Characterisation of traditional Albanian breads derived from different cereals

The long isolation of Albania and the scarcity of raw materials has traditionally led to the production of bread from crops other than wheat, like maize, which is the basic ingredient for maize bread (bukë misri), rye, which is used to prepare rye bread (bukë thekre), and chick-pea, used in chick-pea bread (bukë me qiqre). Today, these traditional breads are accompanied by other types, such as brown bread from soft wheat (bukë zize). In the present work, the traditional Albanian breads were characterised in order to assess their quality. The results obtained indicated that the protein content reflected the characteristics of the raw material used, being higher in the chick-pea bread and in bread made from high extraction rate wheat flour, while both fat and yellow pigment levels were higher in maize bread. A high humidity value was found in many of the breads examined, especially in maize bread, with consequent risks of moulds and a shortened shelf-life.     

Development and evaluation of products from cassava flour as new alternatives to wheaten breads

Egg white with margarine, and xanthan gum, have been used to produce alternative breads from cassava flour fortified with 200 g kg^?1 soya flour. All the additives increased the amount of air entrapped in the cassava batters at the mixing stage, as indicated by their lower batter densities. The lower the batter density the higher was the maximum gas retention volume attained in the 60 min fermentation stage. However, final loaf volume also depends on the stability of the batter; egg white primarily acts as a stabiliser. Margarine, and more significantly egg white, reduced the extent of starch gelatinisation and solubilisation in the bread. Breads made with locally available egg white and margarine are sensorily acceptable to Nigerian consumers and have very good keeping qualities.     

Mineral and trace metal levels in some cheese collected from Turkey

Concentrations of elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Na, K, Ca and Mg) in cheese samples were analyzed using flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. The order of levels of the elements in the samples was determined to be Na > Ca > K > Mg > Zn > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cr > Ni. The concentration ranges in the samples were found to be 4.1–12.5, 0.28–1.1, 8.8–13.2, 0.10–0.27, 0.14,–1.2, 0.02–0.62, 0.18–0.34, 3957–6558, 305–362, 3473–4556 and 28.9–127 μg/g for iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, nickel, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, respectively. High trace metal and mineral accumulation levels in the samples were found in Van otlu cheese for Fe, Ordu çerkez cheese for Na, Kayseri çömlek cheese for Mn, Pb, Çeçil cheese for Zn, Kars ka?ar cheese for Cu, Cr, Tokat cheese for Ni, Ca and Erzincan tulum cheese for K, Mg, respectively.     

Furosine is a useful indicator in pre‐baked breads

There is increasing demand for pre‐baked bread. Bakers can meet consumer requirements for breads of specific flavour and colour by pre‐baking an amount of bread in the morning and completing the baking process in the afternoon. This type of product is of special interest to sandwich bars, restaurants and large communities. In order to obtain an indicator of utility to monitor the processing of pre‐baked bread, the browning indicators furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and glucosylisomaltol were analysed in two independent assays of bread pre‐baked at 175 °C for between 5 and 30 min. No furosine was detected in raw or fermented dough. In the pre‐baking stage, furosine increased from 1.5‐ to 5‐fold between 5 and 30 min. The furosine values obtained in the two independent experiments were similar. HMF and glucosylisomaltol were only detected after 15 min, which is the time period commonly used for processing by the industry. Thus, among these indicators, furosine is the only one with utility for monitoring the pre‐baking process. On the other hand, a study of the baking of pre‐baked bread at 220 °C showed that HMF and glucosylisomaltol can be used to monitor the latter process. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of trace metal levels in sediment and five fish species from lakes in Tokat,Turkey

In this study, concentrations of trace metals in five fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Capoeta tinca, Leiciscus cephalus, Carassius gibelio and Silurus glanis) and sediments collected from some lakes in Tokat were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The fish species and sediment samples were collected from six lakes (Bedirkale, Boztepe, Belp?nar?, Avara, Ataköy and Ak?n) in Tokat, Turkey in spring and summer during 2003–2004. The samples were digested with a microwave digestion system. The maximum Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni concentrations of sediment samples were 2138, 232, 38.9, 8.2, 7.0, 10.7 and 55.4 μg/g, respectively. The maximum Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn and Ni concentrations of the fish samples were 167, 48.6, 3.6, 2.8, 1.6, 64.3 and 5.6 μg/g, respectively.     

