Aflatoxins and heavy metals in animal feed in Iran

The occurrence of aflatoxin (aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂)) and heavy metal (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) contamination was determined in 40 industrially produced animal feed samples which were collected from the southwest of Iran. The results indicated that 75% of samples were contaminated by four aflatoxins and the level of AFB₁ and sum of aflatoxins were higher than the permissible maximum levels in Iran (5 and 20 µg kg^?1, respectively) in all feed samples. A positive correlation was found between four types of aflatoxins in all the tested samples (p < 0.01) and the positive correlation between AFG₁ and AFG₂ was significant (r² = 0.708). All feed samples had lead concentrations lower than the maximum EU limit, while 5%, 17% and 42.5% of feed samples had As, Cd and Hg concentrations higher than the maximum limits, respectively.     

Aflatoxins in black tea in Iran

Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. In this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (Kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. Samples were randomly collected in 2010 from Tehran markets. The results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (27.5% of the total). Mean AFB1 content was 10.0 ng/g and mean of aflatoxin total was 12.07 ng/g for the 11 contaminated samples.     

Aflatoxins in sunflower and safflower seeds from Iran

Aflatoxin content of 173 sunflower and safflower seeds was determined by HPLC with immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and fluorometric detection. Aflatoxin B₁ contamination was found in 111 samples: in 8 of the sunflower seed samples (16%) at a mean level of 40.68?ng?g^?1 and in 103 safflower seed samples (83.7%) at a mean level of 2.81?±?0.44?ng?g^?1. In 5 sunflower seed samples and 1 safflower seed sample, aflatoxin B₁ levels were higher than the maximum levels of AFB₁ under Iran regulations (5?ng?g^?1). Aflatoxin B₁ levels in 5 sunflower and 2 safflower seed samples were higher than the European Union maximum limit (2?ng?g^?1).     

Reduction of Aflatoxins by Extrusion-Cooking of Rice Meal

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to determine the reduction of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), B₂ (AFB₂), G₁ (AFG₁), and G₂ (AFG₂) as a function of initial moisture content of samples (24%, 27%, and 30%), barrel temperature (140, 170, and 200 °C), and residence time (30 to 70 s) when artificially contaminated rice meal was extrusion‐cooked. Extruded and unextruded samples were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extrusion‐cooking was observed to reduce aflatoxin (AF) content, which ranged from 51% to 95% depending on the type of AF and the studied variables. Only in the case of AFG₂ was it found that the higher the temperature, the higher the moisture content, and the longer the residence time, the greater the reduction. Moisture content had a significant influence on reducing AFB₂, AFG₁, and AFG₂ whereas it was not a significant factor affecting the levels of AFB₁. Regardless of the type of AF, the lowest reductions were achieved at a temperature of 140 °C. Even though theoretically greater losses would be expected at highest temperature, AFB₁ and AFB₂ were more reduced by 170 °C than by 200 °C while AFG₁ reductions were not statistically different when processing at 170 °C and 200 °C. The decrease of AF followed 1st‐order kinetics; the fastest treatment in reducing AF was that at 200 °C when samples containing AFG₂ were wetted to 24% and when samples containing AFB₁, AFB₂, and AFG₁ were hydrated to 27%. By contrast, the slowest treatments were observed at a barrel temperature of 140 °C.     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in tea prepared from naturally contaminated powdered ginger

The migration of several major mycotoxins, aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂, G₁, and G₂ (AFT, total of the aflatoxins) and ochratoxin A (OTA), from naturally contaminated powdered ginger to surrounding liquid (tea) was investigated. The toxins are commonly found in cereal grains and are toxic, carcinogenic and thermostable. Ginger root is widely used for digestive problems. Powdered ginger (2 g) found to contain AFT and OTA was placed in an empty heat sealable tea bag. The tea bag was heat-sealed and used to prepare tea under different conditions: temperature (50 and 100°C), time (5 and 10 min) and volume (100 and 200 ml). The tea bag was placed in hot water and stirred every 1 min for 5 s during the first 5 min of steeping. After steeping, the tea bag was removed and the tea and ginger residue (in the tea bag) were analysed separately for AFT and OTA. After extraction and immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up, the isolated AFT and OTA were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and quantified using a fluorescence detector. At 100°C, approximately 30–40% of AFB₁ and AFT and 20–30% of OTA in the contaminated ginger were found in the ginger tea; the total amounts of AFT and OTA in tea varied less than 5% under the three conditions of preparation. At 50°C, about 10% of OTA and AFT were found in tea. This is the first study on the migration of AFT from botanicals to tea. It is also the first to study the distribution of AFT and OTA from powdered ginger to tea and ginger residue.     

