Transient hygrothermal behaviour of a hemp concrete building envelope

The sustainable world's economic growth and people's life improvement greatly depend on the use of alternative products in the architecture and construction, such as industrial wastes conventionally called green materials. For this purpose, hemp concrete is more and more recommended by the eco-builders because hemp is a renewable plant, recyclable and does not degrade within time. It corresponds perfectly to the requirements of high environmental quality buildings. The objective of this article is to study transient hygrothermal behaviour of hemp concrete at whole building level. The physical model is one-dimensional and was implemented into the object-oriented simulation environment SPARK, using the finite difference technique with an implicit scheme. The numerical result showed that the use of hemp concrete wall in buildings can ensure good indoor air quality and energy savings in winter. Besides, the combined effect of moisture buffering with the adequate ventilation strategies increases hemp concrete building performance. Our results also suggest that taking into account the hygrothermal transfer at whole building level with heat and moisture production sources has significant effects on predictions.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of non-isothermal transfer in hygroscopic building materials

In this paper a modified two-dimensional Luikov model for evaluating the non-isothermal moisture migration in porous building materials was proposed. The coupled heat and moisture transfer problem was modeled. Vapor content and temperature were chosen as the principal driving potentials. The coupled equations were solved by a numerical method, which consists of a finite difference technique with a fully implicit scheme in time. Two validation experiments were developed in this study. The evolution of transient moisture distributions in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases was measured. A comparison between experimental results and those obtained by the numerical model proves that they are fully consistent with each other. The modified model can be integrated into a whole building heat, air and moisture transfer model.     

A study of coupled heat and mass transfer across a porous building component in intertropical conditions

In this paper, one-dimensional coupled heat and mass transfer through a plane geometry porous building component submitted to intertropical climatic conditions is studied. An analytical method using the periodic solution approach has been proposed to evaluate the heat and moisture transfer process in building materials. Results are discussed using the three climatic regions of Cameroon (2-13 °N). With latitude of 11°, it offers examples of practically whole range of intertropical climates. Influence of latitude on various temperature and moisture content through the building component has been presented. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data and other analytical solutions published in the literature.     

Simulation of coupled heat and moisture transfer in air-conditioned buildings

The simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in the building envelope has an important influence on the indoor environment and the overall performance of buildings. In this paper, a model for predicting whole building heat and moisture transfer was presented. Both heat and moisture transfer in the building envelope and indoor air were simultaneously considered; their interactions were modeled. The coupled model takes into account most of the main hygrothermal effects in buildings. The coupled system model was implemented in MATLAB-Simulink, and validated by using a series of published testing tools. The new program was applied to investigate the moisture transfer effect on indoor air humidity and building energy consumption under different climates. The results show that the use of more detailed simulation routines can result in improvements to the building's design for energy optimisation through the choice of proper hygroscopic materials, which would not be indicated by simpler calculation techniques.     

两种常见墙体的热湿迁移特性分析

大多数建筑墙体均为多孔介质材料,多孔介质墙体中湿迁移与热迁移是互相耦合的过程,湿迁移对热迁移有着重要的作用,例如会使热导率明显增加,同时,热过程对湿过程也有着影响作用。基于Fourier定律、Fick定律、Darcy定律,以温度和空气含湿量为驱动势建立了多层多孔介质墙体热湿耦合迁移数学模型,对两种常见墙体（红砖墙体和加气混凝土墙体）进行计算分析。结果表明,加气混凝土墙体比红砖墙体具有更好的保温隔热性能,但更容易发生湿积累和引发湿破坏。     

基于Ansys的复合砌块孔型布置热分析研究

文中籍Ansys热分析技术原理,较为详细地讨论了具有相同孔型布置的砌砌块和具有相同导热系数的砂浆,因为砂浆敷设方式的不同对墙体传热系数的影响,同时也分析了不同孔型布置方式对砌块本体传热系数的作用。通过研究,认为只有合理设计砌块的孔型布置,选择正确的砌块间砂浆敷设方式,才能够有效地降低墙体围护材料的传热系数,提高墙体围护材料的阻热能力。Ansys热分析技术实质上是一种数值计算方法,可广泛地应用于空心砌块以及多孔烧结制品材料,能够在墙体制品(含烧结制品)材料的体型设计阶段,为有效地降低制品的传热系数、提高阻热能力提供科学、有效的佐证。     