Effects of hydroperoxide in breads on IgE antibody responses

The effect of hydroperoxide in breads on antigen-antibody reaction against IgE was examined. We compared the antigen-antibody reaction against IgE between dough including hydroperoxide and that not including hydroperoxide. Crude proteins extracted from the dough including hydroperoxide showed weak antigen-antibody reaction on allergic tests such as ring precipitin test with human-specific IgE, and the IgE binding activity on ELISA. In contrast, the dough without hydroperoxide showed antigen-antibody reaction. The crude proteins extracted from the dough with hydroperoxide or without hydroperoxide were applied by affinity chromatography of trypsin-immobilized chitin. Then proteins having affinity were recovered. The recovered proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Each protein was examined for the IgE binding activity on ELISA. The IgE binding activity of baked bread was studied as well. Crude proteins of baked bread made from dough including hydroperoxide showed weaker IgE binding activity on ELISA than proteins of baked bread made from dough without hydroperoxide. Those results suggested that addition of hydroperoxide into dough affects on antigen activation.     

Consumer liking of refined and whole wheat breads

ABSTRACT:  Preference for refined bread is often cited as a reason for the relatively low consumption of whole wheat bread; only a few studies, however, have examined consumer preferences between refined and whole wheat breads, and the results of these studies are inconclusive. Our objective was to determine if refined wheat bread is preferred to whole wheat bread. We hypothesized that people would prefer refined wheat bread. We conducted a taste test with 89 people. They rated their liking of 9 different breads chosen to represent several comparisons between equivalent refined and whole wheat breads. The participants also rated the intensity of 6- n -propylthiouracil (PROP) and completed a questionnaire about their bread preferences and purchasing habits. We classified the participants by their bread preference and their PROP taster status, and then examined the liking patterns of these subgroups. People preferred refined bread to whole wheat bread when both were made using equivalent ingredients and procedures. They liked the commercial samples of refined and whole wheat breads equally well. When people were classified by their bread preference, those who preferred refined bread liked the refined bread better in all comparisons. PROP nontasters liked all refined and whole wheat breads equally. Sensory preferences are a barrier to whole wheat bread consumption, but ingredient or processing modifications can improve liking of whole wheat bread to the level of refined bread.     

感受器辅助微波烘焙的面包性质研究

分别以传统烤箱和微波炉加热为参照,研究了感受器辅助微波对面包烘焙过程中的温度变化、质量损耗、比容、面包芯水分分布、硬度、质构及感官特性的影响,结果表明,与传统微波对照组相比,面包外部温度提高18.80%,内部温度降低15.71%,质量损耗降低2.05%,比容提高18.00%~23.35%,面包芯水分含量提高7.10%~27.42%,硬度值降低80.81%~85.52%,质构和感官特性得到有效改善;但与传统烤箱对照组相比,还有待改进。      

臭氧熏蒸对小麦蒸制馒头品质的影响

采用臭氧熏蒸方法处理小麦,臭氧投加量为5 mg/L,分别处理0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0h,然后将小麦磨粉制作馒头。通过对馒头的比容、质构和感官评价的测定,探讨臭氧处理小麦对制作馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着臭氧处理时间的增加,馒头比容先增大后减小。在质构上,1.0h的臭氧处理时间会降低α-淀粉酶活性,使得面筋含量增加,馒头硬度和弹性增加。同时,馒头具有较好的色泽、结构和风味。     

Quality and storage life of par-baked frozen breads

During storage of frozen par-baked breads for a prolonged period of time, bread quality may undergo changes such as increased firmness, moisture and flavour losses resulting in product deterioration. Four categories of par-baked breads namely—variety, white, multi-grain and rye were stored at −18°C for 9 months to evaluate the effects of storage period on product quality, and to develop prediction models that describe kinetics of deterioration of selected quality parameters. The quality was evaluated based on sensory, chemical and physical attributes and properties. Storage life was determined based on the changes in bread quality below certain level. The principal component analysis indicated that approximately 90% of the total variability of 19 quality parameters can be explained with only two principal components. The zero-order kinetic reaction showed good agreement (R²>80%) with quality changes observed by the sensory panel over the storage period. A prediction model, based on the bread quality at zero time and the quality at the time when the bread was rejected by the sensory panel, was developed. The proposed prediction model would provide a useful means of estimating storage life of par-baked breads made with similar formulations.     

Trace metal levels in mushroom samples from Ordu,Turkey

The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni in mushroom species of Turkish origin were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. The mushrooms were collected from Ordu, Turkey. The highest Fe level was 628 mg/kg in Mycena inclinata. The highest Mn levels was 103 mg/kg in Coprinus comatus. Zn level was 162 mg/kg in Panellus stipticus. Cu level was 86.2 mg/kg in M. inclinata. Pb level was 11.4 mg/kg in P. stipticus. Cd level was 1.6 mg/kg in Panaeolus campanulatus. Cr level was 4.4 mg/kg in C. comatus and Ni level was 21.6 mg/kg in M. inclinata.     

