钠冷快堆控制棒分段设计研究

在钠冷快堆中,反应堆运行时的反应性补偿和停堆安全主要由控制棒来实现。当前的钠冷快堆设计中,一般含有安全棒、补偿棒和调节棒。其中,补偿棒中10B的富集度较高,使补偿棒的燃耗较高,且发热量较大,并造成周围燃料组件功率峰因子偏大。本文提出一种分段设计方案,可用于改进上述缺点。该方案相比于传统方案,控制棒发热减小约30%,控制棒燃耗减小50%,并能有效改善周围燃料组件的功率峰因子,控制棒更换周期可提升1倍。     

Research on Segment Design of Control Rod in Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor

In sodium-cooled fast reactors, control rods are commonly used to compensate for the excess reactivity and shut down the reactor. The traditional sodium-cooled fast reactor design consists of the safety rod, shim rod and regulating rod. The 10B enrichment of the shim rods is relatively higher, which unavoidably increases the burnup, the heat generation and the power peak factor of the fuel assemblies around the shim rods. To solve this issue, the segment design of control rods was proposed. Compared with traditional design, the new design can significantly reduce the heat generation by about 30 percent and burnup of control rods by about 50 percent, as well as improve the power peak factor of the fuel assemblies around the shim rods. The replacement cycle of the control rods can be extended by time.     

Postirradiation Annealing of Boron Carbide Pellet Irradiated in Fast Breeder Reactor

This paper reports some irradiation effects and recovery behavior of neutron irradiated boron carbide pellets that were used as control rod elements in the Enrico Fermi Fast Breeder Reactor. Measurements were carried out on changes in lattice parameters, thermal expansion, helium release, elastic moduli and microstructure observations by annealing the irradiated pellets at elevated temperatures. The increase in unit cell volume of B₄C upon irradiation was found to be 0.22%. The recovery in lattice parameter began at around 500°C and completed at 1,000°C. It was found that the pellet showed a sharp increase in a dimensional change at about 700 to 800°C with a large amount of helium release, and the pellet which showed larger swelling released smaller amount of helium.     

小型模块化快堆中含铪控制棒的设计与分析

快堆一般采用以碳化硼（B4C）为吸收剂的控制棒进行反应性控制。小型模块化快堆中子泄漏率较大,增殖能力偏弱,单位燃耗反应性损失较大。模块化反应堆运行周期较长,且需要紧凑型堆芯设计,控制棒数量有限。因此,小型模块化快堆需要高10B富集度的B4C进行反应性控制。由于吸收剂燃耗深、功率密度高且导热能力受辐照削弱严重,B4C的安全使用寿命有限。本文通过对比硼化铪（HfB2）、氢化铪（HfH162）和传统B4C为吸收剂的控制棒的反应性价值、堆芯功率分布、堆芯反应性反馈系数、控制棒温度裕度与吸收剂燃耗深度,发现HfB2有更高的安全裕度和更长的安全使用寿命。HfH162控制棒略微改善了功率分布,但其高温氢气解离问题有待进一步研究。     

我国的快堆技术发展和实验快堆

随着我国核电技术的发展,自主研制钠冷快中子增殖堆十分必要。本文介绍了我国在研究开发快堆技术方面的历史和实验快堆的设计原则、设计简介和安全特性。     

西安脉冲堆脉冲控制棒驱动机构

西安脉冲堆脉冲控制棒驱动机构是实现反应堆脉冲运行的关键设备。该机构采用滚珠丝杠副的传动方式,通过气压缸实现控制棒的脉冲发射。脉冲控制棒驱动机构具有全行程脉冲时间短、结构简单、维修方便的特点。试验表明：脉冲控制棒驱动机构最大负荷大于300N,全行程脉冲时间小于100ms,落棒时间小于1.2s,寿命大于4000次脉冲发射运行,平均无故障时间大于400次脉冲发现运行。该机构已成功应用于西安脉冲堆。     

Estimation of the Tritium Behavior in the Pebble Type Gas Cooled Reactor for Hydrogen Production

In Korea, a nuclear hydrogen program has been established to develop and demonstrate mass production system for hydrogen generation. The objective of this study is to establish the evaluation procedure for predicting the tritium behavior in the 300 MWth Pebble type gas cooled reactor which is the one of the candidate reactors for nuclear hydrogen development and demonstration plant. The tritium generated by the fission reaction can be leaked to the helium coolant from the coated ceramic particles and fuel elements. The annual total release rate of the tritium is estimated as 0.47% from the fuel kernel to the helium coolant by the numerical method. Tritium attributed by ⁶Li existing as impurities in the reflector can be released to the helium coolant by the diffusion process and the total annual release rate of the tritium is estimated as 5.3% through the reflector to the helium coolant. Based on the Siverts' law, tritium permeation from the primary coolant to the hydrogen production system is also evaluated and the result is calculated as 76?0.23 Bq/g-H₂ with respect to the PRF (Permeation Reduction Factor= 10?1000) in case of the normal operation of the 300 MWth Pebble type reactor.     