食品和饲料中黄曲霉毒素概述

该文概述黄曲霉毒素的理化性质、毒性,对食品和饲料的污染及相应防止措施。     

Enzyme supplements in broiler chicken diets: in vitro and in vivo effects on bacterial growth

Increasing the growth performance of broiler chickens by supplementing their diets with exogenous enzymes can also contribute to positive changes in gut health. In this respect the growth of various bacteria normally associated with the gastrointestinal tract of poultry was assessed in vitro using a medium containing arabinoxylan, β‐glucan, guar gum and raffinose and their corresponding enzymes. Overall, enzymes releasing the largest amounts of free sugars yielded the largest increase in bacterial numbers. Accordingly, β‐glucan and raffinose treated with their respective enzymes promoted the largest number of bacterial types, reaching a minimum of 1.0 log₁₀ population within 6 h at 40 °C. A broiler chicken growth trial was also conducted using wheat‐, barley‐ and corn‐based diets with and without enzyme and probiotic addition. Escherichia coli, coliforms, enterococci and aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers were monitored for growth in both the caecum and ileum. Enzyme supplementation reduced E. coli levels in the caecum of broilers fed wheat‐ or corn‐based diets. A further reduction in E. coli numbers was observed in broilers fed the same diets supplemented with a combination of enzyme and probiotic. Enzyme supplementation had much less of an effect on microbial populations in the ileum. Inclusion of probiotics reduced E. coli levels in the caecum and ileum but only in broilers fed wheat‐ and corn‐based diets. Anaerobic spore levels in the ileum increased in all diets containing probiotic. Overall, inclusion of enzymes or probiotics exhibited mixed effects on gut bacteria, depending on the nature of the carbohydrate source and enzyme. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

牛奶中黄曲霉毒素的放射免疫法检测

探讨应用CharmⅡ放射免疫分析方法检测牛奶样品中黄曲霉毒素.确定检测的样品制备和控制点设定的方法,评价免疫反应体系的灵敏度和精密度,验证<中华人民共和国国家标准灭菌乳>GB 5408.2-1999中牛奶黄曲霉毒素最大检出量(0.5μg/kg)的检测稳定性.     

坚果中黄曲霉毒素的光化学柱后衍生-高效液相色谱法测定

目的建立坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的高效液相色谱荧光检测器测定方法。方法样品以甲醇-水(70:30,v/v)溶液匀质提取,过黄曲霉毒素总量免疫层析亲和柱净化,经LaChrom C18色谱柱分离和光化学柱后衍生反应器衍生后,用带有荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定。采用峰面积外标法定量坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2含量。结果四种黄曲霉毒素在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,B1、B2、G1、G2的检出限依次为0.10、0.05、0.10、0.05μg/kg。在3个添加水平下回收率为77.5%~109.8%,相对标准偏差为1.43%~2.71%。结论该方法的灵敏度、准确度、精密度均符合黄曲霉毒素的检测技术要求,适用于坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的日常检测。     

超声波辅助碱醇提取HPLC法测定麦麸中阿魏酸含量

建立了HPLC法测定麦麸中阿魏酸含量的方法,利用超声波辅助碱醇溶液对麦麸中阿魏酸进行提取分离,色谱柱采用Hyperclone BDS C18柱(150×4.60 mm,5 μm,phenomenex),以甲醇-水-冰乙酸(25:75:0.75)为流动相,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL·min-1,在320 nm波长下测定分析,利用方法学考察的结果表明:阿魏酸在0.0342～0.2397 μg内(r=0.9999),进样量与峰面积呈良好线性关系,检出限为0.0005μg.平均加标回收率为97.9%(n=3).该方法操作简便、准确、回收率高,为开发麦麸中阿魏酸提供了技术基础.     