Metal levels in Trachurus trachurus and Cyprinus carpio in Turkey

Concentrations of five toxic metals were determined in two fish species from Turkish cities during 2010–2011. The obtained lead concentrations for all of the studied Trachurus trachurus (mean 777 μg kg^?1) and Cyprinus carpio (mean 439 μg kg^?1) samples were found to be higher than the maximum level (ML) of 300 μg kg^?1, while Cd concentrations in the same samples were lower than the ML. Mean chromium (501 μg kg^?1), Ni (272 μg kg^?1) and Cu (785 μg kg^?1) concentrations in T. trachurus were significantly higher than in C. carpio (336 μg Cr kg^?1, 229 μg Ni kg^?1 and 394 μg Cu kg^?1), similar to those of Pb and Cd. Measured Pb concentrations in T. trachurus tissues are significantly higher than the ML, while those of Cd in both T. trachurus and C. carpio species were lower than the ML values.     

微波—蒸汽联合加热过程中冻结馒头温度和水分变化

研究微波―蒸汽联合加热过程中,不同质量馒头在采用不同微波功率时不同部位温度及水分变化。根据内外层温度相对高低可将冻结馒头复热过程分为两个阶段,前一阶段相对较长,外层温度高、中心温度低;后一阶段相对较短,中心温度高而外层温度低。馒头质量越大或微波功率越小,中心部位升温滞后期越长;提高微波功率只是改变各层温度变化速率,并不改变变化趋势;复热使各层水分含量逐渐减少,内外层水分差进一步扩大,微波功率变化只是改变失水速率,对失水总量影响不大。     

Heavy metals in some edible mushrooms from the Central Anatolia,Turkey

Eight trace elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni) in 15 different wild-growing edible mushroom species collected from Eski?ehir, Turkey were determined. The highest Pb, Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations were 11.72, 11460, 480 and 144.2 mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. All of these highest metal concentrations were determined in Lepista nuda. Cadmium and chromium were determined at the highest concentrations in Gymnopus dryophilus, 3.24 and 73.8 mg/kg, respectively. The highest zinc and nickel content were observed in Tricholoma equestre and Coprinus comatus as 173.8 and 58.60 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. Mushrooms species determined as important metal accumulators were L. nuda, G. dryophilus, T. equestre and C. comatus, in this study. Heavy metal contents of all analysed mushrooms were generally higher than previously reported in the literature.     

Macromolecular structure of water-extractable arabinoxylans in endosperm and wholemeal rye breads as factor controlling their extract viscosities

Viscosity is one of the most important attributes of rye-based products related to some health benefits. To identify the factors affecting arabinoxylan-dependent extract viscosity (AX-EV) of rye bread, the structural features of water-extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AXs) and their ammonium sulphate precipitated subfractions were investigated in breads with varied viscosities. Also, an endoxylanase activity in the starting flours was examined. The HPSEC-RI profiles revealed the higher extent of AX depolymerisation in whole-meal bread (WMB) when compared to that in endosperm bread (EB), resulting in its lower AX-EV. This was mostly related to lower molecular weight of the parent WE-AX fraction with distinctly lower proportion of 2-Xylp in the chain. The AX-EV of rye bread decreased with decreasing proportion of AX-I, the major subfraction with 3-Xylp as only branching site. The endoxylanase activity was at least two times lower in endosperm flour than that in WM and negatively correlated with the AX-EV of WMB. The importance of densely substituted AX subfractions with exclusively 2-Xylp and 2,3-Xylp branches, protecting the AX-I from enzymic degradation during bread-making, has been evidenced.     

Effect of modifying pumpkin preparation on oral processing of breads

There is an increasing demand for texture sensations of bread during mastication, with reformulation being needed. This study investigated how bread structure influences oral processing behavior and texture perception. Variations in bread structure were created by manipulating ingredient additions, including pumpkin content and pumpkin processing methods. Results indicated that the physical, chemical, and structural properties drove the oral processing behaviors, and texture sensations were highly correlated with bolus properties. At the beginning and middle of the mastication, bolus from breads with low pumpkin-content required more saliva and exhibited greater hardness, lower adhesiveness, and a higher proportion of small-piece particles than the bolus from high pumpkin-content breads. Bolus from pumpkin pulp breads required more saliva, and was softer, stickier, and generated particles with a lower degree of degradation than the bolus from pumpkin puree breads. However, at the end period, the bolus properties tended to change to similar values. Low pumpkin content breads were initially perceived chewy, whereas high pumpkin content, soft. The dominance rate for soft sensation was higher and lasted longer in breads with pumpkin puree than in breads with pumpkin pulp. Finally, six bread samples were all perceived as hydrated, sticky, and crumbly. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of reformulation on oral behavior and sensory properties.