高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿间接循环中氚的来源及其影响

氚是氢的放射性同位素,影响环境和人体健康.目前,全球自然界中的氚主要来自人类的核活动.因此,需研究核反应堆中氚的来源及其影响.在高温气冷堆中,氚是一回路放射性的主要来源之一.由于高温气冷堆堆芯温度较高,不能忽视一回路中氚向外界和二回路渗透造成的污染问题.文章阐述了氚的物理和化学特性,高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿间接循环中氚的生成来源和释放途径,分析了氚对设备材料力学性能的影响,介绍了氚向环境释放的限值、控制措施及防止氚渗透的方法.     

船用堆控制棒失控抽出事故时堆芯安全特性研究

采用船用堆三维动态安全分析仿真软件对发生控制棒失控抽出事故时堆芯安全特性进行了仿真分析,研究了反应堆分别处于高、低功率运行工况下1组或1束控制棒以不同的速率失控抽出时堆芯燃料芯块中心最高温度、最小烧毁比和冷却剂出口温度等参数的变化规律,并进行了比较,得出了一些有益的结论,对于考察反应堆安全状况和事故发生后反应堆操纵人员制定安全措施具有重要的指导意义。     

RAPID Operator-Free Fast Reactor Concept without Any Control Rods Reactor Concept and Plant Dynamics Analyses

The 1,000kWe metal fueled sodium-cooled fast reactor concept “RAPID” to achieve highly automated reactor operation has been demonstrated. RAPID (Refueling by All Pins Integrated Design) is designed for a terrestrial power system which enables quick and simplified refueling. It is one of the successors of the RAPID-L, the operator-free fast reactor concept designed for lunar base power system. The essential feature of the RAPID concept is that the reactor core consists of an integrated fuel assembly instead of conventional fuel subassemblies. In this small-size reactor core, 14,000 fuel pins are integrated and encased in a fuel cartridge. Refueling is conducted by replacing a fuel cartridge. The reactor can be operated without refueling for up to 10 years.

Unique challenges in reactivity control systems design have been addressed in the RAPID concept. The reactor has no control rod but involves the following innovative reactivity control systems: lithium expansion modules (LEM) for inherent reactivity feedback, lithium injection modules (LIM) for inherent ultimate shutdown, and lithium release modules (LRM) for automated reactor startup. All these systems adopt ⁶Li as a liquid poison instead of B₄C rods. In combination with LEMs, LIMs and LRMs, RAPID can be operated without an operator. In this paper, the RAPID reactor concept and its transient characteristics are presented.     

反应堆堆顶和控制棒驱动机构整体抗震分析

通过建立反应堆堆顶和控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)的整体三维有限元简化抗震分析模型,对反应堆堆顶和CRDM进行了三维非线性抗震分析。该分析模型可真实反映CRDM顶部抗震支承板相互之间、抗震支承板与抗震支承环之间的碰撞作用,以及抗震拉杆的拉压非线性特性,进而获得堆顶和CRDM结构各位置的精确分析结果。通过分析,得到反应堆堆顶和CRDM各部位的载荷,可为部件的应力分析提供必要的地震载荷,为CRDM抗震鉴定试验提供加速度时程等输入数据。     

钠冷快堆钠池火事故数值模拟

为了估计和预测钠火事故的后果，构建了以“有火焰薄层”为理论基础的燃烧模型和热传输模型，给出了程序计算结果与试验值的比较。比较结果证实，该计算结果可信、模型合理。程序可用来分析和预测钠池火事故。     

秦山600MW核反应堆控制棒热态落棒实验模拟分析

本文详细分析了控制棒下落运动的受力情况,并建立了相应的数学模型,结合秦山60MW控制棒热态落棒验数据。对模型中的有关系数进行了拟合。用拟合的系数进行热态落棒数值模拟．模拟结果与实验结果吻合很好,验证了数学模型的正确性。为控制棒下落的机理分析和数值求解控制棒落俸提供了理论依据和求解方法。     

Isotope Exchange Capacity on Li4SiO4 and Comparison of Tritium Inventory in Various Solid Breeder Blankets

It has been pointed out by the present authors that it is essential to understand such mass transfer steps as diffusion of tritium in the grain of a breeder material, absorption of water vapor into bulk of the grain, adsorption of water on surface of the grain, and exchange capacity of tritium to be trapped to surface of the grain together with two types of isotope exchange reactions for evaluation of the tritium inventory in a solid breeder blanket under various conditions. The isotope exchange capacity on the Li₄SiO₄ surface is experimentally obtained in this study. Most of the properties required for evaluation of the tritium inventory for various blanket materials have been already quantified by the present authors. Then it has become possible to compare the tritium inventory in solid breeder blankets packed with either Li₂O, LiAlO₂, Li₂ZrO₃, Li₂TiO₃ or Li₄SiO₄ using the calculation model previously presented by the present authors.     