Impact of combined moisture buffering capacity of a hemp concrete building envelope and interior objects on the hygrothermal performance in a room

In this article, a hygrothermal building model, taking into account the building envelope, indoor heat and moisture sources, indoor environment and moisture buffering capacity of interior objects, is presented and validated with the test cases found in the literature. The model is used to study the impact of hemp concrete and the moisture buffer capacity of the interior elements on the prediction of the hygrothermal comfort in the building. The numerical results show that the use of hemp concrete in buildings can ensure good hygrothermal comfort. Besides, taking into account the effect of moisture buffering of indoor objects increases the building performance. Our results also suggest that neglecting moisture transfer through the envelope increases significantly the predicted percentage of dissatisfied indices and reduces the acceptability of indoor air quality during the occupied period. This study also confirmed that the combined relative humidity-sensitive ventilation system and moisture buffering capacity of building envelope and of interior objects is a very efficient way to reduce the heating energy consumption.     

Transfer function model and frequency domain validation of moisture sorption in air-conditioned buildings

Moisture transfer in building components and furnishings has significant effect on indoor air humidity and latent cooling load. Many mathematical models and calculation methods have been proposed to evaluate this effect. Simple but accurate models are what the users expect. Investigation shows that the one-dimensional linear moisture transfer model, which uses the vapor pressure as the unique driving potential, is both very simple and well match the real moisture transfer characteristics of most air-conditioned buildings. Frequency analysis shows completely consistent characteristics between the transfer function model of moisture sorption by interior surface materials and the one-dimensional linear moisture transfer model through the entire wall within the frequency range that should be concerned. It also shows that the moisture penetration across the wall is neglectable. The transfer function model of moisture sorption by interior surface materials is not only very simple but also has satisfactory accuracy to evaluate the moisture transfer effect of buildings on indoor air humidity and latent cooling load.     

Contribution to analytical and numerical study of combined heat and moisture transfers in porous building materials

In this paper, one-dimensional model for evaluating coupled heat and moisture transfer in porous building materials was proposed. The transient partial differential equations system was solved analytically for Dirichlet boundary conditions. It consists first to introduce the Laplace transformation and then to use the potential function technique. This approach allows simplifying the initial mathematical problem to a fourth order ordinary differential equation which can be easily solved. This solution was used to assess the transient temperature and moisture distribution across materials. A comparison with numerical models from Luikov [2] and Vafai et al. [12] was performed, a good agreement was obtained.     

多孔墙体湿分传递与室内热湿环境研究

简要回顾了多孔建筑材料基本湿特性和湿迁移基本理论。对多孔墙体湿迁移的水蒸气理论模型、有效渗透深度理论模型、蒸发与凝结理论模型、考虑液体和水蒸气同时传递的热湿耦合模型和室内热湿环境平衡方程进行了综合分析。指出目前多孔建筑材料热湿传递和室内热湿环境研究的热点和存在的问题。     

Simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in soils combined with building simulation

In order to precisely predict ground heat transfer, room air temperature and humidity, a combined model has been developed and conceived to calculate both the coupled heat and moisture transfer in soil and floor and the psychrometrics condition of indoor air. The present methodology for the soil is based on the theory of Philip and De Vries, using variable thermophysical properties for different materials. The governing equations were discretized using the finite-volume method and a three-dimensional model for describing the physical phenomena of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated moist porous soils and floor. Additionally, a lumped transient approach for a building room and a finite-volume multi-layer model for the building envelope have been developed to integrate with the soil model. Results are presented in terms of temperature, humidity and heat flux at the interface between room air and the floor, showing the importance of the approach presented and the model robustness for long-term simulations with a high time step.     

Modeling of the hygrothermal absorption and desorption for underground building envelopes

The hygrothermal storage characteristics of an underground building envelope have discernible effects on the heat and humidity of the indoor environment. To predict the hygrothermal storage capacity, it is necessary to accurately calculate the transient heat and moisture flux through the envelope. This paper describes the development of a new hygrothermal model described with relative humidity and temperature based on the results of existing researches. The moisture model fully states actual moisture transfer process involving both vapor diffusion and liquid water migration in porous building envelopes. Verified using the results calculated by the mathematical model of Mendes et al., the new hygrothermal model can accurately predict the heat and moisture transfer of building envelopes. Hygrothermal absorption and desorption of three types of common underground building envelopes in Chengdu region in China are analyzed by using the new model. The results show that the hygrothermal absorption and desorption of underground building envelopes must be considered when the heat and moisture environment is controlled by HVAC. Taking account of these factors can reduce air-conditioning equipment capacity and save running energy.     