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS法检测粮食中的黄曲霉毒素

构建QuEChERS-超高压液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测粮食中6种黄曲霉毒素（B1、B2、G1、G2、M1、M2）的方法。样品经过乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液（84∶16）提取后,经N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）净化,以0.1%甲酸-乙腈作为流动相,采用UPLC-MS/MS在多反应检测模式下进行测定,外标法定量。结果显示：6种毒素标准曲线相关系数均大于0.99,线性良好,加标回收率为80.83%～117.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.53%～15.59%。在不同粮食基质中,6种黄曲霉毒素的基质效应为0.81～1.12。该方法的准确度和精确度符合相关标准要求,具有前处理技术简单、净化效果好、精确度高等优势,适合小麦、大米、玉米、绿豆和红豆样品中6种黄曲霉毒素的定量分析。     

液相色谱串联质谱检测食品中的黄曲霉毒素

为提高黄曲霉毒素的检测灵敏度,建立快速液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法对食品中的4 种黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2 进行定性定量分析。样品粉碎后用体积比为84:16 的乙腈- 水混合液提取,过滤后通过真菌毒素净化柱进样,采用C18 柱分离,0.1% 甲酸溶液和甲醇做流动相,以60:40 比例等度洗脱,质谱在多反应监测(MRM)的正离子模式下进行分析。4 种组分在5min 内完全分离,而且此方法线性关系良好,黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2 的检出限分别是0.012、0.009、0.013、0.007μg/kg,平均加标回收率在80%～95% 之间,相对标准偏差小于5%。该方法快速灵敏、准确可靠,其检出限可满足欧盟地区严格的黄曲霉毒素限量标准。     

Replacing human-edible feed ingredients with by-products increases net food production efficiency in dairy cows

Global demand for food is increasing, and use of large amounts of potentially human-edible feedstuffs for dairy cows is an important concern. The present study examined whether feeding a by-product-based concentrate combined with high-quality grass silage to high-producing dairy cows affected feed intake and milk production compared with a conventional diet, as well as the effect on efficiency of human food production. In a changeover experiment with four 21-d periods, 24 dairy cows in mid-lactation were offered 9.6 kg of dry matter per day with 1 of 4 concentrates and high-quality grass silage ad libitum. The control concentrate was based on cereal grain (wheat, oat, and barley) and soybean meal, whereas the 3 by-product-based concentrates contained sugar beet pulp in combination with mainly heat-treated rapeseed meal, distillers grain, or a mixture of both. All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The cows had 10-fold higher starch intake when fed the control diet than when fed the by-product-based concentrates. Silage intake (13 kg of dry matter/d) and milk production (33 kg of energy-corrected milk/d) were not affected by the change in diet. Therefore, replacing cereals and soybean meal with human-inedible by-products in a high-quality forage diet to dairy cows increased net food protein production substantially without lowering milk production.     

Aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars

Past surveys indicated that the occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A was not a problem in corn and corn products in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. However, according to recent studies, a change in pattern has been detected. To obtain a better overview, these toxins were searched for in 110 samples of freshly harvested corn, corresponding to 48 commercial cultivars planted at three different locations in the state. Aflatoxin contamination was found in 60 (54.5%) of the samples, in levels ranging from 6 to 1600 µg kg^?1 aflatoxin B₁. Insect control was exercised, so this was not the main route of corn infection. Endosperm type, germplasm type, number of days to flowering, and length of time the mature corn remained in the field had no effect on aflatoxin contamination. Ochratoxin A was found in two samples (206 and 128 µg kg^?1) and zearalenone in one sample (4640 µg kg^?1). Possible causes of the increase in aflatoxin levels may lie in the changing nature of the commercial cultivars employed, associated with the forsaking of the original landraces, and in a change in the toxigenicity pattern of the corn mycoflora Aspergillus flavus/Aspergillus parasiticus prevailing strains. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