小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆堆芯设计研究

为满足偏远地区供电需求,提出了一种小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆（STLFR）堆芯设计方案,额定热功率为20 MW,在不换料条件下可运行18 EFPY（有效满功率年）。为减小堆芯体积,堆芯采用蜂窝煤型燃料组件,内设若干冷却剂管道,管外为燃料,实现了较高的堆芯燃料体积占比。为展平堆芯径向功率分布,将堆芯燃料区沿径向划分为三区,分别采用不同的冷却剂管道尺寸。为降低堆芯高度,设计使用含高富集度⁶Li的液态锂作为吸收体的液态吸收体控制系统。为降低初始剩余反应性,在堆芯控制组件与安全组件中布置两组固定式可替换吸收体,分别在堆芯燃耗1/3和2/3寿期时替换为固定式反射体。提出的堆芯设计方案在整个运行寿期内满足热工设计限值,控制系统和安全系统能独立满足堆芯控制和停堆要求。采用准静态反应性平衡方法对5种典型无保护事故工况进行分析,初步证明了堆芯具有固有安全特性。     

FMEA法评估反应堆控制棒驱动机构可靠性

控制棒驱动机构是反应堆本体中唯一的能动设备,其运行的可靠性对反应堆的反应性控制具有重要的作用。本文在介绍失效模式及影响分析(FMEA)方法的基础上,以我国新设计的反应堆控制棒驱动机构为对象,使用该方法进行可靠性评价。评价结果明确了各设备部件的失效原因和失效模式,确定了各部件的严重性等级和风险等级,为今后控制棒驱动机构的可靠性管理提供支持。     

铅铋堆零功率实验装置控制棒价值测量及方法优化

零功率实验装置的控制棒价值测量一般采用周期法、置换法或落棒法对刻棒实验进行简单处理。为提高刻棒效率,本文提出了无补偿的多步降棒刻棒方法,采用该方法对我国首个铅铋堆零功率实验装置控制棒价值进行了测量,与补偿刻棒方式及落棒法测量结果进行了对比,并通过理论计算验证了该方法的准确性。结果表明：本文方法有效降低了空间效应对测量值的影响,控制棒价值测量结果准确可靠,可在较短时间内完成较高精度的刻棒实验,适用于需经常更换装料方案的临界实验装置。     

中国实验快堆控制棒驱动线抗震试验研究

本工作依据相关规范,参考当前核电厂控制棒驱动线抗震试验的先进技术,结合中国实验快堆控制棒驱动线的结构特点,对中国实验快堆安全棒驱动线进行了抗震鉴定试验研究.研究结果为其安全评审提供了重要数据.     

Characterization of solidified melt among materials of UO2 fuel and B4C control blade

To predict the fundamental phase relationships in the solidified core melt of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, solidified melt samples of the various core materials [B₄C, stainless steel, Zr, ZrO₂, (U,Zr)O₂] were prepared by arc melting. Phases and compositions in the samples were determined by means of X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and elemental analysis. With various compositions, the only oxide phase formed was (U,Zr)O₂. After annealing, the stable metallic phases were an Fe-Cr-Ni alloy and an Fe₂Zr-type (Fe,Cr,Ni)₂(Zr,U) intermetallic compound. The borides, ZrB₂ and Fe₂B-type (Fe,Cr,Ni)₂B, were solidified in the metallic part. Annealing at 1773 K under an oxidizing atmosphere (Ar-0.1%O₂) resulted in the oxidation of U and Zr in the alloy and in ZrB₂, and consequently the (Fe,Cr,Ni)₂B and Fe-Cr-Ni alloy became dominant in the metallic part. The experimental phase relationships in the metallic part agreed reasonably with the thermodynamic evaluation of equilibrium phases in a simplified B₄C–Fe–Zr system. The metallic Zr content in the melt was found to be a key factor in determining the phase relationships. As a basic mechanical property, the microhardness of each phase was measured. The borides, especially ZrB₂, showed notably higher hardness than any other oxide or metallic phases.