercury from artisanal gold mines in Tanzania has been widely reported. People living around mining villages keep domestic animals which are allowed to feed freely in mercury-contaminated areas. This study investigated Hg accumulation in the liver and muscle tissue of cattle and domestic fowl reared in mining villages. Total mercury levels up to 436 and 820 µg/kg wet weight were found in liver samples taken from cattle and domestic fowl, respectively. Significantly higher mercury concentrations were found in liver samples collected at mining villages (p < 0.05) than those taken from the reference area. While mercury concentrations in liver samples exceeded the acceptable maximum concentrations for humans set in the Netherlands and Poland, the Hg concentrations in muscle were below the limits of most countries. It is recommended that the keeping of freely grazing cattle and domestic fowl in or around artisanal gold mines should be avoided.     

Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of three different fresh and dried commercial sea cucumbers from Turkey

Proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of three commercial sea cucumbers; Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria polii and Holothuria mammata caught from Aegean Sea of Turkey were analysed. The effects of regional variation and drying process on FA composition were also investigated. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the species ranged between 81.24% and 85.24%, 7.88% and 8.82%, 0.09% and 0.18%, and 5.13% and 7.85%, respectively, with a significant changes among species (P < 0.05) with some exceptions. Although FA values varied significantly (P < 0.05) among species and regions, the changes for most FA types representing the same region for different species were not significantly different. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher than total saturated (SFA) and monosaturated FAs (MUFA) accounting for 53.0–62.12% for ∑PUFA, 13.28–16.41% for ∑MUFA and 13.99–19.21% for ∑SFA. While some individual SFAs and PUFAs decreased after drying process, various individual FAs of MUFA increased in their amounts (P < 0.05). Among PUFAs, the highest mean value of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for all regions were determined for H. polii as 7.25% and H. tubulosa as 12.37% in fresh samples, respectively. This study represents new information relating to FA contents and drying effect on FA profile for these species.     

Elemental composition of cephalopods from Portuguese continental waters

Essential and contaminant elements concentrations were determined in the muscle tissue of octopus (Octopus vulgaris), squid (Loligo vulgaris) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), caught off the Portuguese coast in 2004–2005. As expected, the largest concentrations found correspond to Cl, S, K, Na, P and Mg (average values between 629 mg (100 g)⁻¹, for Cl, and 435 mg kg⁻¹, for Mg, in octopus and squid, respectively). Above average concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe and Sr were also found. The highest total Hg concentration was found in cuttlefish (0.36 mg kg⁻¹); however, this value did not exceed the recommended limit proposed by EU (0.5 mg kg⁻¹). Lead levels observed in all samples were always significantly lower than the EU limit (1.0 mg kg⁻¹). Regarding Cd, the 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ limit was only exceeded in two octopus samples. It may be concluded that the cephalopods studied do not constitute cause for concern, in terms of toxic elements, and could be safely used for daily intake of essential elements. Nevertheless, the squid contribution for elemental DI is minor in comparison to the other two species.     

Novel TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for verifying the authenticity of meat and commercial meat products from game birds

Species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using TaqMan probes have been developed for verifying the labeling of meat and commercial meat products from game birds, including quail, pheasant, partridge, guinea fowl, pigeon, Eurasian woodcock and song thrush. The method combines the use of species-specific primers and TaqMan probes that amplify small fragments (amplicons <150 base pairs) of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, and an endogenous control primer pair that amplifies a 141-bp fragment of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene from eukaryotic DNA. Analysis of experimental raw and heat-treated binary mixtures as well as of commercial meat products from the target species demonstrated the suitability of the assay for the detection of the target DNAs.     

Non-essential and essential trace element concentrations in meat from cattle reared under organic,intensive or conventional production systems

We evaluated if differences in non-essential and essential trace element accumulation in beef-cattle reared under different systems (including organic, conventional and intensive management) were reflected in the meat derived from these animals. Diaphragm muscle from 166 calves from nine farms were analysed. Muscle cadmium concentrations were low (<10 µg/kg wet weight) and muscle arsenic, mercury and lead levels were below the limits of detection (<12, 2 and 3 µg/kg, respectively) in most (77–97%) samples; there were no significant differences between farms. Essential trace element concentrations in muscle were generally within adequate physiological ranges and, although they varied significantly between farms, this was not apparently related to management practices. There were no significant correlations in element concentrations between muscle and liver or kidney (organ concentrations that better reflect exposure), except for cobalt (positive association) and zinc (negative association). Non-essential and essential trace element concentrations in muscle in the studied animals did not generally reflect differences in exposure. This is particularly relevant for animals reared in systems (such as organic farms) where cattle are exposed to higher levels of non-essential elements (probably due to soil ingestion when grazing) but also can suffer from mineral deficiencies.     

Risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain

The presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. The main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain based on Spanish data collected in the period 2003–2006. In general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (mean?=?1291?µg?kg^?1) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (mean?=?326?µg?kg^?1). The results from a point-estimate risk assessment showed that the estimated average intake of lead among different exposure scenarios varied from 0.1 to 6.5 and from 0.3 to 38?µg?kg^?1?week^?1 for red deer and wild boar meat, respectively; and from 0.3 to 35?µg?kg^?1?week^?1 for individuals consuming both red deer and wild boar meat, and that the estimated intake of lead by consumption of big game meat differed significantly between hunters and non-hunters, it being higher for hunters. Besides this, results from the probabilistic risk assessment study corroborated the fact that risk is greater in hunter populations, reaching a maximum in individuals consuming only wild boar and both types of meat, with 0.4% and 0.2% of the population above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), respectively. Likewise, the hunter populations consuming wild boar and both types of big game meat (red deer and wild boar meat) were exposed to the maximum lead level (56?µg?kg^?1?week^?1), which corresponded approximately to 224% of the PTWI. Further data and studies will be needed to give a complete risk estimation in which it will be crucial to consider the contribution to the lead intake level of other foods in the diet of both population groups.     

肉制品中动物源性成分DNA检测方法的研究进展

肉制品主要成分标识的真实性是全球重要的食品安全问题之一,特别是肉制品中动物源性成分的掺假和标识问题已引发全球关注。如何对肉制品中动物源性成分进行鉴定和标识已成为产品真实性鉴定的热点。基于DNA分子稳定性强的优点,DNA检测技术被广泛用于食品安全检测和监测诸多领域,体现出了灵敏度高、特异性强等优势。本文重点从动物源性检测的靶序列DNA选择和DNA分析技术研究2个方面,阐述了肉制品中动物源性成分定性、定量检测技术的研究和应用,并讨论动物源性成分定量分析的可能性,为我国实施动物源性成分量化监管提供思路。     

Incidence of tetracycline residues in chicken meat and liver retailed to consumers

The incidence of tetracyclines’ (TCs) residue (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlorotetracycline and doxycycline) in fresh chicken samples (meat and liver) collected during one year was recorded. TC residues were analysed using an HPLC-DAD method. The limit of detection for meat was 4.4, 5, 10 and 7?ng?g^?1 for OTC, TTC, CTC and DOC, respectively, compared with 5.5, 6, 12 and 9?ng?g^?1 stated for liver. The recovery of the method ranged from 91% to 70% depending upon both matrix type and tetracycline kind. The results revealed that 66 (44%) samples contained TC residues including 21 (42%) breast, 19 (38%) thigh and 26 (52%) liver samples. The corresponding contaminated ranges were 124–5812, 107–6010 and 103–8148?µg?kg^?1. A total of 12 (8%), 13 (7.33%) and 20 (13.33%) samples of breast, thigh and liver, respectively, had TC residues above the Codex maximum residue limit (MRL). Liver samples had a higher incidence and level than those found in breast or thigh samples.     

3种低值海参中海参多糖的提取分离及化学组成研究

海参是我国重要的经济水产品,具有多种营养及生理调节功能。海参多糖是海参的主要功效成分之一。文中以3种低值海参-黄玉参(Stichopus naso)、沙参(Holothuria floridana)及土耳其参(Holothuria tubulosa)为实验原料,在利用分子生物学方法确认其种属的基础上,提取其中的海参多糖,并利用阴离子交换层析分离纯化出海参硫酸软骨素及海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯2种组分。分别采用柱前衍生-HPLC法、离子色谱法及高效凝胶排阻色谱法分析各样品的单糖组成、硫酸根含量及分子质量。结果表明:海参多糖及其组分的化学组成随海参来源的不同而存在差异。     

Comparison on proximate composition and nutritional profile of red and black sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island), Korea

The proximate composition, fatty acid, and amino acid profile of the body wall and viscera of each red and black sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island) in Korea were compared. Moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude lipid contents ranged between 80.26–91.49, 2.57–6.85, 1.13–3.99, and 0.14–2.12%, respectively. The fatty acid values varied depending on the species and the regions of collection. The anteiso C17:0, C16:1Δ⁹, C17:1Δ⁷, C18:1Δ¹¹, and C16:2Δ⁷ were only observed in the body wall. Among the tested fatty acids, the C18:1Δ¹¹ was specific in red sea cucumber, and C20:4Δ⁶ (17.7%) and C20:5Δ³ (17.6%) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all samples. The contents of the C18:0 dimethyl acetal (C18:0 DMA), C16:1Δ⁷, C16:1Δ⁵, and C18:1Δ⁵ were compared in details. Total amino acids (TAA) of body wall were 1.3–1.9 times higher than those of viscera. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid constituted the major TAA of sea cucumbers. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA): nonessential amino acids (NEAA) on TAA ranged from 1.15 to 0.67 of sea cucumbers. Viscera of red sea cucumber from Dokdo(Island) were rich in free amino acids (FAA) and showed a high content in leucine.     