混菌固态发酵麸皮制备蛋白饲料的研究

从4株酵母菌中筛选出一株在麸皮培养基中合成蛋白能力较高的酵母菌,然后,利用酵母菌Ⅱ与高产纤维素酶活菌株黑曲霉Ⅰ之间的协同效应,以麸皮为底物,混菌固态发酵生产蛋白饲料.通过单因素和正交试验优化发酵条件.结果表明,培养温度30℃、接菌量l0%、接菌比酵母菌Ⅱ:黑曲霉Ⅰ (2:1)、水料比(1:1)、葡萄糖添加量2%,发酵产物中粗蛋白含量为25.26%,比麸皮发酵前粗蛋白含量提高了33.93%.     

黄曲霉毒素的生物合成、代谢和毒性研究进展

食品中黄曲霉毒素污染是最近关注的热点,这些毒素侵染农产品会带来很大经济损失。黄曲霉毒素有非常高的肝毒性、肝致肿瘤性、致畸和致突变性,可在采前、采中和采后的各种环境下侵染多种重要农产品,例如花生、玉米、水稻和棉籽。自然界中黄曲霉毒素的产生取决于多种因素,例如碳、氮、温度、水分活度、pH值、发育阶段、氧化胁迫、植物代谢产物。黄曲霉毒素可引起多种疾病,但是可以通过阻断和干扰吸收及干扰代谢酶来调节体内的黄曲霉毒素。本文概述黄曲霉毒素的生物合成、侵染、运输、代谢和毒性。研究它的生物合成、毒性机制、结构与功能关系和代谢运输途径,为制定有效控制黄曲霉毒素的措施提供更加深入的见解。     

中国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量评估

目的评估中国人群黄曲霉毒素的膳食暴露量，分析主要贡献食品及患肝癌的危险。方法通过食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染水平和人群食物摄入量计算人群黄曲霉毒素的膳食暴露量。结果我国成人、2～6岁儿童、城市人群、农村人群的平均黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量分别为665．43、415．39、487，64、749．14ng／（人·d），这些人群高消费者（97．5百分位）的黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量分别为24787．20、16544．40、17358，59、29370．42ng／（人·d）。玉米和大米是我国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露的主要贡献食品。农村人群由于黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露患肝癌的危险高于城市人群。结论农村人群和2～6岁儿童、玉米和大米在控制我国人群黄曲霉毒素膳食暴露量、降低肝癌患病率中是不可忽视的重点人群和重点食品。     

Aflatoxins contamination of maize in Serbia: the impact of weather conditions in 2015

ABSTRACT

In recent years climate changes recorded in temperate regions of Europe have led to aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of weather conditions on levels of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1), aflatoxin B₂ (AFB2), aflatoxin G₁ (AFG1) and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG2) in 180 maize samples collected from the main maize-growing regions (Western Ba?ka, North Banat, South Banat and Central Serbia) in Serbia after harvest in 2015. The concentrations of AFs were determined by a validated HPLC method with post-column derivatisation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The presence of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 was detected in 57.2%, 13.9%, 5.6% and 2.8% of maize samples in the concentration ranges of 1.3–88.8 µg kg^–1, 0.60–2.8 µg kg^–1, 1.8–28.5 µg kg^–1 and 2.1–7.5 µg kg^–1 respectively. The recorded smaller amount of precipitation and especially higher air temperatures during the summer of 2015 were favourable for AF production, which resulted in 32.2% and 21.1% of samples being unsuitable for human consumption, since AFB1 and the sum of AFs concentrations were above 5.0 and 10.0 µg kg^–1 respectively. Furthermore, the findings in this study indicate that the microclimate conditions in the investigated regions had a great influence on the contamination frequency of maize with AFs. The highest percentage of samples unsuitable for human consumption, considering both AFB1 and total AFs content were 72.5% and 51.5% respectively from Central Serbia, whilst the lowest percentages of 15.6% and 6.2% respectively were found in Western Ba?ka. These findings confirmed that maize should be continuously monitored in order to protect human and animal health from the harmful effects caused by AFs contamination.