地下洞室多孔墙体热湿传递的数值模拟

提出了一种以温度与相对湿度为驱动势的多孔墙体热湿耦合传递的数学模型,该模型同时考虑了水蒸气与毛细孔内液态水的传递。采用控制容积法将理论方程组离散并编制了计算程序,对深埋地下洞室的墙体进行了热湿传递的数值模拟,得到了墙体温度、相对湿度、热流率、湿流率的变化规律。结果表明,墙体传热过程趋于稳定的时间远小于传湿过程。     

交替边界条件下多孔床传热传质特性数值模拟

针对回热式新风系统中多孔介质回热器在交替边界条件下的传热传质特性进行了研究。采用数值方法针对表面温、湿度交替变化的对流边界条件,对多孔床与空气的非稳态传热传质过程进行了模拟计算,获得了多孔床内温度场和含湿量场。在此基础上,分析了该类多孔床的传热传质特性,并比较了关键因素对多孔床内温度和含湿量变化的影响。计算结果表明,多孔床与空气之间的热质交换主要发生在交界面附近较浅的薄层,往底层的传递十分缓慢。多孔床与空气的热、质交换效果受气流流速影响较为明显。     

含水率对墙体材料及保温材料热阻的影响

不同保温材料和墙体材料在不同含水率状态下的热导率是不同的,因此不同材料砌筑的墙体在含水率不同时,热阻也不同。通过对保温材料热导率、砌筑墙体热阻在不同含水率条件下的变化情况进行研究,分析含水率对墙体热阻的影响规律,为工程现场实测达到湿稳定时墙体的热阻提供参考。     

离心玻璃棉热湿传递特性实验研究

离心玻璃棉具有良好的保温隔热性能,被广泛用于建筑保温技术。为了研究夏热冬冷地区用于墙体内保温的离心玻璃棉热湿传递特性,设计了一套实验装置,通过实验测试了特定温湿度条件下离心玻璃棉的水蒸气渗透性能,研究了温度对离心玻璃棉湿传递过程的影响,并验证了一维稳态传热传质模型对离心玻璃棉保温材料的适用性。实验结果表明,离心玻璃棉内部所传递的湿流密度随着水蒸气分压力差的增加而增大;其水蒸气渗透系数值受水蒸气分压力差的影响较小;而且在特定的温湿度范围内,温度对离心玻璃棉的湿传递过程几乎没有影响。     

新建建筑围护结构热质传递对室内温湿度环境的影响

新建建筑第1年由于较大的内表面散湿量会影响室内的温湿度水平,严重的会引起围护结构内表面霉菌。为分析新建建筑第1年围护结构的湿传递对室内温湿度环境的影响,本文对哈尔滨地区新建建筑综合热质耦合传递进行了模拟,分别建立了围护结构和室内空气的质能平衡方程,并讨论了夏季不同的室内通风率对围护结构内表面散湿量及室内温湿度的影响,得出了几点重要结论。     

Heat and mass coupled transfer combined with freezing process in building materials: Modeling and experimental verification

Newly completed building envelope is always characterized by high initial moisture content, and so the liquid moisture permeability is the main feature of mass transferring on its initial use. The high initial moisture content has strong impact on indoor condition and energy consumption especially in severe cold area where the moisture freezing in building envelope would occur in winter. Therefore, accurately predicting the hygrothermal states of building envelope to obtain useful envelope parameters is very important. In order to analyze the moisture transferring performance of enclosure on building initial use in severe cold area, the paper studied the coupling transfer of heat and moisture in building envelope. The permeability and freezing of the liquid water in porous building material were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving force, and the temperature gradient was used as heat transfer driving forces. Heat and moisture coupled transfer conservation equations on different transferring conditions were built. An experimental set-up was built to verify the model, and good agreements were obtained, which suggests that the model can be used to simulate the heat and moisture coupled transfer in newly completed building envelope of severe cold area.