Heterocyclic amine content in commercial ready to eat meat products

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are produced in meats cooked at high temperature, which are potent mutagens and a risk factor for human cancers. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of HCAs in some commonly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. The RTE products were purchased from a local grocery store, and HCA were analyzed using an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC. The primary HCAs in these samples were PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine) (not detected-7.9 ng/g) and MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline) (not detected-3.6 ng/g). Products ranked in order of increasing total HCA content: pepperoni (0.05 ng/g)相似文献   

Production variations of nutritional composition of commercial meat products

Changes in nutrient composition that habitually occur in commercial meat products in the course of production need to be considered for purposes of production systems control, consumer safety, nutritional information, labelling, official regulations or quality of food composition databases. This paper reports a study of production time variations in the nutritional composition of commercial meat products with different characteristics such as composition (protein and fat levels) and processing conditions (lean-only cuts, ground meat, fresh, cooked, brined, etc.). Proximate composition, fatty acid profile, cholesterol concentration, energy value and mineral content were evaluated. Over the year variability in nutrient composition were generally observed in meat products. The variability of composition (proximate analysis and fatty acid proportion) was greater in lean-only cut products as compared with ground meats. The relationship between fat and cholesterol contents of meat products presented correlation coefficients of 0.809 (P < 0.001) and 0.859 (P < 0.001) for the relationship between cholesterol and the sum of fat and protein contents. Several of the products considered are significant sources of Fe, Zn and K. Production variations in nutritional profiles observed in various meat products can affect the dietary assessment of some components, and also the product's nutritional labelling.     

Chemical composition of two muscles of the common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)

Ten mature male common duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia) were cropped and their M longissimus dorsi (LD) and M biceps femoris (BF) dissected in order to determine the chemical composition of the meat of this species. There was no significant difference in proximate chemical composition between the LD and the BF. The duiker muscle had a moisture content of 713.1 g kg^?1, a high protein content (257.7 g kg^?1) and a low fat content (20.6 g kg^?1). Potassium and phosphorus were the minerals and lysine and leucine the amino acids present in highest concentrations in the meat. The LD contained higher levels of sodium and zinc than the BF but lower levels of alanine, leucine and lysine. Stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid constituted the greatest proportion of fatty acids in the meat. The common duiker's meat also had a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content (414.2 g kg^?1 total fatty acids), allowing it to be considered a healthy food commodity. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Validation of an optical surface plasmon resonance biosensor assay for screening (fluoro)quinolones in egg,fish and poultry

A surface plasmon resonance biosensor immunoassay has been developed for multi-residue determination of 13 (fluoro)quinolone antibiotics in poultry meat, eggs and fish. The following performance characteristics were determined according to the guidelines laid down for screening assay validation in European Decision 2002/657/EC: detection capability, specificity/selectivity, decision limit, repeatability, ruggedness and stability. The detection capability estimated for norfloxacin, the reference fluoroquinolone, was below 0.5, 1 and 1.5 ng g^?1 for poultry meat, egg and fish, respectively. The screening assay proved specific and showed satisfactory sensitivity below the MRL levels even though flumequine and oxolinic acid had lower cross-reactivities. A wide range of non-MRL substances were also detected at concentrations below 10 ng g^?1. Repeatability was good with both intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation <6%; ruggedness was also demonstrated.     

刺参多糖的提取纯化及其组分的分析

目的研究圈养刺参多糖的组成。方法以大连圈养刺参为研究对象,采用酶解醇沉法提取刺参的粗多糖,并通过DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换树脂进行进一步纯化,并分别采用高效液相色谱法和红外光谱法对多糖的单糖组成及其含量和多糖的结构进行分析。结果提取的刺参粗多糖含量为62.30%,蛋白质含量为14.27%,纯度较好,经纯化后得到的三个组分峰(峰1、峰2和峰3),除甘露糖外,组分峰2和组分峰3中各单糖含量间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),且组分峰3多糖的质量比最高,为36.45%;刺参多糖中的单糖以岩藻糖、氨基半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸为主,除葡萄糖外,组分峰3中的其他单糖含量均高于组分峰2;组分峰3的结构较复杂。结论本文为海参多糖的开发与利用提供了技术支撑。     

Survey of the anticoccidial feed additive nicarbazin (as dinitrocarbanilide residues) in poultry and eggs

A survey was carried out on the occurrence of dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the marker residue for nicarbazin, in poultry produced in Ireland during 2002–2004. Liver (n?=?736) and breast muscle samples (n?=?342) were tested. DNC residues were found in 40 and 26% of liver and breast muscle samples at levels greater than 12.5 and 5?µg?kg^?1, respectively. DNC residues were found at >200?µg?kg^?1 in 12 and 0% of liver and muscle samples, respectively. Samples of breast muscle (n?=?217) imported from 11 countries were also tested for DNC residues. A lower incidence of DNC residues (6%) was found in imported breast muscle. Egg samples (n?=?546) were tested and DNC residues were found in nine samples, with levels ranging between 14 and 122?µg?kg^?1. Analysis of poultry, carried out as part of official food inspection in the period 2004–2006, indicated a reduction in the number of broiler liver samples containing DNC at >200?µg?kg^?1, to approximately 7%. Low levels of DNC residues continue to be found in <2% of egg samples.